Prestonia antioquiana J. F. Morales & S. Liede-Schumann, 2016

Morales, J. Francisco & Liede-Schumann, Sigrid, 2016, The genus Prestonia (Apocynaceae) in Colombia, Phytotaxa 265 (3), pp. 204-224 : 207-221

Prestonia antioquiana J. F. Morales & S. Liede-Schumann , sp. nov. Figs. 2–4.

Prestonia antioquiana resembles P. trífida , but differs by its petioles conspicuously and irregularly verrucose, and follicles with 3–4 longitudinal wings.

Type:— COLOMBIA. Antioquia: San Luis, Río Claro, 26 December 1983, A. Cogollo 1133 (holotype JAUM!, isotypes COL!, HUA!, MO!).

Stem glabrous. Petioles 1.5–3 cm, conspicuously and irregularly verrucose; leaf blade 19–35 × 7–14 cm, broadly elliptic, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, apex obtuse and shortly acute, base obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous; tertiary veins impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, densely and minutely puberulent, peduncle 7–14 cm, pedicels 0.8–2 cm long, floral bracts 1.5–2 × 0.5–1.5 mm, linear. Sepals 11– 16 × 4–6.5 mm, free, narrowly ovate to narrowly ovate-elliptic, not reflexed, inconspicuously puberulent, foliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla cream to greenish cream, usually glabrous outside, tube 17–18 × 4–5 mm, lobes 17–21 × 7–9 mm, obliquely obovate; free corona lobes 3–3.5 mm long, the apices exserted, their height equaling or slightly surpassing that of the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 5.1–5.8 mm, the apices slightly exserted. Ovary 1–1.5 mm tall, nectary divided into 5 lobes 1–1.7 mm, equaling or barely surpassing the ovary. Follicles 14–28 × 0.9–1.1 cm, free, but usually united at the tips (at least when young), with 3-4 longitudinal wings, glabrous; seeds 15–17 mm, coma 2.8–3.4 cm, tan.

Distribution: — Endemic to the Department of Antioquia, Colombia, in tropical wet forest at 150–800 m of elevation.

Etimology: — The species is named after the Antioquia Department, one of the most diverse departments in the country.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia antioquiana resembles P. trifida (Poeppig) Woodson (in Gleason & Smith 1933: 392), but can be differentiated by its verrucose petioles (vs. not verrucose), longer corolla lobes (17–21 mm vs. 8.5–15 mm), follicles with 3-4 longitudinal wings, and shorter seeds (15–17 mm vs. 18–21 mm).

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: NE de Cáceres, Troncal de La Paz , 6 November 1987, Callejas et al. 5406 ( CR, HUA, MO, NY, US, WAG) ; San Luis, vereda Las Confusas , 20 May 1990, Cogollo et al. 4503 ( COL, JAUM, MO) ; San Luis, Quebrada La Cristalina , 4 December 1986, Ramírez & Cárdenas 233 ( CR, HUA, JAUM, MO) .

Prestonia cayennensis (Candolle) Pichon (1951: 25) . Haemadictyon cayennense Candolle (1844: 427) . Type:— FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne: Cayenne, s.d., J. Vargas s.n. (holotype G-DC!) Fig. 4 .

Stem glabrous or minutely papillate-puberulent. Petioles 0.3–1 cm; leaf blade 4.5–16 × 1.8–5 cm, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, apex acute to caudate, base cuneate to obtuse, subcoriaceous, glabrous, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a monochasial cyme, axillary, shorter or longer than the adjacent leaves, glabrous to sparsely puberulent, peduncle 2.5–5.7 cm, pedicels 0.8–1.5 cm long, floral bracts 0.5–2 × 0.5–1 mm, linear. Sepals 2.5–5 × 1–1.5 mm, free, narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, not reflexed, glabrous, very small, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellowish green to pinkish green, glabrous outside, tube 12–17 × 2.5–4 mm, lobes 7–11 × 4–6 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 1–1.5 mm long, deeply included, their apices conspicuously surpassed by the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 4–4.6 mm, the apices slightly exserted. Ovary 1.5–2 mm tall, nectary 1.1–1.7 mm, usually shorter than the ovary, divided into 5 lobes, free or connate basally. Follicles 13–24 × 0.3–0.4 cm, free, but sometimes united at the tips (at least when young), glabrous; seeds 10–15 mm, coma 1.5–3.8 cm, cream.

Distribution: — Colombia to Bolivia, Guyanas, and Brazil. In Colombia in the Pacific, Amazon, and Guyana, 0– 450 m.

Taxonomic notes: — This species is vegetatively similar to P. vaupesana Woodson (in Schultes 1957: 178), but can be recognized by its smaller sepals (2.5–5 mm vs. 6.5–8 mm), free corona lobes deeply included within the tube, and shorter follicles.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Caquetá: cima del Cerro Chiribiquete, January 1944, Gutiérrez et al. 565 (MO). Guainia: Río Negro, Piedras del Cocuy, 24 February 1965, Fernández et al. 6991 (COL). Guaviare: San José del Guaviare, serranía de la Lindosa, camino entre ciudad de Piedra y filo de Piedra, 22 March 2008, Cárdenas et al. 21467 (COAH). Vaupés: Río Papurí, entre Santa Teresita y Piracuara, 4 July 2002, Castaño & Betancur 1553 (COL).

Prestonia coalita (Vellozo) Woodson (1931: 552) . Echites coalitus Vellozo (1825: 112) . Rhaptocarpus coalitus (Vellozo) Miers (1878: 152) . Type:— BRAZIL. Fl. Flumin., Icon 3: pl. 40. 1827 (1831) [lectotype, designated by Morales (2006)] Fig. 4 .

Stem glabrous to inconspicuously puberulent. Petioles 0.51 cm; leaf blade 4.5–12.4(–17) × 3–6 cm, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, apex acute and shortly apiculate, base obtuse, membranaceous, glabrous or glabrescent, tertiary veins impressed abaxially, and barely visible adaxially. Inflorescence a usually a dichasial cyme, axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, puberulent to glabrous, peduncle 0.4–1.1 cm, pedicels 0.4–1 cm long, floral bracts 1.7–3 × 1–1.5 mm, linear. Sepals 3–7 × 2–3.3 mm, free, linear, usually reflexed, glabrous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla cream to creamish green, glabrous outside, tube 10–16 × 1.5–1.9 mm, without free corona lobes within, lobes 5–8.5 × 4–4.5 mm, obliquely obovate, annular corona entire. A nthers 4.5–5.5 mm, included. Ovary 0.9–1.1 mm tall, nectary 0.9–1.1 mm, equaling the ovary, 5-lobed. Follicles 18–36 × 0.4–0.7 cm, connate longitudinally or free and united only at the tips, glabrous; seeds 8–10 mm, coma 2.7–3.8 cm, cream.

Distribution: — Colombia to Bolivia and Argentina. Magdalena Valley, 200– 800 m.

Taxonomic notes:— Prestonia coalita is characterized by the following combination of characters: leaf blades glabrous or glabrescent, inflorescence a dichasial cyme, with flowers densely congested, and corollas without free corona lobes within.

Representative specimen examined: — COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: San Juan de Río Seco, entre Cambao y San Juan de Río Seco, 23 September 1981, Rangel & Salamanca 3292 (COL, CR).

Prestonia cogolloi J.F. Morales (2007a: 148) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Turbo, road to Tapón del Darién, Río León, 16 January 1985, J. Brand, E. Renteria & A. Cogollo 1329 (holotype JAUM!, isotype CR!) Fig. 4 .

Stem sparsely to moderately hirsutulous, glabrescent at maturity. Petioles 1.1–2 cm; leaf blade 24–33.5 × 15.4–20 cm, broadly elliptic to broadly obovate, apex cuspidate, base slightly subcordate, membranaceous, sparsely puberulent adaxially (but the indument more dense along the midrib), sparsely and irregularly hirsute to hirsutulous abaxially, the pubescence irregularly distributed, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme (but resembling an umbel), axillary, shorter than the subtending leaves, tomentose, peduncle 4.8–5.5 cm, pedicels 0.8–1 cm long, floral bracts 5–14 × 2–4 mm, elliptic to ovate-elliptic. Sepals 11–13 × 3–4.5 mm, free, narrowly elliptic, not reflexed, tomentulose, foliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellow, densely hispid outside, tube 11–14 × 3.5–4.5 mm, lobes 8–9 × 6–8 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 3–4 mm long, the apices exserted, their height equaling that of the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers ca. 6 mm, the apices exserted. Ovary 2–2.5 mm tall, nectary 2–2.5 mm, equalling the ovary, irregularly lobed. Follicles unknown.

Distribution:—Endemic, grows in the Pacific area, 50– 100 m.

Taxonomic notes:— Prestonia cogolloi resembles P. ipomaeifolia Candolle (1844: 429) , but differs by its inflorescences with the rachis and peduncle tomentulose (vs. hirsute) and corona lobes 3–4 mm long (vs. 2–2.3 mm).

Representative specimen examined: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: cerca de Río León, 15 km al O de Chigorodó, 19 March 1962, Feddema 1953 ( US)

Prestonia exserta (Candolle) Standley (1925: 460) . Haemadictyon exsertum Candolle (1844: 426) . Type:— VENEZUELA. Distrito Federal: Caracas, 1830, J. Vargas 54 (holotype G-DC!) Fig. 5 .

Stem puberulent to glabrescent. Petioles 0.6–1.2 cm; leaf blade 4.9–11.2 × 2.4–5.1 cm, elliptic to broadly ovate, apex acute to short-acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, membranaceous, glabrous or puberulent adaxially, tomentulose to glabrescent abaxially, tertiary veins scarcely impressed abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, puberulent, peduncle 0.6–2.2 cm, pedicels 0.9–1.3 cm long, floral bracts 2–6 × 1–1.6 mm, linear or linear-elliptic. Sepals 7–8 × 2–4 mm, free, linear to narrowly ovate or narrowly obovate, the apices not reflexed, puberulent, subfoliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellowish green, glabrous outside, tube 13–17 × 3–3.8 mm, lobes 9–12 × 4–5 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 4–5 mm long, almost completely exserted, their apices conspicuously surpassing the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 4–5 mm, the apices exserted. Ovary 2–2.5 mm tall, nectary 1–1.5 mm, shorter than the ovary, divided into 5 lobes. Follicles 23–28.5 × 0.3–0.4 cm, free and united at the tips or connate longitudinally, glabrous; seeds 11–15 mm, coma 2.1–2.6 cm, creamish.

Distribution: — Central Panama to Venezuela, and Trinidad y Tobago. Caribbean plains and Magdalena Valley, 0– 750 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia exserta resembles P. folsomii J. F. Morales (1996: 285) , but it is easily separated by its conspicuously exserted free corona lobes.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Bolivar: entre Cartagena y Turbaco, 16 January 1941, Dugand & Jaramillo 2839 (COL, US). Cesar: Poponte, valle del Magdalena, 19 Octuber 1924, Allen 777 (MO). Chocó: Loma de los Colorados, cerca a San Juan de Nepomuceno, 31 December 1992, Gentry et al. 78449 (MO). Cundinamarca: camino a Puerto Bogotá, entre Río Magdalena a Puerto Salgar, 5 March 1977, Gentry et al. 18083 (COL, MO). Huila: Villavieja, resguardo Indígena Tatacoa, 31 Octuber 2003, Figueroa & Galeano 450 (COL, CR). Magdalena: Cienaga Río Frío, January 1949, Romero -Castañeda 1362 (COL). Santander: 40 km al S de Bucaramanga, 16 December 1948 Araque & Barkley 328 (COL, FMB, MEDEL, MO, US, VALLE). Tolima: Chicoral, 13 May 1949, Haught 6437 (COL, MO, US).

Prestonia falcatosepala J.F. Morales (2004: 162) . Type:— ECUADOR. Carchí: border between Carchí and Esmeraldas, road from Lita to Alto Tambo, 27 June 1991, H. van den Werff, B. Gray & G.A. Tipaz 12076 (holotype MO!, isotype CR!) Fig. 5 .

Stem puberulent to glabrescent. Petioles 1–1.6 cm; leaf blade 3.5–6.7 × 2.4–3.2 cm, elliptic to ovate, apex acuminate, base obtuse to rounded, membranaceous, glabrescent or minutely puberulent abaxially, tertiary veins scarcely impressed abaxially, and inconspicuous adaxially. Inflorescence a monochasial cyme, axillary, longer than the adjacent leaves, puberulent to glabrescent, peduncle 5–9.5 cm, pedicels 2.2–2.8 cm long, floral bracts 4–5 × 0.5–1 mm, linear. Sepals 7.5–9 × 2.3–3.3 mm, free, narrowly elliptic, falcate, not reflexed, puberulent to glabrous, very small. Corolla lobes yellow, with purple lines basally, glabrous, tube 15–17 × 3–3.8 mm, lobes 10–11 × 8–9 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 3–4 mm long, exserted, their apices conspicuously surpassing the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 5–6 mm, the apices slightly exserted. Ovary 1.6–2 mm tall, nectary 1–1.4 mm, shorter than the ovary, variously 5-lobed. Follicles 25.5–29 × 0.2–0.3 cm, connate longitudinally, glabrous; seeds 7–8 mm, coma 1.7–2.8 cm, cream.

Distribution: — Colombia to Peru. Pacific, Andes, and Cauca Valley, at

550–1300 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia falcatosepala is morphologically similar to P. exserta , but it is distinguished by its elongated inflorescences, scarious floral bracts, and falcate sepals.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Urrao, Vereda Cruces, Vereda Cruces, camino al Río Penderisco desde la escuela La Esperanza, alrededores del puente sobre el Río Penderisco, Parque Nacional Natural Las Orquídeas, 6 May 2013, Hoyos-Gómez et al. 2313 (COL). Chocó: 31 km E de Quibdó, ca. 14 km E de Tutunendo, cerca a la villa Chocoana El Veintiuno, 14 June 1982, Gentry & Brand 36932 (COL, JAUM, MO, USF). Risaralda: Mistrató, San Antonio de Chamí, carretera a La Mesenia, 27 April 1992, Betancur et al. 3485 (COL).

Prestonia folsomii J. F. Morales (1996: 285) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura, Bajo Calima region, between Buenaventura and Málaga, km 51.3, 8 February 1990, T. Croat & J. Watt 70348 (holotype CR!, isotypes MO!, USF!) Fig. 5 .

Stem puberulent to glabrescent. Petioles 0.4–1 cm; leaf blades 4.2–10.8 × 2.6–5.1 cm, elliptic to narrowly obovate, apex acuminate, base obtuse, membranaceous, sparsely puberulent to glabrescent, tertiary veins scarcely impressed abaxially, inconspicuous adaxially. Inflorescence a monochasial cyme, axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, puberulent, peduncle 2.4–3.8 cm, pedicels 0.9–2.2 cm long, floral bracts 2.8–3.8 × 1–1.2 mm, linear. Sepals 10–13 × 3–4 mm, free, narrowly ovate to elliptic, not reflexed, sparsely puberulent, foliaceous to subfoliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellow, glabrous outside, tube 11–13 × 3–4 mm, lobes 12–13 × 8–9 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 2–2.8 mm long, the apices slightly exserted, their height equaling or slightly surpassing that of the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 4–4.5 mm, the apices exserted. Ovary 1–1.5 mm tall, nectary ca. 1.5 mm, conspicuously longer than the ovary, moderately 5-lobed. Follicles unknown.

Distribution: — Panama and Colombia. Pacific, 100–600 m ..

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia folsomii shows some resemblance to P. exserta , but the latter species can be differentiated by the free corona lobes 4–5 mm long, with their apices almost completely exserted and conspicuously surpassing the anthers apices, and shorter corolla tube (vs. free corona lobes 2–2.8 mm long, with their apices equaling or slightly surpassing the anther apices).

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Frontino, Encarnación, Parque Nacional natural Las Orquídeas, sector Venados, 11 April 2011, Betancur et al. 15159 (COL).

Prestonia haughtii Woodson (1948: 235) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Necoclí, 25 June 1946, O. Haught 4911 (holotype MO!, isotypes COL!, US!). Fig. 5 .

Stem glabrous. Petioles 0.8–1.8 cm; leaf blade 19–23 × 7.9–12 cm, obovate or elliptic, apex rounded and mucronulate, base obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence usually a dichasial cyme, axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, glabrous, peduncle 3.5–7 cm, pedicels 1.2–2 cm long, floral bracts 1–1.5 × 1 mm, linear. Sepals 7–9 × 5–6 mm, connate at the base for 1/3–1/2 of their length, forming a campanulate cup, ovate, not reflexed, glabrous foliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellow, glabrous outside, tube 15–20 × 5–6.5 mm, lobes 13–16 × 6–7 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 1–1.5 mm long, included, their apices conspicuously surpassed by the anther apices, annular corona entire to inconspicuously lobed. Anthers 4.5–5 mm, included. Ovary ca. 1 mm tall, nectary ca. 2 mm, conspicuously surpassing the ovary, variously 5-lobed. Follicles 33–38 cm × 1.1–1.4 cm, free or connate longitudinally, glabrous; seeds unknown.

Distribution: — Endemic. Pacific and Magdalena Valley, 50– 450 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia haughtii is distinguished by its glabrous leaves, sepals connate for 1/3–1/2 of their length, forming a conspicuous campanulate cup, and free corona lobes less than 2 mm long.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Turbo, carretera Currulao-Nueva Antioquia, 11 km de Currulao, 3 August 1987, Callejas et al. 5008 (COL, HUA, NY, WAG). Chocó: Turbo, carretera al Tapón del Darién, 28 January 1984, Brand & Lozano 816 (COL, CR, JAUM, MO). Tolima: Mariquita, 1851–1852, Triana 1958 (P).

Prestonia ipomaeifolia Candolle (1844: 429) . Type:— FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne: Cayenne, s.d., J. Le Blond s.n. (holotype G-DC!) Fig. 6 .

Stem sparsely hirsute. Petioles 1.2–2.2 cm; leaf blade 16–29 × 9.5–19 cm, elliptic, apex acuminate, base obtuse to rounded, membranaceous, sparsely hirsute on both surfaces, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme (but resembling an umbel), axillary, shorter than the subtending leaves, hirsute, peduncle 1.9–2.8 cm, pedicels 0.3–0.7 cm long, floral bracts 7–15 × 3–4 mm, narrowly elliptic, subfoliaceous. Sepals 7–11 × 3.5–6 mm, free, ovate to narrowly elliptic, not reflexed, sparsely hirsute, foliaceous to subfoliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellow, hirsute outside, tube 12–14 × 4–5 mm, lobes 8–11 × 6–8 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 2–2.2 mm long, the apices exserted, their height surpassing that of the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 5.8–6 mm, included. Ovary ca. 1 mm, glabrous, nectary 2–2.8 mm tall, conspicuously surpassing the ovary, entire to slightly 5-lobed. Follicles 9–11 × 2–2.2 cm, divaricate, free, the tips divergent, hirsute or pilose; seeds not seen.

Distribution:— Panama to Peru, Guyana, and French Guiana. Pacific, below 200 m.

Taxonomic notes:— Prestonia ipomaeifolia can be confused with P. cogolloi , but differs by its sparsely to moderately hirsute dichasial inflorescences and corona lobes 2–2.3 mm.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Turbo, Caracolí, vía Turbo-San Pedro de Urabá, 23 km ENE de Turbo, 1 August 1987, Callejas et al. 4893 (HUA). Chocó: Bojayá, Río Atrato, 14 April 1982, Forero et al. 9248 (COL, CR, MO).

Prestonia lindleyana Woodson in Gleason & Smith (1933: 392). Haemadictyon calycinum Lindley ex Miers (1878: 259) , nom. illeg. Type:— BRAZIL. Amazonas: near Manaus, Río Negro, October 1851, R. Spruce 1882 (holotype CGE!, isotypes K!, NY!) Fig. 6 .

Stem inconspicuously puberulent to glabrescent. Petioles 0.6–1 cm; leaf blade 8.9–17 × 3–8.5 cm, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, apex acute or acuminate, base obtuse, subcoriaceous, glabrous, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a monochasial cyme, axillary, shorter or longer than the adjacent leaves, puberulent to glabrescent, peduncle 5–8.5 cm, pedicels 0.6–1.1 cm long, floral bracts 1–2 × 0.5–1 mm, linear. Sepals 10–12 × 3–4.5 mm, free, narrowly ovate, not reflexed, glabrous, foliaceous, the base drying clearly darker than the rest of the sepal. Corolla yellow, glabrous outside, tube 10–15 × 3–4 mm, lobes 6–9 × 5–6 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes ca. 2 mm long, the apices barely exserted, their height equaling or slightly surpassing that of the anther apices, annular corona subentire Anthers 4.2–5.3 mm, the apices exserted. Ovary 1.5–1.9 mm tall, nectary 1.5–2 mm, equaling the ovary, divided into 5 separate lobes. Follicles 13–24 × 0.5–0.6 cm, free, but sometimes united at the tips, glabrous; seeds 18–20 mm, coma 2–3.1 cm, tannish cream.

Distribution: — Colombia, Venezuela, and northern Brasil. Amazon, 200– 550 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia lindleyana can be recognized by its unbranched inflorescence, scarious bracts, and sepals with the base drying darker than the rest of the sepal.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Río Caqueta, alrededores de Araracuara, 10 November 1982, Idrobo et al. 11427 (COL). Guaviare: Miraflores, entre El Caño y Maloca de El Capitán, 7 January 1993, Gamboa & Pedreros 206 (CUVC). Meta: San Juan del Lozada, via Villa Rica-El Coclí, 12 August 2008, Castro & Navarrete 5877 (COAH). Vaupés: riberas del Río Inirida, sitio Raudal Alto o Mariapiri, 3 February 1953, Fernández 2054 (COL, US).

Prestonia longifolia (Sessé & Moçiño) J. F. Morales (1996: 286) . Echites longifolius Sessé & Moçiño (1887 [1893]: 45). Type:— MEXICO. Veracruz: San Andrés Tuxtla, s.d., M. Sessé & J. Moçiño 5007 (lectotype MA! designated by Morales (1996); isolectotype, F!) Fig. 6 .

Stem glabrous to glabrescent. Petioles 0.7–1.8 cm; leaf blade 8.5–17.5 × 3.5–8.5 cm, elliptic, apex short-acuminate, base obtuse, subcoriaceous, glabrous, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, axillary, shorter than or equaling the adjacent leaves, glabrous or glabrescent, peduncle 2.6–5.5 cm, pedicels 0.1–1.6 cm long, floral bracts ca. 1 × 0.5 mm, linear. Sepals 3–8 × 2–3 (–4) mm, free, narrowly ovate, not reflexed, glabrous, very small, drying with a more or less uniform color, the veins inconspicuous. Corolla cream to yellowish green, glabrous outside, tube 14–18 × 3.5–4 mm, lobes 7–11 × 6–8 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 2–2.8 mm long, slightly exserted, their apices equaling the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 5–5.4 mm, the apices slightly exserted. Ovary 1.5–2 mm tall, nectary 2–2. mm, surpassing the ovary, 5-lobed. Follicles 29–45 × 0.3–0.4 cm, free, but sometimes united at the tips (at least when young), glabrous; seeds 9–11 mm, coma 1.7–2.7 cm, cream.

Distribution: — Southern Mexico to Colombia, Pacific, below 300 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia longifolia can be confused with P. portobellensis , but differs by its smaller sepals 3–8 mm and free corona lobes apices 2–2.8 mm long (vs. sepals 11–18 mm and free corona lobes 4–5 mm).

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Chocó: Acandí, Unguia, 3 July 1976, Forero 552 (COL, MO). Cauca: Guapi, Parque Nacional Gorgona, entre playa Blanca y Gorgonilla, 5 September 1987, Lozano et al. 5634 (COL).

Prestonia megagros (Vellozo) Woodson (1934: 623) . Echites megagros Vellozo(1825: 110) Haemadictyon megalagrion Müller Argoviensis (1860a: 170) , nom. illeg. Prestonia megalagrion Miers (1878: 149) . Type:— BRAZIL. Without data, Fl. Flumin., Icon. 3: pl. 33. 1827 (lectotype designated here) Fig. 6 .

Stem papillate-puberulent, glabrescent at maturity. Petioles 2– 1.4 cm; leaf blade 10.5–19 × 6.5–10.5 cm, elliptic to obovate, apex abruptly short-acuminate, base obtuse to rounded, coriaceous to subcoriaceous, densely to moderately papillate-puberulent on both surfaces, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, axillary, shorter than or equaling adjacent leaves, minutely papillate-tomentulose, peduncle 5.5–7.5 cm, pedicels 1.1–1.4 cm long, floral bracts 4–8 × 1.5–2 mm, linear-ovate. Sepals 10–15 × 3–4 mm, free, narrowly elliptic, not reflexed, densely papillate-tomentulose, foliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color, the veins not impressed. Corolla yellow, glabrous outside, tube 11–14 × 4–4.5 mm, lobes 9–12 × 7–8 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 3–3.5 mm long, the apices barely exserted, their height equaling or slightly surpassing that of the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 5–6 mm, the apices barely exserted. Ovary 1.5–1.9 mm tall, nectary 1.9–2 mm, surpassing the ovary, variously 5-lobed. Follicles 12–15 × 1–1.2 cm, divaricate, free, the tips divergent, puberulent; seeds 15–18 mm, coma 2.9–4 cm, tannish.

Distribution: — Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and Brazil. Amazon, below 200 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia megagros is a distinctive species characterized by its densely to moderately papillate-puberulent leaf blades, dichasial inflorescence, free corona lobes with apices barely exserted, and divaricate follicles.

The original plate published by Vellozo (1827) is selected as the lectotype of Echites megagros .

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Leticia, estación biológica El Zafire, October 2006, Álvarez et al. 3829 (JAUM).

Prestonia mexicana Candolle (1844: 429) . Mitozus mexicanus (Candolle) Miers (1878: 225) . Type:— MEXICO. Oaxaca: San Bartolo, August 1834, G. Andrieux 251 (holotype G-DC!, isotypes, K!) Fig. 7

Stem variously pubescent. Petioles 0.8–2 cm; leaf blade 10–22 × 7–13.5 cm, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, apex acute or acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, membranaceous, puberulent adaxially, tomentose or tomentulose abaxially, tertiary veins impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme (but resembling an umbel), axillary, usually shorter than the adjacent leaves, moderately tomentose or tomentulose, peduncle 1.3–3.4 cm, pedicels 0.9–2.8 cm long, floral bracts 5–10 × 3.5–4.5 mm, elliptic to narrowly ovate. Sepals 16–28 × 5–10 mm, free, ovate, not reflexed, tomentose or tomentulose, foliaceous to subfoliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla cream to yellowish green, tomentose or tomentulose outside, tube 25–34 × 4–5 mm, lobes 12–15 × 9–10 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes absent, annular corona entire to -lobed. Anthers 6–6.9 mm, included or the apices exserted. Ovary 1–1.5 mm tall, nectary 1.5–2.7 mm, surpassing the ovary, entire, 5-lobed or divided into 5 nectaries. Follicles 6.5–10 × 1–2 cm, divaricate, free, the tips divergent, densely hirsute or hirsutulous; seeds 11–14 mm, coma 2.5–3.9 cm, cream.

Distribution:— Mexico to northern Colombia. Pacific, 0– 350 m.

Taxonomic notes:— Prestonia mexicana resembles P. tomentosa R. Brown (1811: 70) and P. seemannii Miers (1878: 146) , but differs by its corolla tube without free corona lobes.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Chocó: El Carmen, alrededores de Bahía Solano Norte, 7 May 1992, Barbosa 7001 (HUA).

Prestonia mucronata Rusby (1920: 90) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Las Nubes, 18 December 1898, H.H. Smith 1656 (holotype NY!, isotypes G!, K!, MO!, P!, US!, Z!) Fig. 7

Stem densely ferrugineous-tomentose. Petioles 0.9–1.4 cm; leaf blade 4.3–7.3 × 3–5 cm, elliptic to broadly ovate, apex acute to short-acuminate, base obtuse, membranaceous, ferrugineous-hirsutulous adaxially, ferrugineous-hirsutulous to ferrugineous-sericeous abaxially, tertiary veins rather inconspicuous. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme (but resembling an umbel), axillary to subterminal, shorter than or equaling adjacent leaves, ferrugineous-tomentulose, peduncle 2–3.2 cm, pedicels 1.1–1.4 cm long, floral bracts 2–4 × 0.5–1.5 mm, linear-ovate. Sepals 8–11 × 2–3 mm, free, elliptic, not reflexed, ferrugineous-tomentulose, subfoliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellowish green, ferrugineous-tomentulose outside, tube 9–12 × 3–4 mm, lobes 9–11 × 5–7 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes ca. 1 mm long, deeply included, their apices conspicuously below the anther apices, annular corona subentire to irregularly lobed. Anthers 7–9 mm, included. Ovary 1.5–2 mm tall, nectary ca. 1.5 mm, shorther than the ovary, divided into 5 nectaries. Follicles 16–20 × 0.4–0.7 cm, free, usually united at the tips, ferrugineous-tomentose; seeds unknown.

Distribution:— Colombia and Venezuela. Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 1900–2200 m.

Taxonomic notes:— Prestonia mucronata morphological resembles P. parviflora (Bentham) Bentham (1876: 709) , but it is distinguished by its longer anthers and larger sepals.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Magdalena: San Sebastián de Rábago, 8 March 1948, Romero-Castañeda 897 (COL).

Prestonia papillosa (Müller Argoviensis) J.F. Morales (2004: 161) . Haemadictyon papillosum Müller Argoviensis (1860b: 432) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Antioquia: s.d., J. Triana 157 (holotype P!) Fig. 7

Stem papillate-puberulent, glabrescent at maturity. Petioles 0.5–0.7 cm; leaf blade 9.5–16 × 3.9–8.5 cm, elliptic to obovate-elliptic, apex obtuse and abruptly acute, base obtuse, coriaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, axillary, longer than the adjacent leaves, minutely puberulent, peduncle 5.5–8.8 cm, pedicels 0.7–2 cm long, floral bracts 1–2 × 0.5–1 mm, linear. Sepals 3.5–4.5 × 1–1.5 mm, free, very narrowly ovate, slightly reflexed or not reflexed, glabrescent, very small, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellowish green to yellowish pink, glabrous to glabrescent outside, tube 6–9 × 2–2.1 mm; lobes 5–6 × 3–4 mm, ovate, free corona lobes less than 1 mm long, included, their apices conspicuously below the anther apices, annular corona entire, inconspicuous. Anthers 4.5–5 mm, the apices conspicuously exserted. Ovary ca. 1.5 mm tall, nectary ca. 2 mm, surpassing the ovary, composed of 5 lobes. Follicles 15–20 × 0.4–0.5 cm, free, but usually united at the tips, glabrous; seeds 16–18 mm, coma 2–2.3 cm, cream.

Distribution: — Endemic. Andes, 1000–2000 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia papillosa shows an overall resemblance to P. cayennensis , but it can be differentiated by the papillate-puberulent stems, inflorescence structure, and smaller corollas.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Jardín, carretera Jardín-Río Sucio, 7 km de Jardín, 7 June 1987, Callejas et al. 3750 (HUA, MO, NY, USF). Chocó: San José del Palmar, vereda San Antonio, finca San Vicente, 20 April 1998, López et al. 1802 (HUA). Risaralda: Mistrato, 17 March 1991, Galeano et al. 2481 (COL).

Prestonia parviflora (Bentham) Bentham (1876: 709) . Haemadictyon parviflorum Bentham (1857: 355) . Temnadenia parviflora (Bentham) Miers (1878: 215) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Pandi, s.d., K. Hartweg 1053 (holotype K!, isotype CGE!) Fig. 7

Stem minutely ferrugineous-tomentulose to sparsely puberulent. Petioles 1.5–2.8 cm; leaf blade 9–21 × 3.8–10.5 cm, elliptic to broadly elliptic, apex short-acuminate, base obtuse, membranaceous, sparsely puberulent adaxially, tomentulose abaxially, tertiary veins rather obscure. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, terminal or subterminal, rarely axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, ferrugineous-tomentulose, peduncle 1.4–2.4 cm, pedicels 0.5–0.7 cm long, floral bracts 1–3 × 0.5–1 mm, linear. Sepals 2.5–4 × 1–1.5 mm, free, very narrowly elliptic, not reflexed, tomentulose, small and inconspicuous. Corolla yellow, ferrugineous-tomentulose outside, tube 4–6 × 1.5–2.5 mm, lobes 4–7 × 3–4 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes ca. 1 mm long, deeply included, their apices conspicuously below the anther apices, annular corona inconspicuous. A nthers 3.5–4 mm, the apices barely exserted. Ovary 1.4–1.5 mm tall, nectary ca. 1 mm, slightly shorter than the ovary, irregularly 5-lobed. Follicles 31–35 × 0.4–0.7 cm, united at the tips, ferrugineous-tomentose; seeds 14–14.5 mm, coma 2–3 cm, tannish cream.

Distribution:— Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru. Andes, 1400–2100 m.

Taxonomic notes:— Prestonia parviflora is distinguished by its tomentulose leaves, terminal or subterminal inflorescences, sepals 2.5–4 mm, free corona lobes ca. 1 mm long, and anthers 3.5–4 mm long.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Cundinamarca: Tena, cerca del Salto de Tequendama, 5 January 1999, Díaz & Gómez 3 (CR). Quindio: Pijas, El Sinabrio, finca Las Pavas, 14 October 1999, Macías et al. 1334 (HUQ). Santander: Suaita, Finca Marbella, sector Flandes, 30 March 2004, Fernández-Alonso et al. 21310 (COL). Tolima: El Fresno, 7 May 1940, Cuatrecasas 9396 (COL, VALLE, US).

Prestonia portobellensis (Beurling) Woodson (1931: 553) . Echites portobellensis Beurling (1854: 137) . Type:— PANAMA. Colón: Portobello, April 1826, J. Billberg s. n. (holotype S!) Fig. 8

Stem papillate-puberulent. Petioles 1–2.9 cm; leaf blade 11–31.5 × 7.5–16 cm, elliptic to obovate, apex obtuse to short-acuminate, base obtuse, coriaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, densely to sparsely puberulent, peduncle 3.5–5.8 cm, pedicels 0.9–2.2 cm long, floral bracts 1–3 × 0.9–1.3 mm, linear. Sepals 11–18 × 4–7 mm, free, rarely connate at the base for 1/6 of their length and forming an inconspicuous campanulate base, narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate, not reflexed, glabrous, foliaceous to subfoliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellowish green, with the lobes with red and purple stripes, glabrous outside, tube 14–18 × 6–7 mm, lobes 10–16 × 10–13 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 4–5 mm long, the apices exserted, their height surpassing that of the anther apices, annular corona entire to scarcely 5-lobed. Anthers 5–6 mm, the apices barely exserted. Ovary ca. 2 mm tall, nectary ca. 2 mm, surpassing and completely covering the ovary, entire to slightly 5-lobed. Follicles 33–61 × 0.6–0.8 cm, free, but usually united at the tips (at least when young), papillate to glabrescent; seeds 11–18 mm, coma 2.6–3 cm, tan.

Distribution: — Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador. Pacific, Magdalena Valley, 0– 650 m.

Taxonomic notes: — This species resembles P. annularis and P. longifolia ; this trio is characterized by glabrous leaves, similar inflorescence structure, scarious floral bracts, conspicuous annular corona, and slender follicles. Prestonia portobellensis differs by its corona lobes apices conspicuously surpassing the anther apices (vs. corona lobes apices equaling or conspicuously surpassed by the anthers apices).

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Turbo, cerca a Tapón del Darién , sector Río León-Lomas Aisladas, km 37, 27 February 1984, Brand 940 ( COL, HUA, JAUM, MO). Chocó: Parque Nacional Los Katios, 16 July 1979, Barbosa 1043 ( MO, USF) ; Bahía Solano , corregimiento El Valle, carretera El Valle-Almejal, 15 April 1989, Espina et al. 2462 ( CHOCO, CR, HUA). Magdalena: camino a San Pedro de la Sierra, Quebrada Botella, 29 September 1972, Kirkbride 2269 ( COL, NY). Nariño: Monte Alto, S de Tumaco, 16 October 1955, Romero-Castañeda 5390 ( COL). Putumayo: RÍO Putumayo, puerto Porvenir, 22 November 1940, Cuatrecasas 10762 ( COL, US) . Quindió: Circasia, vereda Barcelona Alta, 23 March 1991, Agudelo et al. 1056 ( HUQ). Valle del Cauca : Río Nayo, debajo de Puerto Merizalde, 1 March 1943, Cuatrecasas 14323 ( VALLE) .

Prestonia quinquangularis (Jacquin) Sprengel (1825: 637) . Echites quinquangularis Jacquin (1760: 13) . Temnadenia quinquangularis (Jacquin) Miers (1878: 212) . Type:— COLOMBIA. Atlántico: Cartagena, Cerro La Popa, without data, Jacq., Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. t. 25. 1763. (lectotype designated by Morales (2004)) Fig. 9

Stem glabrous to glabrescent. Petioles 0.5–1.9 cm; leaf blade 6–10.5 × 2–5 cm, elliptic to broadly ovate, apex acute, short-acuminate or obtuse, base obtuse to rounded, membranaceous to firmly membranaceous, glabrous, rarely minutely puberulent abaxially, tertiary veins slightly impressed on both surfaces, sometimes inconspicuous. Inflorescence a monochasial cyme, axillary, longer than the adjacent leaves, glabrous to glabrescent, peduncle 3–11 cm, pedicels 0.6–1.1 cm long, floral bracts 1–2 × 0.5–1 mm, scarious, linear. Sepals 1–3 × 1–1.5 mm, free, very narrowly ovate, normally reflexed, glabrous, very small, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellowish green to cream, glabrous outside, tube 15–20 × 3–4.5 mm, lobes 10–13 × 6–9 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 1–1.5 mm long, included, their apices conspicuously below the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 4–5 mm, the apices slightly exserted. Ovary ca. 1.5 mm tall, nectary ca. 1.5 mm, equalling the ovary, deeply and irregularly 5-lobed. Follicles 25.5–38 × 0.3–0.5 cm, usually connate longitudinally (rarely free and united only at the tips), glabrous; seeds 8–12 mm, coma 2–3.4 cm, cream to white.

Distribution: — Widespread. Nicaragua and the Antilles to northern Argentina. Pacific, Magdalena Valley, Cauca Valley, Caribbean plains, Andes, Orinoquia, Guyana and Sierra de la Macarena, and Amazon, 0–1000 m

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia quinquangularis is distinguished by its unbranched inflorescence, reflexed sepal apices, and free corona lobes deeply included within the tube.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Puerto Santander, Monochoa-Ciudad Perdida- Araracuara , 26 March 1994, Cárdenas et al. 4511 ( COAH, MO). Antioquia: San Luis, Quebrada La Cristalina , 1 September 1994, Acevedo-Rodríguez & Callejas 6765 ( MO, NY, US). Arauca: Arauca, Caño Limón, 16 Octuber 1997, Betancur & Uribe 7534 ( COL). Atlántico: Santa Rosa, finca La Peluza, 3 February 2000, López 4973 ( HUA). Chocó: Riosucio, Parque Nacional Natural Los Katios, camino a los saltos El Tendal y La Tigra, 28 March 1999, Fonnegra et al. 6883 ( COL, HUA, MO). Córdoba: Ayapel, Monte Líbano, 21 May 1949, Romero-Castañeda 1715 ( COL, CR, MEDEL, MO). Guajira: Maicao, Tabaco, 17 May 1981, Arboleda et al. 597 ( HUA) ; entre Cuestecita y Carraipia, márgenes de Río Cesar, 30 November 1959, Cuatrecasas et al. 25516 ( COL, US). Guaviare: El Retorno, camino de Cerritos a Cerro Piedra Gorda, 19 Octuber 1995, Cárdenas et al. 6700 ( COAH). Magdalena: Río Cesar y Río Azucarbuena , El Callao, 29 Octuber 1959, Cuatrecasas et al. 24923 ( COL, US) ; Puerto Ocaña, September 1852, Holton s.n. ( NY). Meta: O de Puerto Gaitán , camino a Puerto López, Río Yucao , 31 December 1973, Davidse & Llanos 5442 ( COL, MO). Norte de Santander : entre Chinácota y La Esmeralda, 19 May 1927, Killip & Smith 20923 ( NY, US). Quindió: Montenegro, vereda El Gigante, Hacienda Santa Cecilia, Río Banvieja , 24 September 1985, Arbeláez et al. 1075 ( HUA, HUQ). Risaralda: La Virginia, 20 March 1989, Ramos & Silverstone-Sopkin 1909 ( CUVC, MBM, MO). Santander: valle del Río Surata , entre Bucaramanga y El Jaboncillo, 2 January 1927, Killip & Smith 16305 ( F, NY, US). Tolima: Ibagué, Melgar, 6 December 2000, Diana & Henry 430 ( TOLI). Valle del Cauca : Valle, Zarzal, Cartago, 16 November 1986, Silverstone-Sopkin et al. 2563 ( CR, CUCV, MO). Vaupés: Río Vaupés , Raudal Macucu, 14 November 1952, Romero-Castañeda 3488 ( COL) .

Prestonia rotundifolia K. Schumann ex Woodson (1936: 318) . Type:— ECUADOR. Manabi: El Recreo, August 1893, B. Eggers 15078 (holotype M!, isotypes, NY!, P!, US!) Fig. 10

Stem glabrous to glabrescent. Petioles 0.8–2 cm; leaf blade 11–17 × 6.5–10 cm, obovate, elliptic to broadly ovate, apex acute to obtuse, base obtuse to rounded, coriaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, minutely puberulent, peduncle 2.1–7.8 cm, pedicels 0.9–1.3 cm long, floral bracts 8–18 × 2.8–4 mm, elliptic to narrowly ovate, conspicuously foliaceous. Sepals 10–15 × 3–4.5 mm, usually connate at the base for 1/3 of their length, forming a campanulate cup, rarely completely free, narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, not reflexed, sparsely puberulent to glabrescent, foliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla cream, glabrescent outside, tube 13–16 × 3.5–5 mm, lobes 10–13 × 6–8 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 2–3 mm long, the apices slightly exserted, their height equaling or slightly surpassing that of the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 4.5–5 mm, the apices barely exserted. Ovary 1.5–2 mm tall, nectary 1.5–2.1 mm, equaling or scarcely surpassing the ovary, divided into 5 nectaries. Follicles 21–35 × 0.4–0.8 cm, free, but united at the tips, glabrescent; seeds 14–16 mm, coma 2.5–3.5 cm, tannish cream.

Distribution: — Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Pacific, Magdalena Valley, Amazon, 0– 700 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia rotundifolia resembles P. trifida and P. antioquiana , but is differentiated by its foliaceous floral bracts.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Leticia, corregimiento de la Pedrera, Río Cahuinarí, bocas del Río Pamá, rebalse Medio de Dique Natural, 26 November 1990, Fundación Botánica Pedro Rastrojo 3399 (HUA). Antioquia: Puerto Berrío, vereda Alicante, 1 km S de finca Penjame, carretera San Juan de Bedout-La Cabaña, 2 March 1990, Callejas et al. 9285 (HUA, MO, NY, USF). Chocó: Bahía Solano, Puerto Mutis, 4 January 1973, Gentry & Forero 7161 (COL, MO) Nariño: Barbacoas, entre Barbacoas y Payán, 4 November 1989, Ramírez 1789 (PSO).

Prestonia seemannii Miers (1878: 146) . Type:— PANAMA. Panama: near Panama City, s.d., B. Seemann 159 (holotipo BM! Fig. 10

Stem moderately hispid or glabrescent. Petioles 0.5–1 cm; leaf blade 7.6–17.2 × 5.3–10 cm, elliptic to obovate, apex acute or acuminate, base obtuse, membranaceous, hispid-velutinous adaxially, densely velutinous to velutinous-tomentose abaxially, tertiary veins impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme (but resembling an umbel), axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, ferrugineous-hispid, peduncle 1.7–2.6 cm, pedicels 0.5–1 cm long, floral bracts 5–8 × 2.5–4 mm, narrowly elliptic to narrowly ovate-elliptic, subfoliaceous. Sepals 9–11 × 3–4 mm, free, ovate to narrowly elliptic, not reflexed, hispid-velutinous, foliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellow to cream, hirsute outside, tube 12.5–15 × 3–4 mm, lobes 10–15 × 4–6 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 1.5–2.2 mm long, the apices barely exserted or included, their height equaling or slightly surpassing that of the anther apices, annular corona entire to subentire. Anthers 5–6 mm, the apices exserted. Ovary ca. 1 mm tall, nectary 1.5–2 mm, surpassing the ovary, entire to irregularly 3- or 5-lobed. Follicles 10–13 × 8– 1.4 cm, divaricate, free, the tips divergent, hispid; seeds 11–14 mm, coma 2.6–3.2 cm, cream.

Distribution:— Panama and Colombia. Caribbean plains, below 500 m.

Taxonomic notes:— Prestonia seemannii can be recognized by its sparsely velutinous to velutinous-tomentose leaf blade, free corona lobe apices exserted, and hispid follicles.

Representative specimen examined: — COLOMBIA. Magdalena: Santa Marta, s.d., Purdie s.n. (K).

Prestonia tomentosa R. Brown (1811: 70) . Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, s.d., J. Banks 684 (holotype BM!) Fig. 10

Stem densely ferrugineous-tomentose. Petioles 0.5–1.3 cm; leaf blade 8.5–21 × 6–13.5 cm, elliptic to broadly ovate, apex short-acuminate, base obtuse or rounded, membranaceous, sparsely puberulent adaxially, densely and uniformly velutinous-tomentose abaxially, tertiary veins impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme (but resembling an umbel), axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, ferrugineous-tomentose or ferrugineous-tomentulose, peduncle 0.8–2.5 cm, pedicels 0.5–1.2 cm long, floral bracts 8–19 × 2–5 mm, elliptic to narrowly ovate-elliptic, foliaceous. Sepals 11–17 × 5.5–7 mm, free, ovate to narrowly obovate, not reflexed, tomentulose to hispid-tomentulose, foliaceous to subfoliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellow, densely sericeous outside, tube 11–18 × 3.5–5 mm, lobes 9.5–12 × 5–7 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 2.5–3.4 mm long, the apices exserted and conspicuously surpassing the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 5–6 mm, the apices barely exserted. Ovary ca. 1.5 mm tall, nectary 1.5–2 mm, surpassing the ovary, 5-lobed. Follicles 5–10 × 1.6–2.2 cm, divaricate, free, the tips divergent, hispid or hispidulous; seeds 8–10 mm, coma 3–4.2 cm, tannish cream.

Distribution:— Colombia to Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil. Caribbean plains, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Sierra de la Macarena, 300–1000 m.

Taxonomic notes:— Prestonia tomentosa shows an overall resemblance to P. seemannii and P. mexicana ; from the former it differs by its densely velutinous-tomentose leaf blades (vs. tomentose or tomentulose), and from P. mexicana by its corolla tube with conspicuous corona lobes (vs. corona lobes absent). The specimens cited in Bernal et al. (2015) as P. surinamensis Müller Argoviensis (1860b: 433) , actually corresponds to P. tomentosa . So far, P. surinamensis has not been collected in Colombia.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia:Cáceres, El Doce, Bajo Cauca, entre Quebradas Puri y Corrales, 26 March 1978, Callejas 509 (COL, HUA, NY). Bolivar: San Pedro, 29 May 1949, Romero-Castañeda 1770 (COL, IAN, MEDEL). Cesar: La Jagua de Ibirico, La Victoria de San Isidro, vereda el Zumbador, vía La Jagua- El Zumbador, 17 March 1996, Fernández-Alonso et al. 13843 (COL). Guajira: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Río Cañas, 19 August 1986, Cuadros & Gentry 2948 (K, MEXU, MO, NY, USF). Meta: El Porvenir, 120 m, May 1978, Eberhard s.n. (USJ).

Prestonia trifida (Poeppig) Woodson (in Gleason & Smith 1933: 392). Haemadictyon trifidum Poeppig (1845: 67) . Type:— PERU. Loreto: Maynas, February 1831, E. Poeppig 2161 (holotype W!, isotypes F!, NY!) Figs. 2, 11

Stem glabrous. Petioles 1–2 cm; leaf blade 11–25 × 6.5–13.5 cm, obovate to broadly elliptic, apex obtuse, retuse to acuminate, base obtuse to rounded, coriaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, puberulent to glabrescent, peduncle 4–12 cm, pedicels 0.9–2.2 cm long, floral bracts 1–3 × 0.5–1.5 mm, linear to linear-ovate. Sepals 11–15 × 3–5 mm, free, narrowly ovate to very narrowly elliptic, not reflexed, puberulent to glabrescent, foliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla cream to yellowish green, glabrous, tube 11–18 × 3–4 mm, lobes 8.5–15 × 6–9 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 2.5–4 mm long, the apices exserted, their height slightly surpassing that of the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 5–6 mm, the apices slightly exserted. Ovary ca. 1.5 mm tall, nectary 1–1.5 mm, equaling the ovary, sometimes divided into 5 lobes. Follicles 24–40 × 0.8–1 cm, connate longitudinally or free but united at the tips, glabrescent; seeds 18–21 mm, coma 2.5–3.3 cm, tannish cream.

Distribution: — Costa Rica to Peru and northwestern Brazil. Pacific, Caribbean plains, and Magdalena Valley, 0– 800 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia trifida resembles P. antioquiana , but is distinguished by its non-verrucose petioles (vs. conspicuously verrucose) and smooth follicles (vs. 3–4-winged).

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Antioquia: entre Villa Areteaga y Chigorodó, Lomitas, 1 October 1961, Cuatrecasas & Willard 26110 (COL, US). Bolivar: San Juan Nepomuceno, Loma de Los Colorados, 2 September 1986, Cuadros 3158 (COL, MO, NY, USF). Chocó: Quibdó, carretera Quibdó-Guayabal, 25 June 1985, García 108 (CHOCO, COL, MO). Córdoba: Valencia, Alto Sinú, 3 January 1985, Cogollo 2016 (JAUM, MO). Cundinamarca: Puerto Bogota, vereda Acapal, Línea San Carlos-Purnio, 13 December 1999, Jiménez et al. 416 (JAUM). Santander: Andes, carretera a Puerto Nuevo y Barranca, después de La Estrella, 1 February 2000, Vélez & Suárez 3674 (JAUM).

Prestonia vana Woodson (1936: 323) . Type:— PERU. Loreto: Alto Amazonas, Balsapuerto, May 1933, G. Klug 3066 (holotype MO!, isotypes F!, G!, US!) Fig. 11

Stem puberulent to glabrescent. Petioles 1.7–2.3 cm; leaf blade 14–21 × 9.5–15 cm, elliptic to broadly elliptic, the apex obtuse and shortly acuminate, base obtuse to rounded, coriaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a dichasial cyme, axillary, shorter than the adjacent leaves, minutely puberulent to glabrescent, peduncle 3.2–9.5 cm, pedicels 1.3–2.4 cm long, floral bracts 3–5 × 1–1.5 mm, linear to linear-ovate. Sepals 10–12 × 3–4.5 mm, free, narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, not reflexed, puberulent to glabrescent, foliaceous, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellowish cream, sparsely puberulent outside, tube 15–16 × 3–4 mm, lobes 9–10 × 6–7 mm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 3.5–4 mm long, the apices exserted, their height surpassing that of the anther apices, annular corona entire to variously 5-lobed. Anthers ca. 5 mm, the apices barely exserted. Ovary 1.5–2 mm tall, nectary 1.7–2.1 mm, equaling or barely surpassing the ovary, 5-lobed. Follicles 8–10 × 0.8–1.3 cm, divaricate, free, the tips divergent, conspicuously winged longitudinally, glabrescent; seeds 11–12 mm, coma 1.2–2 cm, tannish cream.

Distribution: — Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Amazon, Guyana, and Sierra de la Macarena, 150– 700 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia vana can be confused with P. trifida , but is easily recognized by its puberulent corolla tube, and conspicuously winged follicles.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Río Caquetá, frente a Isla Yarumal, 17 May 1997, Sánchez et al. 3065 (COAH). Boyacá: Santa María, vereda Culima, carretera Santa María-Mambita, antes del Río Chivor, 1 April 2006, Betancur et al. 12181 (COL). Caquetá: Arbolitos, Río Caguán, 12 April 1953, Romero-Castañeda 3972 (COL, MO). Casanare: entre Monterrey y Aguazul, 28 October 1997, Pinto et al. 42 (COL). Meta: Cordillera La Macarena, entre Río Guejar y Caño Guayapita, 20 December 1950, Idrobo & Schultes 824 (COL, F, MO, U, US).

Prestonia vaupesana Woodson (in Schultes 1957: 178). Type:— COLOMBIA. Vaupés: Apaporis river, around Cachivera de Jirijirimo, 16 September 1951, R. Schultes & I. Cabrera 14039 (holotype MO!, isotypes COL!, US!) Fig. 11

Stem glabrous to glabrescent. Petioles 0.5–0.7 cm; leaf blade 7.5–12.5 × 3.2–6 cm, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, acuminate to short-acuminate, base obtuse to rounded, subcoriaceous, glabrous, tertiary veins conspicuously impressed on both surfaces. Inflorescence a monochasial cyme, axillary, shorter than or equaling adjacent leaves, glabrous, peduncle 7.5–15 cm, pedicels 1.4–1.6 cm long, floral bracts 1–2 × 0.5–1 mm, linear. Sepals 6.5–8 × 1–1.8 mm, free, narrowly elliptic, not reflexed, glabrous, scarious, drying with a more or less uniform color. Corolla yellowish green, glabrous outside, tube 14–16 × 2.5–3 mm, lobes 9–10 × 6–7 cm, obliquely obovate, free corona lobes 1–1.5 mm, barely included, their height conspicuously surpassed by that of the anther apices, annular corona entire. Anthers 5.3–5.5 mm, the apices barely exserted. Ovary ca. 1.5 mm tall, nectary 1.2–1.4 mm, equaling or barely shorter than the ovary, deeply 5-lobe. Follicles 29–32 × 0.2–0.3 cm, free, but usually united at the tips, glabrous; seeds 17–19 mm, minutely and densely papillate, coma 3.5–5 cm, cream.

Distribution: — Colombia, Venezuela, and northern Brazil. Amazon, 150– 400 m.

Taxonomic notes: — Prestonia vaupesana is vegetatively similar to P. cayennensis , sharing several morphological features such as glabrous leaves, inflorescence structure, and scarious bracts, but can be distinguished by its sepals 6.5–8 mm long and free corona lobes included within the tube.

Representative specimens examined: — COLOMBIA. Amazonas: La Victoria, Río Apaporis, sector cueva de Guacamaya, 18 March 2009, Cárdenas et al. 22007 (COAH). Vaupés: Mitú, aguas arriba del Río Vaupes, 12 November 2009, Cárdenas & Aguirre 24552 (COAH).

Figures

FIGURE 4. Distribution of P. antioquiana, P. cayennensis, P. coalita, and P. cogolloi.

FIGURE 5. Distribution of P. exserta, P. falcatosepala, P. folsomii, and P. haughtii

FIGURE 6. Distribution of P. ipomaeifolia, P. lindleyana, P. longifolia, and P. megagros.

FIGURE 7. Distribution of P. mexicana, P. mucronata, P. papillosa, and P. parviflora.