Pterophoroidea, Kuznetzov & Stekolnikov, 1979

Kawahara, Akito Y., Plotkin, David, Hamilton, Chris A., Gough, Harlan, St Laurent, Ryan, Owens, Hannah L., Homziak, Nicholas T. & Barber, Jesse R., 2018, Diel behavior in moths and butterflies: a synthesis of data illuminates the evolution of temporal activity, Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N. Y.) 18 (1), pp. 13-27 : 17-18

Tortricoidea and Pterophoroidea

Tortricoidea includes a single family, Tortricidae , which is mostly nocturnal. However, species with diurnally active adults are present in all three of the subfamilies defined by Regier et al. (2012a). Diurnal species can be found in the tortricine tribes Archipini, Ceracini , and Cochylini , and in the olethreutine tribe Grapholitini ( Horak 1998; Monsalve et al. 2011; Kemal and Koçak 2014). Chlidanotinae , a primarily tropical subfamily, notably contains the brightly colored diurnal Pseudatteria (Roelofs and Brown 1982) .

The Pterophoroidea , or plume moths, are predominantly nocturnal and are often observed flying early in the evening (Matthews 2008), though some species begin flying slightly earlier and would thus be considered both nocturnal and crepuscular (D. Matthews, personal communication). A few species in the Pterophorinae are diurnally active (e.g., Geina tenuidactylus ) and have been seen feeding on nectar; many more species are also seen at flowers during the day, but only at rest (D. Matthews, personal communication).