Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.5353580 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AA9AB625-4CAB-49D9-A2AA-0C05F41E2076 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D17878B-6EAE-5241-EF80-FB5B3076FAF4 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo |
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Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo View in CoL , see Benincasa fistulosa (Stocks) H. Schaef. and S. S. Renner
Family: Rosaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 29841
Common Names: abricó (Portuguese-Brazil), abricotier (French), Abrikos (Russian), albaricoque (Spanish), apricot (English), aprikos (Swedish), Aprikose (German), Aprikosenbaum (German), damasco (Portuguese), damasco (Spanish), damasqueiro (Portuguese), damasquino (Spanish), Marille (German), Siberian apricot (English), xing (transcribed Chinese).
Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – Middle Asia: Kyrgyzstan; China: China; Eastern Asia: Japan, Korea.
Naturalized: ASIA-TEMPERATE – Eastern Asia: Japan.
Cultivated: Widely cultivated.
Lab Infestation:
Iwaizumi et al. 1994:
Intact, mature P. armeniaca fruits were exposed to 10 gravid female B. cucurbitae for 24 hours in a screen-net cage. An average (over three replications) of 314.7±128.2 adults was recovered. Fruits punctured several times with insect pins were similarly exposed to 10 gravid females, with an average recovery of 308.0±37.2 adult flies.
Listing Only: Holbrook 1967; Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as apricots); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Phillips 1946; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).
Prunus domestica L. var. juliana Poir. , see Prunus domestica L. subsp. domestica
Prunus hyrcanica hort., see Prunus spp.
Family: Rosaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 30048
Common Names: abricotier du Japon (French), abricotier japonais (French), damasqueiro-da-China (Portuguese), Japanese apricot (English), japanische Aprikose (German), japonsk aprikos (Swedish), maesilnamu (transcribed Korean), mei (transcribed Chinese), mume (Japanese Rōmaji) , ume (Japanese Rōmaji).
Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Sichuan, Yunnan; Eastern Asia: Taiwan; ASIA- TROPICAL – Indo-China: Laos, Vietnam.
Naturalized: ASIA-TEMPERATE – Eastern Asia: Japan.
Cultivated: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China; Eastern Asia: Japan, Korea; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indo-China: Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
Lab Infestation:
Iwaizumi et al. 1994:
Intact, mature P. mume fruits were exposed to 10 gravid female B. cucurbitae for 24 hours in a screen-net cage. An average (over three replications) of 12.3±10.3 adults was recovered. Fruits punctured several times with insect pins were similarly exposed to 10 gravid females, with an average recovery of 14.3±13.4 adult flies.
Synonyms: Armeniaca mume Siebold , Prunus mume Siebold and Zucc. var. tonsa Rehder
Prunus mume Siebold and Zucc. var. tonsa Rehder , see Prunus mume Siebold and Zucc.
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
Family: Rosaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 30065
Common Names: bogsunganamu (transcribed Korean), momo (Japanese Rōmaji), peach (English), persika (Swedish), pêssego (Portuguese-Brazil), tao (transcribed Chinese).
Cultivated: Only cultivated.
Origin: China.
Field Infestation:
+ Back and Pemberton 1917:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Prunus persica (listed as peach) was listed as “occasionally infested” by B. cucurbitae . The authors reported that they yielded a single fly from peaches in 1914. The authors, though, further noted that this is one of several fruits that has “never been known to serve regularly” as a melon fly host and that this record of infestation “must be considered as exceptional.”
+ Back and Pemberton 1918:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Prunus persica (listed as peach) was listed as “occasionally infested” by B. cucurbitae . The writers reported that that adult melon flies have been reared from peach, but that peach does not serve regularly as a host; that it is attacked by melon fly only in rare instances, and then only slightly.
Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peach); + Back and Pemberton 1914 (listed as peach); + Batra 1953 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peach); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016; California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; + Gopalan et al. 1977 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peach); Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peach); Holbrook 1967 (listed as “occasionally infested”); Hollingsworth et al. 1996; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Kapoor 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peach); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Lall 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peach); + Lall 1975 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peach); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as peaches); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as rarely injured); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as peach); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Phillips 1946; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; + Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peach); + Ramadan and Messing 2003 (listed as peach); Singh et al. 2004; Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); +USDA-ARS 1959 (listed as peach); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); Vargas et al. 2004; +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peach; listed as an occasional host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peach; listed as an occasional host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as peach; listed as an occasional host); White and Elson-Harris 1992.
Synonyms: Amygdalus persica L. var. camelliiflora (hort. ex L. H. Bailey) Ricker , Amygdalus persica L. var. densa (Makino) Ricker , Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. camelliiflora hort. ex L. H. Bailey , Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. densa Makino
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. camelliiflora hort. ex L. H. Bailey , see Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. densa Makino , see Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina (Aiton) Maxim. , see Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C. K. Schneid.
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C. K. Schneid.
Family: Rosaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 104721
Common Names: brugnon (French), nectarine (English), nektarin (Swedish), Nektarine (German), Nektarinenbaum (German).
Cultivated: Only cultivated.
Listing Only: + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as peaches [occasionally nectarine]).
Synonyms: Amygdalus persica L. var. nectarina Aiton , Amygdalus persica L. var. nucipersica Suckow , Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina (Aiton) Maxim.
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica
Family: Rosaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 317360
Common names: abridor (Spanish), brugnonier (French), duraznero (Spanish), durazno (Spanish), melocotonero (Spanish), momo (Japanese Rōmaji), peach (English), pêcher (French), pessegueiro (Portuguese), Pfirsich (German), Pfirsichbaum (German).
Origin: China.
Cultivated: Widely cultivated.
Listing only: Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Persica vulgaris Mill. ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed that Persica vulgaris [synonym of Prunus persica var. persica ] is the same species as Prunus persica ).
Synonyms: Amygdalus persica L., Persica vulgaris Mill.
Family: Rosaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 300491
Lab Infestation:
Iwaizumi et al. 1994:
Intact, mature Prunus sp. fruits (cherries) were exposed to 10 gravid female B. cucurbitae for 24 hours in a screen-net cage. An average (over three replications) of 6.7±4.9 adults was recovered. Cherries punctured several times with insect pins were similarly exposed to 10 gravid females, with an average recovery of 5.0±2.4 adult flies.
Listing Only: Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).
Synonyms: Amygdalus nairica Fed. and Takht. , Amygdalus pseudopersica (Tamamsch.) Fed. and Takht. , Amygdalus spp. , Prunus hyrcanica hort., Prunus syodoi Nakai , Prunus velutipes Nakai
Prunus syodoi Nakai , see Prunus spp.
Prunus velutipes Nakai , see Prunus spp.
Family: Myrtaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 30200
Common Names: aarbei koejawel (Afrikaans), araçá-da-praia (Portuguese-Brazil), araçá-de-comer (Portuguese-Brazil), araçá-de-coroa (Portuguese-Brazil), araçá-do-campo (Portuguese-Brazil), araçádo-mato (Portuguese-Brazil), cherry guava (English), smultronguava (Swedish), strawberry guava (English).
Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Brazil: Brazil; Southern South America: Uruguay.
Naturalized: AFRICA – Macaronesia : Portugal – Azores; Southern Africa: South Africa; Western Indian Ocean: Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia; New Zealand: New Zealand; NORTHERN AMERICA – United States; PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii; Northwestern Pacific: Micronesia; South-Central Pacific: French Polynesia.
Cultivated: also cultivated.
Field Infestation:
Vargas et al. 1990:
Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.
During March 1987 to February 1989, 16 (year one) and 13 (year two) samples of Psidium cattleyanum fruits (listed as P. cattleianum ) were collected in the Moloaa area on the Island of Kauai. Fruits were placed on metal trays in plastic holding boxes containing sand. Mature B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larvae and pupae, recovered through weekly sifting of the sand, were held for adult emergence. Out of 5,984 fruits collected in year one, 7,314 tephritid fruit fly pupae were recovered, from which only B. dorsalis (listed as Dacus dorsalis ) adults emerged (1,070). Out of 3,111 fruits collected in year two, 4,086 tephritid fruit fly pupae were recovered, from which 489 B. dorsalis and 5 B. cucurbitae adults emerged, for an infestation rate of 0.2 B. cucurbitae adults per kg fruit.
Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Psidium cattleianum ); + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as strawberry guava); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as P. cattleianum ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as P. cattleianum and that this is the same species as Psidium littorale ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as Psidium cattlelanum ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as Psidium cattlelanum ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Psidium cattleianum ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Psidium cattleianum ; listed as a preferred host); Vargas et al. 2004 (listed as P. cattleianum Sabine ).
Synonyms: Psidium humile Vell.
Psidium cattleyanum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg
Family: Myrtaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 312940
Common Names: Chinese strawberry guava (English), strawberry guava (English), yellow Cattley guava (English), yellow strawberry guava (English), waiawi (Hawaiian).
Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Brazil: Brazil.
Naturalized: naturalized elsewhere.
Cultivated: also cultivated.
Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as Psidium littorale ; listed as a “non-host or host of undetermined status”); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as Psidium littorale ; authors state “requires confirmation”).
Synonyms: Psidium littorale Raddi
Psidium cujavillus Burm. f., see Psidium guajava L.
Family: Myrtaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 30205
Common Names: amrood (India-Hindi), araçá-goiaba (Portuguese-Brazil), araçá guaçú (Portuguese- Brazil), banjirō (Japanese Rōmaji), common guava (English), goiaba (Portuguese), goiabeiro (Portuguese), goyavier (French), guaiaba (Portuguese-Brazil), guaiava (Portuguese-Brazil), guava (English), guava (Swedish), Guave (German), Guavenbaum (German), guayaba (Spanish), guayabo (Spanish), Guayave (German), koejawel (Afrikaans), lemon guava (English), yellow guava (English).
Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Mexico; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago; Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Northern South America: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela; Brazil: Brazil; Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru; Southern South America: Argentina, Paraguay.
Naturalized: Widely naturalized.
Cultivated: Widely cultivated.
Field Infestation:
Ali et al. 2014b:
Abugubeiha Province, South Kordofan State, Sudan
Psidium guajava fruits were collected during the 2005 through 2006 growing season in Abugubeiha Province, South Kordofan State, Sudan, and held for recovery of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Out of 5.0 kg of P. guajava fruits, 28 B. cucurbitae adults were recovered for an infestation rate of 5.6 B. cucurbitae per kg fruit. Bactrocera dorsalis (listed as B. invadens ) and Ceratitis cosyra were also recovered.
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 3 samples of P. guajava . Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Clausen et al. 1965:
Sabah, Malaysia (referred to as North Borneo; place names listed are in present day Sabah, Malaysia)
From collections of P. guajava in May 1951 in Sabah, Malaysia (referred to as North Borneo), 180 puparia were recovered, a mix of two predominant species: B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq. ) and B. dorsalis (listed as Dacus dorsalis Hendel ) ( B. cucurbitae was the dominant species).
Syed 1971:
Faisalabad and Gujranwala, Province of Punjab, Pakistan
In Faisalabad and Gujranwala (1962–1963), in the absence of regular hosts, B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was reared from Psidium guajava in both March and April. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate data were not given.
Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Psidium guajava fruits, originating in Hawaii, at airports in Hawaii on 10 occasions (Honolulu–6; Kahului–2; Hilo–2) from 2000 to 2005. Live larvae were found on six occasions, with an average of 4.7 per interception. Live adults were found on four occasions, with an average of 3.75 per interception.
Nigeria
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Psidium guajava fruit(s), originating in Nigeria, at an airport in Michigan (Detroit) on one occasion in 2006. Recovery was one live larva.
Lab Infestation:
Rajamannar 1962:
Using B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) 1 st instar larvae obtained from eggs oviposited on bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ; listed as L. vulgaris ), 1 of 100 (1%) 1 st instar larvae raised on P. guajava (listed as guava) pupated, with an average time to pupation of 11 days. In a separate test, 67 of 100 (67%) 1 st instar larvae were found to feed on P. guajava fruits (an average of 13.4 out of 20 larvae, based on five replicated trials).
Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as guava); + Batra 1953 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as guava); CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); De Meyer et al. 2014; Dhillon et al. 2005a; + Gopalan et al. 1977 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as guava); Holbrook 1967 (listed as “rarely infested”); Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Lall 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as guava); + Lall 1975 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as guava); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as guava); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as guava); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as Psidium guajava and as Psidium guajava var. pyriferum ); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Phillips 1946; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Ponce 1937 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Queensland Government 2015 (listed as guava); + Ramadan and Messing 2003 (listed as guava); Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Singh et al. 2004; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Psidium guajava and Psidium guajava var. pyriferum ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); Vargas et al. 2004; Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as guava); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).
Synonyms: Psidium cujavillus Burm. f., Psidium pomiferum L., Psidium pumilum Vahl , Psidium pyriferum L.
Psidium guajava var. pyriferum , see Psidium guajava L.
Psidium humile Vell. , see Psidium cattleyanum Sabine
Psidium littorale Raddi , see Psidium cattleyanum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg
Psidium pomiferum L., see Psidium guajava L.
Psidium pumilum Vahl , see Psidium guajava L.
Psidium pyriferum L. see Psidium guajava L.
Family: Myrtaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 312444
Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Psidium sp. fruit(s), originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on one occasion in 2003. Recovery was nine live larvae.
Listing Only: Cantrell et al. 1999.
Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var. persica Bornm. , see Pyrus spp.
Pyrus asiae-mediae (Popov) Maleev , see Pyrus communis L.
Pyrus balansae Decne. , see Pyrus communis L.
Pyrus bourgaeana Decne. , see Pyrus communis L.
Family: Rosaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 30474
Common Names: byeongbaenamu (transcribed Korean), päron (Swedish), pear (English), pera (Italian), pera (Spanish), peral (Spanish), pereira (Portuguese), pero (Italian), poirier (French), seiyō- nashi (Japanese Rōmaji), xi yang li (transcribed Chinese).
Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – Western Asia: Cyprus, Turkey; Caucusus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation – Ciscaucasia, Dagestan; Middle Asia: Kyrgyzstan; Tajikistan; Uzbekistan; EUROPE – Middle Europe: Austrial, Belgium; Czech Republic; Germany; Hungary; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Netherlands; Poland; Slovaskia; Switzerland; East Europe: Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Moldova; Russian Federation – European part; Ukraine; Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Greece; Italy; Macedonia; Montenegro; Romania; Serbia; Slovenia; Southwestern Europe: France; Portugal; Spain.
Naturalized: Widely naturalized.
Cultivated: Widely cultivated.
Origin: Eurasia.
Lab Infestation:
+ Back and Pemberton 1917:
Two (2) B. cucurbitae larvae were able to complete instars one–three on P. communis var. Bartlett (listed as Bartlett pear), transferred daily from one piece of pulp to a fresh piece of pulp, in an average time of 11.5 days at an average temperature of 26.2°C.
Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Dhillon et al. 2005a; Holbrook 1967 (listed as a “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as pears); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as P. communis [experimentally]); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).
Synonyms: Pyrus asiae-mediae (Popov) Maleev , Pyrus balansae Decne. , Pyrus bourgaeana Decne. , Pyrus communis L. subsp. bourgaeana (Decne.) Nyman , Pyrus communis L. var. mariana Willk. , Pyrus domestica Medik. , Pyrus elata Rubtzov , Pyrus medvedevii Rubtzov
Pyrus communis L. subsp. bourgaeana (Decne.) Nyman , see Pyrus communis L.
Pyrus communis L. var. mariana Willk. , see Pyrus communis L.
Pyrus cydonia L., see Cydonia oblonga Mill.
Pyrus decurrens ined., see Pyrus spp.
Pyrus domestica Medik. , see Pyrus communis L.
Pyrus elata Rubtzov , see Pyrus communis L.
Pyrus malus L., see Malus domestica Borkh. Pyrus malus subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Schübl. and G. Martens, see Malus pumila Mill.
Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L., see Malus pumila Mill.
Pyrus medvedevii Rubtzov , see Pyrus communis L.
Pyrus niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Hemsl. , see Malus pumila Mill.
Pyrus praecox Pall. , see Malus pumila Mill.
Pyrus sorbifolia Cham. ex Spreng. , see Pyrus spp.
Family: Rosaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 300499
Laboratory Infestation:
Iwaizumi et al. 1994:
Intact, mature Pyrus spp. (pear; three varieties: ‘Kousui,’ ‘20 centuries,’ ‘European’) fruits were exposed (separately, by variety) to 10 gravid female B. cucurbitae for 24 hours in a screennet cage, with average adult B. cucurbitae recoveries of 0.0, 0.7±0.9, and 0.0 (over three replications), respectively. Pear fruits punctured several times with insect pins were similarly exposed to 10 gravid females, with average adult B. cucurbitae recoveries of 29.0±30.4, 51.7±6.6, and 76.0±61.6 (over three replications), respectively.
Synonyms: Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var. persica Bornm. , Pyrus decurrens ined., Pyrus sorbifolia Cham. ex Spreng.
Quinaria lansium Lour. , see Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels
Rajania quinata Thunb. Ex Houtt. , see Akebia quinata (Thunb. Ex Houtt.) Decne.
Family: Brassicaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 30857
Common Names: garden radish (English), luo bo (transcribed Chinese), radish (English).
Naturalized: AFRICA – Macaronesia : Portugal – Azores; Spain – Canary Islands; East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; South Tropical Africa: Angola; Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: South Africa – Limpopo; ASIA-TEMPERATURE – Arabian Peninsula : Bahrain; Kuwait; Oman; Qatar; Saudi Arabia; United Arab Emirates; Yemen; Western Asia: Cyprus; Turkey; China: China; Eastern Asia: Japan; AUSTRALIA – Australia: Australia; New Zealand: New Zealand; EUROPE – Northern Europe: Finland; Norway; Middle Europe: Austria; Hungary; East Europe: Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania; Southeastern Europe: Slovenia; Southwestern Europe: Portugal; Spain; NORTHERN AMERICA – Canada; Mexico; United States; PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii; Southwestern Pacific: Fiji; New Caledonia; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Barbados; Bermuda; Cuba; Hispaniola; Puerto Rico; Central America: Guatemala; Brazil: Brazil; Western South America: Bolivia; Ecuador; Peru; Southern South America: Argentina; Chile; Paraguay – Misiones; Uruguay.
Cultivated: Only cultivated.
Origin: Unknown.
Field Infestation:
Nakahara 1980:
Waikane, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Two (2) rotting R. sativus roots (also referred to as “daikon”) were field collected at Waikane, on the Island of Oahu on 7 March 1980. Three (3) adult B. cucurbitae were reared from these roots.
Lab Infestation:
Rajamannar 1962:
Using B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) 1 st instar larvae obtained from eggs oviposited on bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ; listed as L. vulgaris ), 3 of 100 (3%) 1 st instar larvae raised on the tap roots of R. sativus (listed as radish) pupated, with an average time to pupation of 9.5 days. In a separate test, 60 of 100 (60%) 1 st instar larvae were found to feed on the tap roots of R. sativus (an average of 12.0 out of 20 larvae, based on five replicated trials).
Listing Only: USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).
Synonyms: Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus L. H. Bailey
Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus L. H. Bailey , see Raphanus sativus L.
Family: Brassicaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 310087
Common Names: radish (English).
Listing Only: Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).
Rhamnus zizyphus L., see Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. jujuba
Rheedia Spp. , see Garcinia Spp.
Rhynchocarpa hirtella Naudin , see Kedrostis leloja (Forssk.) C. Jeffrey
Rhynchocarpa Schrad. ex Endl. , see Kedrostis Medik.
Richardella nervosa (A DC.) Pierre , see Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni
Richardella salicifolia (Kunth) Pierre , see Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 31896
Common Names: bafureira (Portuguese), bi ma (transcribed Chinese), carrapateiro (Portuguese), castor (English), castor-bean (English), castor-bean-plant (English), castor-oil-plant (English), higuerilla (Spanish), jarak (Indonesian), kasterolieboom (Afrikaans), kharwa’a (Arabic), lahung (transcribed Thai), mamoneiro (Portuguese), mbarika (Swahili), mbono mdogo (Swahili), mnyonyo (Swahili), palma-christi (English), Palma Christi (German), pimaja (transcribed Korean), ricin (French), ricin (Swedish), rícino (Portuguese), ricino (Italian), Rizinus (German), Wunderbaum (German).
Naturalized: Naturalized throughout tropics and subtropics.
Cultivated: also cultivated.
Origin: Probable origin Africa.
Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a wild host).
Robinia grandiflora L., see Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.
Rollinia spp. , see Annona spp.
Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon
Family: Apocynaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 102255
Common Names: liane saba (French), mad (French - Senegal), màdd (Africa - Wolof), made (French - Senegal).
Native: AFRICA – West Tropical Africa: Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal.
Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Gambia
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Saba senegalensis fruit(s), originating in Gambia, at an airport in Virginia (Dulles) on one occasion in 2013. Recovery was four live pupae.
Mali
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Saba senegalensis fruit(s), originating in Mali, at an airport in New York (JFK) on one occasion in 2011. Recovery was 21 live larvae. Synonyms: Landolphia senegalensis (A. DC.) Kotschy and Peyr. , Vahea senegalensis A. DC.
Sandoricum indicum Cav. , see Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr.
Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr.
Family: Meliaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 33013
Common Names: donka (unknown), faux mangoustan (French), kechapi (English), red santol (English), Sandoribaum (German), sandorique (French), santol (Filipino), sentol (English), sentul (Malay), sentul (Swedish).
Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia – Sabah, Sarawak; Papua New Guinea, Philippines.
Cultivated: Cultivated elsewhere in tropics.
Listing Only: Cantelo and Pholboon 1965 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Sandoricum indicum Cav. ).
Synonyms: Melia koetjape Burm. f., Sandoricum indicum Cav.
Sapota zapotilla (Jacq.) Coville , see Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 33453
Common Names: camochayote (Spanish-Mexico), chayote (English), Chayote (German), chinchayote (Spanish-Mexico), Chinit (Russian), cho-cho (English), chocho (Spanish), chou-chou (French), christofine (French), christophine (English), chuchu (Portuguese), cueza (Spanish-Mexico), fo shou gua (transcribed Chinese), hayoto-uri (Japanese Rōmaji), kayote (Swedish), machiche-francês (Portuguese- Brazil), machucho (Portuguese-Brazil), pipinela (Spanish), Stachelgurke (German), tallote (Spanish), vegetable-pear (English), xuxú (Portuguese-Brazil).
Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Southern Mexico: Mexico – Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz.
Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics.
Field Infestation:
Jacquard et al. 2013:
Réunion Island, France
Bactrocera cucurbitae -infested S. edule fruits were collected from three sites on Réunion Island in 2009 and held over sand. Puparia, recovered by sifting the sand, were held for adult emergence. Twelve (12) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered.
McQuate and Teruya 2015:
Southwestern Islands of Japan
Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 320 S. edul e fruits were collected (6 collections overall) from two islands/island groups (Amami, Okinawa) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 4 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 0.65%.
Vayssières and Carel 1999:
Réunion Island, France
Sechium edule fruits of a local variety were collected over the course of a year from up to 70 localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 19.3 (standard deviation = 54.7) adults per kg infested fruit. Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from
Sechium edule fruits, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on eight occasions between 1988 and 1999. Average recovery was 2.75 live larvae (range: 2–5).
Indonesia
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from
Sechium edule fruit(s), originating in Indonesia, at an airport in Texas (Houston) on one occasion in 2010. Recovery was two live larvae.
Vietnam
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from
Sechium edule fruit(s), originating in Vietnam, at an airport in California (San Francisco) on one occasion in 2009. Recovery was 30 live larvae. Lab Infestation:
Shivashankar et al. 2015 (Note: this is negative data; no B. cucurbitae infestation found):
One 1 st instar B. cucurbitae larva, newly emerged from an egg oviposited on a tender
Sechium edule View in CoL fruit, was inserted into a 5 mm diameter by 2 mm deep hole punched into the surface of a freshly harvested tender S. edule View in CoL fruit. Fruits were held, in large plastic containers having a thin layer of sand, at the mean ambient temperature and relative humidity of 28.2±1.0°C and 58.7±1.0% RH, respectively. There were ten replications with 10 fruits per replication. No pupae were recovered from any replication, while pupae were recovered from Cucumis sativus View in CoL , Lagenaria siceraria View in CoL , Luffa acutangula View in CoL , and Momordica charantia View in CoL fruits to which 1 st instar larvae had similarly been introduced. Listing Only: + Back and Pemberton 1918 (listed as chayote; listed as a preferred host); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016; California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ; listed as Sechium edula Swartz ); De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae View in CoL ); Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; Holbrook 1967 (listed as “heavily or generally infested”); Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ; listed as Sechium edulis Swartz View in CoL ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ; listed as Sachium edule ); Mamet and Williams 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ; listed as rarely injured); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ); Phillips 1946; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Pradhan 1977 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ); Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as being a very favorable host); Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ; listed as Sechium eduli Sh ); Ryckewaert et al. 2010; Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae View in CoL ; listed as a preferred host); White and Elson-Harris 1992. Synonyms: Chayota edulis Jacq. View in CoL , Sicyos edulis Jacq. View in CoL
Sesbania grandiflora View in CoL (L.) Poir.
Family: Fabaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 33770
Common Names: agathi ( India), agati ( India), scarlet wistaria-tree (English), vegetable-hummingbird (English), West Indian-pea (English).
Cultivated: Cultivated in tropics.
Origin: Indonesia.
Field Infestation:
Nakagawa et al. 1968:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Between 1958 and 1966, 7,704 buds and flowers, from 38 collections, of S. grandiflora were collected in Hawaii and placed over sand in holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly to recover tephritid fruit fly larvae and pupae. Recovered larvae and pupae were held in glass cups covered with glass coverslips until adult emergence and species identification. Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and/or B. dorsalis (listed as Dacus dorsalis ) were recovered in 20 out of 38 collections (52.6%). One hundred thirty-four (134) adult B. cucurbitae and 35 adult B. dorsalis emerged from 200 pupae recovered.
Nakagawa and Yamada 1965 :
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Between 1962 and 1963, 9,234 buds and blossoms of the white-flowered variety, and 1,731 buds and blossoms of the pink-flowered variety, of S. grandiflora were collected in Hawaii and held over sand in conventional holding boxes or in 3.78 liter jars covered with cheesecloth. One hundred twenty-four (124) B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) adult flies were recovered from the whiteflowered buds and blossoms, while no B. cucurbitae flies were recovered from the pink-flowered buds and blossoms.
Interception Data:
USDA 1965:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from agati sesbania flower ( S. grandiflora ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted in air baggage from Hawaii (1 interception in consumption host) between 1 July 1963 and 30 June 1964 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
Lab Infestation:
Nakagawa and Yamada 1965 :
In laboratory trials in 1962-1963, both white-flowered and pink-flowered S. grandiflora buds and blossoms readily yielded B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) under forced oviposition conditions. No information was provided on the methods used for the forced infestation trials and no infestation rate data were given.
Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016; California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Holbrook 1967 (listed as “occasionally infested”); Hollingsworth et al. 1996 (listed as buds of S. grandiflora ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Sesbania grandifolia ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS- PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Sesbania grandifloria ; listed as a preferred host); White and Elson-Harris 1992.
Synonyms: Aeschynomene grandiflora (L.) L., Agati grandiflora (L.) Desv., Robinia grandiflora L.
Sesbania spp. Family: Fabaceae Grin Nomen Number : 300544 Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Sesbania sp. fruits, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on two occasions in 2009. Average recovery of live larvae was 23.5 (range: 22–25).
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Sesbania sp. cut flower(s), originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on one occasion in 2002. Recovery was two live larvae, two live pupae and three live adults. Listing Only: USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Synonym: Daubentonia spp.
Sicyos edulis Jacq. , see Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: Not listed in GRIN; naming authority taken from The Plant List
Native: Hawaii, U.S.A.
Listing Only: Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009.
Synonyms: Cladocarpa capitata St. John , C. discoidea St. John , C. harrisonae St. John , C. hispida (Hillebr.) St. John , C. kawelaensis St. John , C. lanaiensis St. John , C. munroi St. John , C. umbellata St. John , and C. waimeaensis St. John.
Sicyos pachycarpus Hook. and Arn.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 459540
Common Names: kupala (Hawaiian).
Native: PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii.
Field Infestation:
Uchida et al. 1990:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Sicyos pachycarpus fruits were collected from three sites on the Island of Oahu (Campbell Industrial Park, Makua, Mokuleia), one site on the Island of Molokai (Kaunakakai) and three sites on the Island of Maui (Haleakala Highway, Iao Valley, Kanaio) from 1 March to 25 May 1989. Fruits were sealed in zip-lock bags for 14 days and then transferred to plastic cups held over a layer of fine vermiculite in a screen-covered plastic container. Vermiculite was screened weekly with recovered larvae and pupae transferred to paper packages for adult emergence. Adult B. cucurbitae recoveries were 0.0 flies/kg fruit (Campbell Industrial Park; 90 fruits; 0.1186 kg), 0.0 flies/kg fruit (Makua; 62 fruits; 0.0433 kg), 22.2 flies/kg fruit (Mokuleia; 455 fruits; 0.3632 kg), 0.0 flies/kg fruit (Kaunakakai; 98 fruits; 0.112 kg), 0.0 flies/kg fruit (Haleakala Highway; 135 fruits; 0.1716 kg), 9.4 flies/kg fruit (Iao Valley; 297 fruits; 0.4265 kg), and 81.0 flies/kg fruit (Kanaio; 135 fruits; 0.1718 kg).
Listing Only: Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Sycos pachycarpus ); Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 300548
Field Infestation:
Back and Pemberton 1917:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Sicyos sp. (listed as Sycos sp.) is listed as a wild B. cucurbitae host in Hawaii. The authors reported that they found infested Sicyos sp. fruits on the windward side of the Island of Oahu and in the Kona district on the Island of Hawaii (Hawaii, U.S.A.).
Listing Only: Back and Pemberton 1918 (listed as Sycos sp.; listed as a wild host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Sycos sp.); Holbrook 1967; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Sycos [ Sicyos ?]); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Phillips 1946 (listed as Sycos sp.); Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Sycos sp.); + Severin et al. 1914 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Sycos sp.); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Sycos sp.); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as both Sicyes sp. and as Sicyos sp. ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as both Sicyes sp. and as Sicyos sp. ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); Van Dine 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Sycos sp.); Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a wild host); Weems et al. 2001 (listed as a wild host); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as a wild host).
Sideroxylon sapota Jacq. , see Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore and Stearn
Sinapis timoriana DC. , see Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.
Solanum aculeatissimum L., see Solanum capsicoides All.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 100448
Common Names: Chinese scarlet egg (English), gilo (English) , kumba (English), scarlet egg (English), shum (English), tomato-fruit eggplant (English) aubergine amère (French), jilo (Portuguese- Brazil), röd aubergin (Swedish).
Cultivated: AFRICA – Africa.
Field Infestation:
Mwatawala et al. 2010:
Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania
Five thousand nine hundred eighty-three (5,983) S. aethiopicum fruits (11.489 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 4 of 306 collections (1.31%), with an overall infestation rate of 0.05 flies/kg fruit and 6.60 flies/kg infested fruit.
Listing Only: De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ).
Synonyms: Solanum gilo Raddi , Solanum gilo var. Pierreanum (Pailleux and Bois) Bitter , Solanum integrifolium Poir. , Solanum naumannii Engl. , Solanum pierreanum Pailleux and Bois , Solanum sudanense Hammerstein , Solanum zuccagnianum Dunal
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 310328
Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia; East Tropical Africa: Tanzania, Uganda; West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea – Bioko, Rwanda, Zaire; West Tropical Africa: Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone; South Tropical Africa: Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: South Africa – KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga; Swaziland; Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar.
Field Infestation:
Mwatawala et al. 2009b:
Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania
Solanum anguivi fruits were randomly collected weekly between October 2004 through October 2006, and from August through December, 2007, from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Out of 9,749 collected fruits (8.88 kg), infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 2.03 emerged adults per kg fruit.
Mwatawala et al. 2010:
Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania
Six thousand and three (6,003) S. anguivi fruits (10.269 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 1 of 70 collections (1.43%), with an overall infestation rate of 0.10 flies/kg fruit and 11.24 flies/kg infested fruit.
Listing Only: De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ).
Synonyms: Solanum hermannii Dunal , Solanum indicum auct., Solanum sodomeum L.
Solanum auriculatum Aiton , see Solanum mauritianum Scop.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 100825
Common Names: arbre à tomates (French), Baumtomate (German), tamarillo (Spanish), tomate de árbol (Spanish), tomate-de-árvore (Portuguese), tomate de La Paz (French), tomate en arbre (French), tomate-francês (Portuguese-Brazil), tomate serrano (Spanish), tomateiro-arbusto (Portuguese-Brazil), trädtomat (Swedish), tree-tomato (English).
Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Western South America : Bolivia – Tarija ; Southern South America : Argentina – Jujuy, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Tucuman .
Naturalized: Naturalized elsewhere in tropics.
Cultivated: SOUTHERN AMERICA – W estern South America : Bolivia – Cochabamba, La Paz ; also cultivated in tropics.
Field Infestation:
Liquido et al. 1994:
Hawaii Island, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, 279 (11.082 kg) ripe “on shrub” or ground S. betacea fruits (listed as Cyphomandra betacea [Cav.] Sendtn.) were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested S. betacea fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.111 larvae and pupae per fruit (2.80 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).
Nakagawa et al. 1968:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Between 1958 and 1966, 165 C. betacea fruits (listed as Cyphomandra betacea [Cav.] Sendt.), from 5 collections, were collected in Hawaii and placed over sand in holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly to recover tephritid fruit fly larvae and pupae. Recovered larvae and pupae were held in glass cups covered with glass coverslips until adult emergence and species identification. Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and/or C. capitata were recovered in 3 out of 5 collections (60.0%). Thirty (30) adult B. cucurbitae and 19 adult C. capitata emerged from 68 pupae recovered.
Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as Cyphomandra betacea ; listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016 (listed as a Cyphomandra betacea ); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Cyphomandra betacea ); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Cyphomandra betacea ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Cyphomandra betacea ; listed as “occasionally infested”); Hollingsworth et al. 1996 (listed as Cyphomandra crassicaulis ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015 (listed as Cyphomandra betacea ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cyphomandra betaceae ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as Cyphomandra betacea ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as Cyphomandra betacea ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cyphomandra betacaea ; listed as a preferred host); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as Cyphomandra crassifolia , but the host was listed as Cyphomandra betacea in a cited publication).
Synonyms: Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn. , Cyphomandra crassifolia Kuntze , Solanum crassifolium Ortega
Solanum capsicastrum Link ex Schauer , see Solanum pseudocapsicum L.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 100900
Common Names: cockroach-berry (English), devil’s-apple (English), guldbärsskatta (Swedish), mata cucaracha (Spanish).
Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Brazil: Brazil – Bahia, Minas Gerais, Para, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo ; Southern South America : Argentina – Misiones .
Naturalized: Widely naturalized in tropics.
Cultivated: also cultivated.
Field Infestation:
Harris and Liquido 1995:
Kalawao, Island of Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Solanum capsicoides (kikania) fruits were collected from Kalawao, on the Island of Molokai, and held for assessment of fruit fly infestation. Thirty-five (35) B. cucurbitae pupae were recovered, from which 7 adult males and 11 adult females emerged.
Harris et al. 2003:
Kalaupapa Peninsula, Island of Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A.
During 1991 to 1992, 2,575 S . capsicoides (kikania lei) fruits (23.16 kg) (listed as both Solanum aculeatissium Jacq. and as lei kikania; Wagner et al. (1990) and Staples and Herbst (2005) listed this as S. capsicoides . The latter indicates that S. aculeatissimum has been misapplied in Hawaii) were collected from the Kalaupapa peninsula and placed on sand in fruit holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly for recovery of tephritid fruit fly puparia. Recovered puparia were placed in glass jars and held until adult emergence. Eighteen (18) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered, for an infestation rate of 0.0070 melon flies per fruit (0.78 melon flies/kg fruit).
Liquido et al. 1994:
Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, 61 (0.214 kg) ripe tree or ground S. capsicoides fruits (listed as both Solanum aculeatissimum and as lei kikania; Wagner et al. [1990] and Staples and Herbst [2005] listed this as S. capsicoides . The latter indicates that S. aculeatissimum has been misapplied in Hawaii) were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested S. aculeatissimum fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.016 larvae and pupae per fruit (4.67 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).
Listing Only: Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Solanum aculeatissimum ; Wagner et al. (1990) lists this as S. capsicoides ).
Synonyms: Solanum ciliatum Lam. , Solanum spinosissimum auct.
Solanum chocclo Bukasov and Lechn. , nom. nud., see Solanum tuberosum L.
Solanum ciliatum Lam. , see Solanum capsicoides All.
Solanum crassifolium Ortega , see Solanum betaceum Cav.
Solanum diflorum Vell. , see Solanum pseudocapsicum L.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 457032
Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Florida; Southern Mexico: Mexico – Campeche, Quintana Roo, Yucatan; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Bahamas; Central America: Belize; Guatemala.
Listing Only: Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Solanum verbascifolium L.); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Solanum verbascifolium L.).
Synonym: Solanum verbascifolium L.
Solanum erianthum D. Don Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 457032
Common Names: Big eggplant (English); China flowerleaf (English); flannelbush (English); potatotree (English); tobacco-tree (English); wild tobacco (English); jia yan ye shu (transcribed Chinese); yanbaru-nasubi (Japanese Rōmaji).
Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Florida; South-Central U.S.A.: United States – Texas; Mexico; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Bahamas; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Puerto Rico; Central America: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Western South America: Colombia.
Naturalized: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China; Eastern Asia: Japan – Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan; India; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Indochina; Malesia: Malaysia; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia.
Field Infestation:
McQuate and Teruya 2015:
Southwestern Islands of Japan
Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 789 S. erianthum fruits were collected (5 collections overall) from two islands/island groups (Miyako, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in eight fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 3.20%.
Solanum gilo Raddi , see Solanum aethiopicum L.
Solanum gilo var. Pierreanum (Pailleux and Bois) Bitter , see Solanum aethiopicum L.
Solanum hermannii Dunal , see Solanum anguivi Lam.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 101488
Common Names: Bitter-apple (English), thorn-apple (English), shewk al’eqerb (Arabic).
Native: AFRICA – North Tropical Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan; Northern Africa: Egypt; West Tropical Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Arabian Peninsula – Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen; Western Asia: Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India, Pakistan.
Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Nigeria
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Solanum incanum fruit(s), originating in Nigeria, at an airport in Georgia (Atlanta) on one occasion in 2012. Recovery was seven live larvae and one dead larva.
Synonyms: Solanum unguiculatum A. Rich.
Solanum indicum auct., see Solanum anguivi Lam.
Solanum indicum subsp. distichum (Thonn.) Bitter , see Solanum anguivi Lam.
Solanum integrifolium Poir. , see Solanum aethiopicum L.
Solanum jaliscanum Greenm. , see Solanum pseudocapsicum L.
Solanum khasianum C. B. Clarke , see Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq.
Solanum leptostigma Juz. ex Bukasov , see Solanum tuberosum Solanum linnaeanum Hepper and P.-M. L. Jaeger
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 316356
Common Names: Apple-of-Sodom (English), black-spine nightshade (English), poison apple (English), Sodom-apple (English), sodomsäpple (Swedish).
Native: AFRICA – South Tropical Africa: Mozambique, Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: South Africa – Eastern Cape, Western Cape.
Naturalized: AFRICA – Macaronesia : Portugal – Azores, Madeira Islands; Northeast Tropical Africa: Eritrea; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia; New Zealand: New Zealand; EUROPE – Southeastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy; Southwestern Europe: France – Corsica, Portugal, Spain; PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii; Southwestern Pacific: Fiji, New Caledonia.
Field Infestation:
Harris et al. 2003:
Kalaupapa Peninsula, Island of Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From 1991 to 1992, 7,427 S . linnaeanum fruits (192.14 kg) (listed as Solanum sodomeum L.) were collected from the Kalaupapa peninsula and placed on sand in fruit holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly for recovery of tephritid fruit fly puparia. Recovered puparia were placed in glass jars and held until adult emergence. Five (5) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered, for an infestation rate of 0.00067 melon flies per fruit (0.026 melon flies/kg fruit).
Liquido et al. 1994:
Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, 9,853 (101.08 kg) ripe “on shrub” or ground S. linnaeanum (listed as S. sodomeum L.) fruits were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested S. linnaeanum fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.00010 larvae and pupae per fruit (0.0099 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).
Synonyms: Solanum hermannii auct., Solanum sodomeum auct., Solanum sodomeum var. hermannii
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 101442
Common Names: tomato (English).
Naturalized: Widely naturalized.
Cultivated: Widely cultivated.
Field Infestation:
+ Back and Pemberton 1917:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Solanum lycopersicum (listed as tomato) is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . The authors reported that 15 ripe and partly ripe fruits examined by H. F. Willard at Hauula, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (21 March 1915), were all found to contain eggs or larvae.
+ Back and Pemberton 1918:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Solanum lycopersicum (listed as tomato) is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . The authors reported that 15 ripe and partly ripe fruits examined at Hauula, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. (21 March 1915), were all found to contain eggs or larvae.
+ Clausen et al. 1965:
Thailand
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was present in small numbers in S. lycopersicum (listed as tomato) in Thailand.
+ Ebeling et al. 1953:
Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
In a 0.20-ha Solanum lycopersicum field (listed as tomato) planted at the University of
Hawaii Experiment Station at Poamoho about August to September 1950, “practically all the ripening tomatoes were infested with melon-fly larvae” (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) before a first spray on 2 October. In another field (at the Mid-Pacific Farm of the University of Hawaii at Manoa), tomatoes were beginning to ripen on 18 October 1950 (the day of a first border spray), and “it appeared that practically all ripening fruits were infested.”
+ Froggatt 1909:
Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
In the vegetable gardens on the slopes of Mount Tantillus, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, the author found fruit fly maggots in many ripening S. lycopersicm fruits (listed as tomatoes; the maggots were not specifically identified as B. cucurbitae , but the article focused on B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis was not yet present in Hawaii; it was also not explicitly stated that adult fruit flies were recovered). No infestation rate data were given.
+ Harris et al. 1986:
Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Six (6) collections of S. lycopersicum fruits (2.246 kg) (listed as tomato) were made on the Island of Kauai, Hawaii, between July 1980 and September 1982, with fruits held over moist sand for assessment of infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Sixty-nine (69) B. cucurbitae flies were recovered (30.7 flies/kg fruit).
+ Holdaway 1940:
Koko Head, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
During 1938, S. lycopersicum fruits (listed as tomato) were reported to be seriously attacked by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in Koko Head, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. No infestation data were given.
+ Inayatullah et al. 1993:
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Based on observation, the average rate of infestation of S. lycopersicum fruits (listed as tomato) by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in the vicinity of the University of Agriculture in Faisalabad was about 16%.
+ Lee 1972:
Taiwan
Solanum lycopersicum plants (listed as tomato) were grown in the field year-round from 2 June 1969 to 10 June 1970. Fruits, picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, were placed over sand in holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly to recover B. cucurbitae pupae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Pupal recovery per fruit was averaged quarterly. No Bactrocera cucurbitae pupae were recovered from fruits picked 5, 10, or 15 days after flowering throughout the study. However, it was noted that some B. cucurbitae pupae were recovered from S. lycopersicum fruits as the skin of which became pink in color about 1/3 or more of the fruit surface.
+ Marlowe 1937:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
During August to September 1936, S. lycopersicum (listed as tomato) var. ‘Break of Day’ and var. ‘Prichard’ were harvested weekly from an experimental plot. Ripe fruits were inspected at the time of harvest, and mature green fruits were held for 3 to 4 days before inspection for infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Chaetodacus cucurbitae ). The average weekly infestation rate of the ‘Prichard’ variety was 59.3% (range: 40.0–83.7%) while the average weekly infestation rate of the ‘Break of Day’ variety was 19.2% (range: 5.8–26.4%). Fruit collections averaged 322.6 and 1,041.5 per week (2,258 and 8,332 total) for the ‘Prichard’ and ‘Break of Day’ varieties, respectively.
+ Nishida 1953:
Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
A monthly survey of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) infestation of S. lycopersicum fruits (listed as tomato) was made in Waimanalo and Waianae, on the Island of Oahu, between 1951 to 1952. The rate of infestation ranged from 2 to 70% in Waianae and 2 to 40% in Waimanalo. Number of fruits observed was not reported.
+ Nishida 1954:
Isand of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
In a test of the effectiveness of applying insecticides with conventional-type sprayers on border vegetation to reduce infestation of S. lycopersicum fruits (listed as tomato) by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), percentage infestation of fruits was observed in one field which received a border spray and in two (check) fields in which only on-crop sprays were applied. The presence of oviposition punctures was used as the criterion to identify infested fruits, irrespective of whether eggs or larvae were found. Average rate of infestation of S. lycopersicum fruits from the two check fields ranged between about 11 and 32% throughout the course of the trial.
+ Nishida and Bess 1950:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
In a trial to test the effectiveness of using a mist blower to spray pesticide on the borders of a tomato field to reduce tomato infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), 25 S. lycopersicum fruits (listed as tomato) were randomly collected on 21 March, 28 March and 6 April 1949, from a treatment field and from three control fields where no pesticidal sprays were applied. Fruit infestation averaged 68, 63 and 63% on the three control fields on these three dates, respectively, compared to 2, 2, and 4% infestation in the treatment field.
+ Nishida and Haramoto 1953:
Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Ten (10) S. lycopersicum fruits (listed as tomato) were collected from three sites (Waianae,
Manoa Valley, Waimanalo) on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, where adult flies of both B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and B. dorsalis (listed as D. dorsalis ) were known to be present. Fruits were held in containers until adult emergence. On average, 57.05% of flies recovered were B. cucurbitae with an average recovery of 10.9 B. cucurbitae per fruit (range: 4–17).
+ Purcell et al. 1995:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
As part of a survey of insect pests of S. lycopersicum fruits (listed as tomatoes), mature green fruits were collected weekly for 4 to 8 weeks from each of six commercial tomato plantings within the time span of September 1989 to January 1990. Plantings were in Ho’olehua (Island of Molokai), Kula (Island of Maui), and Glenwood, Volcano, Captain Cook and Kealakekua (Hawaii Island). Pesticides were applied for insect control, including border sprays for melon fly control at the plantings at Ho’olehua. Fruit with melon fly stings were apparent in 4 of 6 farms, but infestation levels were below 1% indicating that melon fly was susceptible to insecticides. Insecticide treatments of border vegetation in Ho’olehua farm appeared to be effective.
Ramadan and Messing 2003:
Thailand
Three (3) collections of immature S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as
Lycopersicon esculentum ) (3.0 kg) with oviposition scars or signs of larval infestation were made in 1996 from two localities in Thailand (Narathiwat and Chiang Mai [near Mae-Jo]). Fruits were held over sawdust, which was subsequently sifted for recovery of tephritid fruit fly puparia. Sixteen (16) B. cucurbitae puparia were recovered, for an infestation rate of 5.3 B. cucurbitae puparia per kg fruit. Twelve (12) adult B. cucurbitae and 1 parasitoid ( Psyttalia fletcheri ) emerged from the 16 puparia.
+ Steiner et al. 1965:
Island of Rota, Mariana Islands
Solanum lycopersicum fruits (listed as tomato) were collected on the island of Rota as part of a B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) eradication program. Mature fruits were randomly collected and held until surviving larvae matured. Monthly S. lycopersicum fruit infestation averaged 7.62 B. cucurbitae larvae/kg fruit (range: 1.76–12.8 larvae/kg fruit) over the months of January–July, 1960–1962, before the initiation of either bait sprays or sterile fly releases.
+ Wong et al. 1989:
Island of Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
On the island of Rota, 157 S. lycopersicum fruits (listed as tomato) (from 20 collections)
were collected in 1985, 68 fruits (from 15 collections) were collected in 1986, and 71 fruits (from 12 collections) were collected in 1987. Fruits were held over moist sand in plastic containers with screened lids for recovery of B. cucurbitae pupae and adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 0.2 pupae/kg fruit (1985), 0.0 pupae/kg fruit (1986), and 0.0 pupae/kg fruit (1987).
Lab Infestation:
+ Keck 1951:
Newly emerged B. cucurbitae larvae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were inserted under the skin of fresh S. lycopersicum fruits (listed as tomatoes) from the U. S. Mainland. The fruits were held over sand. The sand was sifted daily to recover larvae leaving the fruit to pupate. One thousand sixtyeight (1,068) larvae were observed leaving the fruits at holding temperatures ranging from 15.6–35.0°C. The average length of the larval stage ranged from 4.81 (at 29.4°C) to 12.21 (at 15.6°C) days.
Khan et al. 2011:
In a choice test, 50.0 g of S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum [Mill]), along with 50.0 g of each of eight other natural hosts, were exposed for 20 minutes to 50 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. cucurbitae and 50 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. tau inside a small cage, after which fruit samples were removed and placed separately on sawdust inside a cloth-covered plastic bowl for pupation. The sawdust was sieved after 6 to 8 days to recover pupae (of both fly species) which were held for adult emergence. Out of a mean infestation of 49±3.46 pupae recovered (mixed infestation of B. cucurbitae and B. tau ), 26.53% (13.0) of the recovered pupae emerged as adult B. cucurbitae .
In a no-choice test, 50.0 g of S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits, as well as 50.0 g of each of eight other natural hosts, were exposed for 20 minutes to 5 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. cucurbitae and 5 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. tau inside separate small cages, after which fruit samples were removed and placed separately on sawdust inside a cloth-covered plastic bowl for pupation. The sawdust was sieved after 6 to 8 days to recover pupae (of both fly species) which were held for adult emergence. Out of a mean infestation of 97±2.88 pupae recovered (mixed infestation of B. cucurbitae and B. tau ), 72.16% (70.0) of the recovered pupae emerged as adult B. cucurbitae .
Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Australian Quarantine Service, Commonwealth Department of Primary Industry 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); + Carey and Dowell 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; melon flies can attack both fruits and stems of tomato plants grown hydroponically [in Malaysia], as stems are more succulent than when grown in soil; can cause plant death); + Christenson and Foote 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Commonwealth Institute of Entomology 1978 (listed as tomatoes); + Cunningham et al. 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2015 (listed as a minor host); + Hardy 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Hardy and Adachi 1956 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); +Harris 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as tomato); + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ; listed as “heavily or generally infested”); + Holdaway and Look 1942 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Kakinohana et al. 1997 (listed as tomato); + Kalshoven 1981 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Kapoor 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Kapoor 2005 –2006 (listed as tomato); + Khan et al. 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Lall 1975 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Lee et al. 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); Liquido 1991b (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicon lycopersicum ); + Liu 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as tomatoes); + Mathew et al. 1999 (listed as tomato); + Mau et al. 2007 (listed as tomatoes); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as tomato); Nishida and Bess 1957 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); +Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; + Queensland Government 2015 (listed as tomato); + Ryckewaert et al. 2010 (listed as tomato); + Severin et al. 1914 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato); + Terry 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomatoes); + Tsatsia and Hollingsworth 1997 (listed as tomato); +USDA-ARS 1959 (listed as tomato; listed as a preferred host); +Van Dine 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomatoes); +Walker 2005 (listed as tomato); +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato; listed as a preferred host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato; listed as a preferred host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as tomato; listed as a preferred host); +White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as “stems of tomato grown in hydroponics”); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tomato).
Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (Alef.) Fosberg
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 406486
Common Names: cherry tomato (English), tomato cerise (French), Kirschtomate (German), tomatillo (Spanish).
Naturalized: Widely naturalized.
Cultivated: Widely cultivated.
Field Infestation:
Harris et al. 2003:
Kalaupapa Peninsula, Island of Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A.
During 1991 to 1992, 250 S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme fruits (4.11 kg) and in 1995, 36 S. lycopersicum cv. cerasiforme fruits (1.05 kg) (listed as Lycopersicon lycopersicum var. cerasitorme [Dunal], Lycopersicum esculeatissium Miller , and as cherry tomato) were collected from the Kalaupapa peninsula and placed on sand in fruit holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly for recovery of tephritid fruit fly puparia. Recovered puparia were placed in glass jars and held until adult emergence. Thirty-two (32) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered from the 1991 to 1992 collections and 9 adults were recovered from the 1995 collection, for infestation rates of 0.128 melon flies per fruit (7.78 melon flies/ kg fruit) and 0.25 flies per fruit (8.57 flies/kg fruit), respectively.
Liquido et al. 1994:
Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, 1,715 (13.56 kg) ripe “on plant” and 1,477 (9.43 kg) ground S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme fruits (listed as Lycopersicon lycopersicum cv. cerasiforme [Dunal]) were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from “on plant” S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.068 larvae and pupae per fruit (8.55 larvae and pupae/kg fruit) and 0.020 larvae and pupae per ground fruit (3.18 larvae and pupae/kg ground fruit).
Island of Maui, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, totals of 462 (4.11 kg) ripe “on plant” and 543 (4.36 kg) ground S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme fruits (listed as Lycopersicon lycopersicum cv. cerasiforme [Dunal]) were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Maui Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.11 larvae and pupae per “on plant” fruit (12.41 larvae and pupae/kg “on plant” fruit) and 0.0092 larvae and pupae per ground fruit (1.15 larvae and pupae/kg ground fruit).
Synonyms: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. cerasiforme Alef. , Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) H. Karst. var. cerasiforme (Alef.) M. R. Almeida
Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum Family: Solanaceae Grin Nomen Number : 457162 Common Names: domado (transcribed Korean), ilnyeongam (transcribed Korean), pomodoro
(Italian), tomat (Swedish), tomat (transliterated Russian), tomate (French), Tomate (German), tomate
(Spanish), tomateiro (Portuguese), tomatera (Spanish), tomato (English), tomato (transcribed Korean). Field Infestation: Allwood et al. 1999: Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 2 samples of Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ). Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Fontem et al. 1998 -1999:
Dschang and Foumbot production areas in the western highlands of the west and northwest provinces of Cameroon
From October 1993 to September 1996, a survey of biological constraints in S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) production was carried out in the Dschang and Foumbot production areas in the western highlands of the west and northwest provinces of Cameroon. Out of 103 farmers surveyed, 74 (72%) perceived that B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was a major pest of tomato production. No fruits were held for assessment of actual infestation rates by B. cucurbitae .
Jacquard et al. 2013:
Réunion Island, France
Bactrocera cucurbitae -infested S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ) were collected from “Location 1” on Réunion Island from June–September 2009, and held over sand. A single puparium, recovered by sifting the sand, was held for adult emergence. One (1) adult B. cucurbitae was recovered.
Liquido et al. 1994:
Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, a total of 541 (28.57 kg) “on plant” and 403 (23.40 kg) ground S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as Lycopersicon lycopersicum L.) were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested S. lycopersicum lycopersicum fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.296 larvae and pupae per fruit (5.60 larvae and pupae/kg fruit) for “on plant” fruits and 0.094 larvae and pupae per ground fruit (1.62 larvae and pupae/kg ground fruit).
Island of Maui, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, a total of 246 (14.54 kg) ripe “on plant” or ground S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as Lycopersicon lycopersicum L.) were collected once or twice a month from several sites on Maui Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.15 larvae and pupae per fruit (2.61 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).
McQuate and Teruya 2015:
Southwestern Islands of Japan
Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication pro-gram, 64,299 S . lycopersicum var. lycopersicum (referred to in Japanese as トマト) fruits were collected (120 collections overall) from four islands/island groups (Amami, Miyako, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identifi cation. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 49 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 0.276%.
Southwestern Islands of Japan
Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 29,737 S . lycopersicum var. lycopersicum (referred to in Japanese as プチトマト) fruits were collected (68 collections overall) from three islands/island groups (Miyako, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identifi cation. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 1 fruit, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 0.0988%.
Mwatawala et al. 2009b:
Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania
Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum Miller )
were randomly collected weekly between October 2004 through October 2006, and from August through December 2007, from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Out of 2,517 collected fruits (75.93 kg), B. cucurbitae was recovered from 1 out of 82 collections (1.0%) with an overall infestation rate of 0.84 emerged adults per kg fruit.
Mwatawala et al. 2010:
Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania
Two thousand two hundred twenty-one (2,221) S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits
(listed as Lycopersicon esculentum Miller ) (65.974 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 5 of 160 collections (3.12%), with an overall infestation rate of 0.45 flies/kg fruit and 16.84 flies/kg infested fruit.
Nishida 1955:
Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Infested S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum
[Mill.]), with nearly full grown B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larvae, were collected at cultivated areas in two locations on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii from 1950 to 1951: Waianae and Waimanalo. Larvae were extracted from fruits and placed in small wax paper cups containing pumpkin pulp. The cups were placed on sand in jars in which a high humidity was maintained. One thousand two hundred sixty-five (1,265) and 1,009 B. cucurbitae larvae were recovered from the fruits at the two sites, respectively. Number of fruits and infestation rate data were not given.
Purcell and Messing 1996:
Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum var. ‘Celebrity’ seedlings (listed as
Lycopersion esculentum Miller ) were planted on two occasions: 9 May 1994 and 1 September 1995. On 14 October, 2 November, 14 December and 19 December 1995, between 250–400 sexually mature female B. cucurbitae adults were released into the fields to produce high infestation rates in hosts. Four age/ripeness categories of fruits were collected: immature, mature green, ripe (red), and rotting. Fruits were sampled weekly from eight randomly selected quadrats. Average recovery was 7.5 (79 samples), 10.6 (60 samples), 8.8 (24 samples), and 29.6 (46 samples) B. cucurbitae per kg fruit from the four fruit categories, respectively.
Ranganath and Veenakumari 1996a:
South Andaman, India
Damaged S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum
Miller) were collected from the Central Agricultural Research Institute’s research farm in South Andaman, India, and held in large plastic containers with a layer of sand on the bottom. Adult B. cucurbitae flies were recovered.
Syed 1971:
Faisalabad, Gujranwala, and Murree, Province of Punjab, Pakistan
In Faisalabad and Gujranwala (1962-1963), a few S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ) were infested by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); In Murree (1963), B. cucurbitae was reared out of S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits in September and October. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate data were not given.
Vargas et al. 1990:
Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.
During March 1987 to February 1989, 3 (year one) and 5 (year two) samples of Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as Lycopersicum esculentum Miller ) were collected in the Moloaa area on the Island of Kauai, Hawaii. Fruits were placed on metal trays in plastic holding boxes containing sand. Mature B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larvae and pupae, recovered through weekly sifting of the sand, were held for adult emergence. Out of 147 fruits collected in year one, 530 tephritid fruit fly pupae were recovered, from which 326 B. cucurbitae adults emerged, for an infestation rate of 23.1 B. cucurbitae adults per kg fruit. Out of 114 fruits collected in year two, 68 tephritid fruit fly pupae were recovered, from which 18 B. cucurbitae adults emerged, for an infestation rate of 1.0 B. cucurbitae adults per kg fruit.
Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ), originating in Hawaii, at airports in Hawaii on 10 occasions (Lihue–6; Kahului–2; Honolulu–2) between 1988 and 2001. Average recovery was 7.8 live larvae (range: 1–30).
USDA 1928:
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California between 1 January 1927 and 31 December 1927. Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1932a:
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in stores) between 1 January 1930 and 30 June 1931 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1936:
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (2 interceptions in stores) between 1 July 1934 and 30 June 1935 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1943:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (2 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1941 and 30 June 1942 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1946:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (14 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1944 and 30 June 1945 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1948a:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in California and Washington (1 interception in consumption; 45 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1945 and 30 June 1946 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1948b:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in California, Oregon, and Washington (34 interceptions in nonentry hosts) between 1 July 1946 and 30 June 1947 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1950:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California and at a port in Washington (3 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1947 and 30 June 1948 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Host was recovered by state inspectors of California and taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1951:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted (1 interception in consumption host; 12 interceptions in non-entry hosts) at ports in California, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oregon, Texas, and Washington between 1 July 1948 and 30 June 1949 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1951:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum , listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California and at a port in Texas (2 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1948 and 30 June 1949 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Host was recovered by state inspectors of California and taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1952a:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum , listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in Alaska, California, Louisiana, and Washington (13 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1949 and 30 June 1950 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1952b:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from stores in Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in Alabama, California, and Oregon (8 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1950 and 30 June 1951 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1953:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (12 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1951 and 30 June 1952 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1954:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in Alaska, California, and Texas (10 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1954:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated from Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in Washington (1 interception in a non-entry host) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1955:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in California and Hawaii (9 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1956:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (8 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1954 and 30 June 1955 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1956:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycpersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1954 and 30 June 1955 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1957:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersion esculentum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (5 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1955 and 30 June 1956 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1958:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in California and Washington (10 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1956 and 30 June 1957 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1959:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycpersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (8 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1957 and 30 June 1958 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1960:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in California and Washington (6 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1958 and 30 June 1959 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1961:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1959 and 30 June 1960 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1962:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (3 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1960 and 30 June 1961 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1965:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in air baggage and stores from Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (2 interceptions in non-entry and 1 interception in propagation host) between 1 July 1963 and 30 June 1964 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
USDA 1966:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from tomato ( S. lycopersicum L. var. lycopersicum ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) which originated in stores from Hawaii and was intercepted in California (2 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1964 and 30 June 1965 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
Lab Infestation:
Akter et al. 2010:
In a laboratory host preference study conducted in Bangladesh during 2005 to 2006, 250 g S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ), along with 250 g of each of five other vegetables ( Cucumis sativus , Cucurbita maxima , Momordica charantia , S. melongena , and Trichosanthes cucumerina ), were simultaneously exposed to 100, 15–20-day-old gravid female B. cucurbitae flies for 3 hours, then placed over saw dust. The saw dust was sieved to recover pupae which were transferred to Petri dishes and held until adult emergence. The trial was replicated five times. Recovery of B. cucurbitae pupae and adults averaged 197±55.84 pupae and 181±56.11, respectively (788 and 724 per kg fruit, respectively). The order of adult recovery (greatest to smallest) was: S. melongena > T. cucumerina > C. maxima > C. sativus > M. charantia > S. lycopersicum .
Carey et al. 1985:
Fifty (50) newly emerged 1 st generation B. cucurbitae larvae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) (four replications) were added to a small portion of S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruit (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ) and held at 25 (±2.0)°C and 60.0 (±6.0)% RH in a covered Petri plate, with additional host material added as needed. When some of the larvae approached maturity, the Petri plate was opened and placed in sand in a larger container to allow for pupation. The sand was then sifted daily to recover pupae which were held at the same conditions of temperature and relative humidity. On average, 57% of the larvae survived to adult emergence, with an average larva to adult development time of 17.4 days.
Rajamannar 1962:
Using B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) 1 st instar larvae obtained from eggs oviposited on bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria : listed as L. vulgaris ), 78 of 100 (78%) 1 st instar larvae raised on S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum (listed as Lycopersicum esculentum and tomato) pupated, with an average time to pupation of 4.3 days. In a separate test, 55 of 100 (55%) 1 st instar larvae were found to feed on pieces of S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum fruits (an average of 11.0 out of 20 larvae, based on five replicated trials).
Listing Only: Bains and Sidhu 1984 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ; listed as a secondary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ); De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ); EcoPort 2008 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); Hollingsworth et al. 1996 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); Hollingsworth and Allwood 2000 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicon esulentum Mill. ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicum esculentum Mill ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); Leblanc et al. 2013b (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ; listed as frequently injured); Messing et al. 1995; Nafus 1997 (infests Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum [listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ] in the Mariana Islands); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicum esculentum L.); Pacific Fruit Fly Web 2002 (listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ); Phillips 1946 (listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ); Ponce 1937 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicum esculentum ); Pradhan 1977 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicum esculentum Mill ); Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as Lycopersicum esculentum L.; listed as being only a little favorable as a host); Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum L.); Singh et al. 2004 (listed as Lycopersicum lycopersicum ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersion esculentum ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ; listed as a preferred host); Vargas et al. 2004 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as Lycopersicon esculentum ).
Synonyms: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. , Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. commune L. H. Bailey , Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. esculentum , Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. grandifolium L. H. Bailey , Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. forma pyriforme (Alef.) C. H. Müll. , Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. pyriforme (Dunal) Alef. , Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. validum L. H. Bailey , Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) H. Karst., Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) H. Karst. var. pyriforme auct., Lycopersicon pyriforme Dunal
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 101312
Common Names: African eggplant (English), afrikanische Aubergine (German), afrikansk äggört (Swedish), anghive (French), anghive (French), aubergine africaine (French), aubergine gboma (French), beringela-africana (Portuguese), gboma eggplant (English), gboma (English), gboma (French), grosse anghive (French).
Cultivated: AFRICA – East Tropical Africa: Uganda; West Tropical Africa: Benin, Berkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo; South Tropical Africa: Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe; ASIA-TROPICAL – Malesia: Indonesia and Malaysia; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Dominica Republic and West Indies; Central America: Central America; Northern South America: Suriname; Brazil: Brazil.
Origin: probable origin is in West Africa.
Field Infestation:
Mwatawala et al. 2010:
Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania
One hundred seventy-six (176) S. macrocarpon fruits (27.824 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 3 of 176 collections (1.70%), with an overall infestation rate of 0.65 flies/kg fruit and 39.13 flies/kg infested fruit.
Listing Only: De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ).
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 101429
Common Names: Bugtree (English), couvetinga (Portuguese [ Brazil]), cuvitinga (Portuguese), earleaf nightshade (English), fumeira (Portuguese [ Brazil]), fumo-bravo (Portuguese [ Brazil]), liusboom (Afrikaans), tobacco-wood (English), wild tobacco (English), wild tobacco-bush (English), wild tobaccotree (English).
Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Brazil: Brazil – Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo ; Southern South America : Argentina – Buenos Aires ; Uruguay.
Naturalized: AFRICA – Macaronesia : Portugal – Azores, Madeira Islands; Spain – Canary Islands; Middle Atlantic Ocean; St. Helena; East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Southern Africa: South Africa; Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Mauritius Mayotte, Réunion; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India, Sri Lanka; Malesia: Indonesia – Java; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia; New Zealand: New Zealand; PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii; South-Central Pacific: Cook Islands, French Polynesia – Marquesas Islands; Southwestern Pacific: Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Tonga.
Cultivated: also cultivated.
Field Infestation:
Jacquard et al. 2013:
Réunion Island, France
Bactrocera cucurbitae -infested S. mauritianum fruits were collected from “Location 4” on Réunion Island from June to September 2009, and held over sand. Puparia, recovered by sifting the sand, were held for adult emergence. Six (6) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered.
Synonyms: Solanum auriculatum Aiton
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 101312
Common Names: aubergin (Swedish), aubergine (English), aubergine (French), Aubergine (German), berenjena (Spanish), béringène (French), berinjela (Portuguese), brinjal eggplant (English), eggplant (English), Eierfrucht (German), gaji (transcribed Korean), maranziana (Italian), mélongène (French), mulignana (Italian), nasu (Japanese Rōmaji), petrociana (Italian), qie (transcribed Chinese).
Naturalized: Sometimes naturalized.
Cultivated: Widely cultivated.
Origin: probable independent origins in Southern and Eastern Asia
Field Infestation:
Bains and Sidhu 1984:
State of Punjab, India
Field observations of infestation of S. melongena fruits by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were made at 10-day intervals in Punjab, India, between May and November. Infested fruits were found in 3 of 14 observations (21.4%) with an average infestation rate of 0.19 (±0.12 [standard error])%.
+ Froggatt 1909:
Central or North-Western India
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from maggot-infested S. melongena fruits (listed as eggplants) from gardens in Central or North-Western India. No infestation rate data were given.
Liquido et al. 1994:
Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, totals of 567 ripe “on plant” (36.08 kg) and 1,169 ground (75.86 kg) S. melogena fruits were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested S. melogena fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.0018 larvae and pupae per “on plant” fruit (0.028 larvae and pupae/kg “on plant” fruit) and 0.026 larvae and pupae per ground fruit (0.409 larvae and pupae/kg ground fruit).
Island of Maui, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, totals of 344 (39.78 kg) ripe “on plant” and 571 ground (71.62 kg) S. melongena fruits were collected once or twice a month from several sites on Maui Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested S. melongena fruits with overall infestation rates of 0.0029 larvae and pupae per “on plant”
fruit (0.025 larvae and pupae/kg “on plant” fruit) and 0.0070 larvae and pupae per ground fruit (0.056 larvae and pupae/kg ground fruit).
McQuate and Teruya 2015:
Southwestern Islands of Japan
Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 10,043 S . melongena fruits were collected (73 collections overall) from four islands/island groups (Amami, Miyako, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 1 fruit, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 0.0144%. Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Solanum melongena fruits, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on three occasions between 2005 and 2009. Average recovery was 13.3 live larvae. Lab Infestation:
Akter et al. 2010:
In a laboratory host preference study conducted in Bangladesh during 2005 to 2006, 250
g S. melongena , along with 250 g of each of five other vegetables ( Cucumis sativus , Cucurbita maxima , Momordica charantia , Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum , and Trichosanthes cucumerina ), were simultaneously exposed to 100, 15–20-day-old gravid female B. cucurbitae flies for 3 hours, then placed over saw dust. The saw dust was sieved to recover pupae which were transferred to Petri dishes and held until adult emergence. The trial was replicated five times. Recovery of B. cucurbitae pupae and adults averaged 389±88.79 and 346±83.08, respectively (1,556 and 1,384 per kg fruit, respectively). The order of adult recovery (greatest to smallest) was: S. melongena > T. cucumerina > C. maxima > C. sativus > M. charantia > S. lycopersicum .
+ Back and Pemberton 1917:
Solanum melongena (listed as eggplant) is listed as “occasionally infested” by B. cucurbitae . The authors report that, in the laboratory, when sound (undamaged) Solanum melongena fruits were placed in a jar with gravid melon fly females, no eggs were laid in the fruits. However, they also reported that, when 1 eggplant containing a slight decayed spot was placed in a jar with gravid melon fly females, eggs were laid in the decayed area only, from which 9 adult melon flies emerged.
Bains and Sidhu 1984:
Newly emerged B. cucurbitae larvae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were placed on cut pieces of S. melongena and held in Petri plates having moist blotting paper on the bottom. Larval survival to pupation was 53.9%.
Carey et al. 1985:
Fifty (50) newly emerged 1 st generation B. cucurbitae larvae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) (4 replications) were added to a small portion of S. melongena fruit (also listed as eggplant) and held at 25 (±2.0)°C and 60.0 (±6.0)% RH in a covered Petri plate, with additional host material added as needed. When some of the larvae approached maturity, the Petri plate was opened and placed in sand in a larger container to allow for pupation. The sand was then sifted daily to recover pupae which were held at the same conditions of temperature and relative humidity. On average, 35% of the larvae survived to adult emergence, with an average larva to adult development time of 20.2 days.
Chawla 1966:
In captivity, female B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) laid eggs on cut fruits of S. melongena . The eggs hatched out and the development of the larvae proceeded to continue normally through adult emergence.
Khan et al. 2011:
In a choice test, 50.0 g of S. melongena fruits, along with 50.0 g of each of eight other natural hosts, were exposed for 20 minutes to 50 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. cucurbitae and 50 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. tau inside a small cage, after which fruit samples were removed and placed separately on sawdust inside a cloth-covered plastic bowl for pupation. The sawdust was sieved after 6 to 8 days to recover pupae (of both fly species) which were held for adult emergence. Out of a mean infestation of 124±6.06 pupae recovered (mixed infestation of B. cucurbitae and B. tau ), 82.81% (102.7) of the recovered pupae emerged as adult B. cucurbitae .
In a no-choice test, 50.0 g of S. melongena fruits, as well as 50.0 g of each of eight other natural hosts, were exposed for 20 minutes to 5 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. cucurbitae and 5 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. tau inside separate small cages, after which fruit samples were removed and placed separately on sawdust inside a cloth-covered plastic bowl for pupation. The sawdust was sieved after 6 to 8 days to recover pupae (of both fly species) which were held for adult emergence. Out of a mean infestation of 2±2.3 pupae recovered (mixed infestation of B. cucurbitae and B. tau ), 50.0% (1.0) of the recovered pupae emerged as adult B. cucurbitae .
Rajamannar 1962:
Using B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) 1 st instar larvae obtained from eggs oviposited on bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ; listed as L. vulgaris ), 70 of 100 (70%) 1 st instar larvae raised on S. melongena (listed as eggplant) pupated, with an average time to pupation of 5.0 days. In a separate test, 37 of 100 (37%) 1 st instar larvae were found to feed on pieces of S. melongena (an average of 7.4 out of 20 larvae, based on five replicated trials).
Sarwar et al. 2013:
Healthy, undamaged, mature and ripe S. melongena fruits were collected from a local marketplace in Faisalabad, Pakistan. One hundred twenty-five (125) g of fruits were placed in the bottom of a sieve that was suspended from a guava ( Psidium guajava ) tree in a guava orchard that was not bearing fruits (with three replications). Fruits were left exposed to wild B. cucurbitae flies for 48 hours. Fruits from each replication were placed over sand in muslin cloth topped plastic containers and held for 2 to 3 weeks. Bactrocera cucurbitae puparia, recovered by sieving the sand, were placed in moist sand in a Petri plate and held for adult emergence. An average of 8.25 B. cucurbitae pupae (66.0 pupae/kg fruit) was recovered from which an average of 6.08 adult flies (48.6 adult flies/kg fruit) emerged.
+ Seo et al. 1973:
Solanum melongena fruits (listed as eggplant) were infested by B. cucurbitae (listed as
Dacus cucurbitae ) by exposing fruits to about 50,000 adults for 3 days in an outdoor cage. Twenty-five percent of the exposed fruits were placed in holding boxes and held at 16–31°C. Surviving pupae were collected and counted. A high number of pupae was recovered and was used to estimate the number of pupae that would have been expected to be present in fruits subjected to irradiation. No infestation rate was given.
Listing Only: + Agarwal et al. 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as brinjal); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; + EcoPort 2008 (listed as eggplant); + Greene 1929 (listed as eggplant); + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as eggplant); Holbrook 1967 (listed as “occasionally infested”); Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Lall 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as brinjal); Leblanc et al. 2013b; + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as eggplant); + Mau et al. 2007 (listed as eggplant); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as occasionally injured); Moiz et al. 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as eggplant); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as eggplant); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Phillips 1946; Ponce 1937 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Ramadan and Messing 2003 (listed as eggplant); Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Severin et al. 1914 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as eggplant); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); +USDA-ARS 1959 (listed as eggplant); Vargas et al. 2004; +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as eggplant; listed as an occasional host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as eggplant; listed as an occasional host); +Weems et al. 2001
(listed as eggplant; listed as an occasional host); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as egg-plant).
Solanum naumannii Engl. , see Solanum aethiopicum L.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 310124
Common Names: black nightshade (English), blackberry nightshade (English), common nightshade (English), ‘enal el-deeb (Arabic), erva-moura (Portuguese), hierba mora (Spanish), morelle noire (French), nattskatta (Swedish), pimenta-de-galinha (Portuguese-Brazil), poisonberry (English), schwarzer Nachtschatten (German).
Native: AFRICA – Northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Western Asia: Afghanistan; Egypt – Sinai; Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey; Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation – Ciscaucasia, Dagestan; Siberia : Russian Federation – Altay, Western Siberia ; Middle Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; China: China; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India, Nepal, Pakistan; EUROPE – Northern Europe: Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom; Middle Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland; East Europe: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, Krym; Southeastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia; Southwestern Europe: France, Portuga, Spain.
Naturalized: AFRICA – Northeastern Tropical Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia; South Tropical Africa: Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: Botswana; Namibia; South Africa – Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, Northern Cape, Western Cape; Swaziland; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Arabian Peninsula : Yemen; ASIA-TROPICAL – Malesia: Papua New Guinea; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia; New Zealand: New Zealand; NORTHERN AMERICA – Canada, Mexico, United States; PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii; Northwestern Pacific: Guam; Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Central America: Central America; Southern South America: Chile.
Naturalized: Tropical Africa, Mascarenes, Madagascar, Melanesia, and Polynesia.
Field Infestation:
Liquido et al. 1994:
Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, 10,476 (2.64 kg) ripe tree or ground S. nigrum fruits were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 50 or 100, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested S. nigrum fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.00029 larvae and pupae per fruit (1.14 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).
Mwatawala et al. 2009b:
Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania
Solanum nigrum fruits were randomly collected weekly between October 2004 through October 2006, and from August through December 2007, from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Out of 5,920 collected fruits (2.90 kg), B. cucurbitae was recovered from 1 out of 34 collections (3.0%) with an overall infestation rate of 1.37 emerged adults per kg fruit.
Mwatawala et al. 2010:
Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania
Five thousand three hundred twenty-one (5,321) S. nigrum fruits (2.883 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 1 of 49 collections (2.04%), with an overall infestation rate of 0.0007 flies/kg fruit and 80.00 flies/kg infested fruit.
Listing Only: De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ).
Synonyms: Solanum pierreanum Pailleux and Bois , see Solanum aethiopicum L.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 101308
Common Names: falsche Jerusalemkirsche (German), false capsicum (English), false Jerusalemcherry (English), Jerusalem-cherry (English), Jerusalemkersie (Afrikaans), Jerusalemkirsche (German), korallbär (Swedish), Korallenstrauch (German), Madeira-cherry (English), Madeira winter-cherry (English), winter-cherries (English), winter-cherry (English).
Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Northern Mexico: Mexico – San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas ; Southern Mexico: Mexico – Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Veracruz ; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean : Trinidad and Tobago ; Central America : Guatemala ; Brazil: Brazil – Federal District, Goias, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo ; Western South America : Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru ; Southern South America: Argentina – Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Cordoba , Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Rioja, Misiones, Salta, Tucuman ; Chile; Paraguay; Uruguay.
Naturalized: AFRICA – Macaronesia : Portugal – Azores, Madeira Islands; Spain – Canary Islands; Southern Africa: Lesotho; South Africa; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia; New Zealand: New Zealand; PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii; SOUTHERN AMERICA – South America.
Cultivated: A glabrous form is most commonly cultivated.
Field Infestation:
Liquido et al. 1994:
Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, U.S.A.
From July 1990 to October 1992, 1,681 (2.48 kg) ripe tree or ground S. pseudocapsicum fruits were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested S. pseudocapsicum fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.00059 larvae and pupae per fruit (0.403 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).
Synonyms: Solanum capsicastrum Link ex Schauer , Solanum diflorum Vell. , Solanum jaliscanum Greenm. , Solanum tucumanense Griseb.
Solanum scalare C. H. Wright , see Solanum anguivi Lam.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 101401
Common Names: cocona (English), cubiu (Portuguese), Orinoco-apple (English), peach-tomato (English), tomate chauve souris (French), topiro (Spanish) , topiro (Swedish) .
Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Northern South America: Venezuela – Amazonas, Bolivar; Brazil: Brazil – Amazonas; Western South America: Colombia, Ecuador – Los Rios, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Sucumbios; Peru.
Field Infestation:
Nakagawa et al. 1967:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Thirty-six (36) S. sessiliflorum fruits were picked in Hawaii from December 1966 to February 1967. Fifty-nine (59) adult B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were recovered (along with 23 adult B. dorsalis (listed as Dacus dorsalis ) and 49 Fopius arisanus (listed as Opius oophilus ). Most of the infestations occurred in ground-picked fruits.
Synonyms: Solanum topiro Dunal
Solanum sodomeum L., see Solanum anguivi Lam.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Genus Number : 300568
Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Solanum sp. fruits, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on three occasions between 1989 and 2003. Average recovery was 10.0 live larvae.
Listing Only: Clausen et al. 1965 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).
Synonyms: Cyphomandra spp.
Solanum spinosissimum auct., see Solanum capsicoides All.
Solanum sudanense Hammerstein , see Solanum aethiopicum L.
Solanum subsect. lycopersicon sp.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 457163
Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Solanum subsect. lycopersicon sp. fruits (listed as Lycopersicon sp. ), originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on nine occasions between 1991 and 2006. Average recovery was 10.0 live larvae (range: 3–40). Also recovered were four live pupae on one occasion in 2005.
Synonyms: Lycopersicon spp.
Solanum topiro Dunal , see Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: No listing in GRIN for this sp.; naming authority taken from The Plant List. This scientific name, however, is listed as an “unresolved name” by The Plant List.
Field Infestation:
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 2 samples of S. trilobatum . Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host); Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015.
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 103137
Common Names: potato (English).
Cultivated: AFRICA – Macaronesia : Spain – Canary Islands; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India; NORTHERN AMERICA – Mexico; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Central America: Central America; Northern South America: Venezuela; Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru; Southern South America: Argentina, Chile; widely cultivated.
Lab Infestation:
+ Finney 1951:
The author reported that B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) oviposit readily in punctured, raw S. tuberosum tubers (listed as Irish potatoes). It was noted, however, that “The typical quick-healing property of potatoes caused a ‘corking-over’ of the egg cavity, sealing out the very low percentage of hatching larvae.” No data were reported on any survival beyond initial egg hatch.
Chawla 1966:
In captivity, female B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) laid eggs on cut S. tuberosum tubers. The eggs hatched out and the development of the larvae proceeded normally through adult emergence.
Listing Only: USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).
Synonyms: Solanum ascasabii Hawkes , Solanum boyacense Juz. and Bukasov , Solanum chocclo Bukasov and Lechn. , nom. nud., Solanum coeruleiflorum Hawkes , Solanum estradae L. E. López , Solanum leptostigma Juz. ex Bukasov , nom. nud., Solanum maglia Schltdl. var. guaytecarum Bitter , Solanum molinae Juz. , Solanum multijugum Bukasov and Bavyko , Solanum subandigenum Hawkes , Solanum tenuifilamentum Juz. and Bukasov , Solanum tuberosum L. var. guaytecarum (Bitter) Hawkes , Solanum yabari Hawkes
Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. tuberosum
Family: Solanaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 101293
Common Names: batata (Portuguese), gamja (transcribed Korean), Irish potato (English), jagaimo (Japanese Rōmaji), Kartoffel (German), kartofel’ (transliterated Russian), papa (Spanish), pomme de terre (French), potatis (Swedish), potato (English), white potato (English), yang yu (transcribed Chinese), ziemniak (Polish).
Cultivated: Cultivated worldwide.
Lab Infestation:
+ Tanada 1950:
Mokuleia, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
In November 1950, an exposed Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum tuber (listed as Irish potato) was collected from a field in Mokuleia, Hawaii. The potato held 11 tephritid fruit fly eggs in a small cavity under the epidermis. “All eggs hatched in the tuber, but 6 maggots left in the potato died within a few days, after attempting to feed.” The other 5 maggots were held on Carica papaya fruit (listed as papaya) until adult emergence and were identified as Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett ).
Solanum tucumanense Griseb. , see Solanum pseudocapsicum L.
Solanum verbascifolium L., see Solanum donianum Walp.
Solanum zuccagnianum Dunal , see Solanum aethiopicum L.
Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 320248
Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India.
Listing Only: USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).
Synonyms: Bryonia amplexicaulis Lam.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 34913
Common Names: mao gua (transcribed Chinese).
Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – Western Asia: Afghanistan; China: China – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan; Eastern Asia: Taiwan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan; Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia – Java, Malaysia, Malaya.
Listing Only: Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Melothria heterophylla Cogn. ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Melothria heterophylla ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Melothria heterophylla ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Melothria heterophylla Cogn. ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Melothria heterophylla ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Melothria heterophylla ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Melothria heterophylla ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Melothria heterophylla ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Melothria heterophylla ; insufficient data to justify regulation).
Synonyms: Melothria heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn.
Family: Sphagnaceae
Grin Nomen Number : There is no listing in GRIN for this genus; taxonomy taken from The Plant List.
Interception Data:
+ USDA 1939a:
Bactrocera cucurbitae pupae were recovered from sphagnum moss packing ( Sphagnum sp. ) with soil around palm trees which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (in cargo) between 1 July 1936 to 30 June 1937 (number of individuals not reported). Pupae clearly came from other source, but was found with sphagnum moss included in the shipment. Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.
Spondias cirouella Tussac , see Spondias purpurea L.
Family: Anacardiaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 35337
Common Names: cirigüela (Portuguese-Brazil), ciruela (Portuguese-Brazil), ciruela española (Spanish), cireula mexicana (Spanish), ciruelo (Spanish), hog-plum (English), imbu (Portuguese), imbuzeiro (Portuguese), jocote (Spanish-Mexico), mombin rouge (French), ovo (Spanish), prune d’Espagne (French), purple mombin (English), red mombin (English), röd mombinspondias (Swedish), rote Mombinpflaume (German), serigüela (Portuguese-Brazil), Spanish-plum (English).
Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Mexico; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Western South America: Ecuador.
Cultivated: in Neotropics.
Listing Only: Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Spondias purparea L.).
Synonyms: Spondias cirouella Tussac
Family: Anacardiaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 312460
Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Spondias sp. fruit(s), originating in Nigeria, at an airport in Texas (Houston) on one occasion in 2012. Recovery was one live larvae.
Strychnos gilletii De Wild. , see Strychnos spinosa Lam. Strychnos nux-vomica L.
Family: Loganiaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 35851
Common Names: ma qian zi (transcribed Chinese), nux-vomica (English) , nux-vomica-tree (English), rävkaketräd (Swedish), strychninetree (English).
Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Malaysia, Malaya.
Cultivated: also cultivated.
Field Infestation:
Tsuruta et al. 1997:
Sri Lanka
Adult B. cucurbitae were recovered from an unspecifed number of S. nux-vomica fruits collected in Sri Lanka. An unspecified number of adults were recovered from fruits collected in the Kalpitiya and Udabaddava areas of Sri Lanka. No infestation rate data were given.
Listing Only: Ayyar 1935 (listed as Chaetodacus cucurbitae ; it has been reared from “ Nux vomica fruits in Malabar”); CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); De Meyer et al. 2014; Holbrook 1967; Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as S. nuxvomica ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ- CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).
Family: Loganiaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 35855
Common Names: Kaffir-orange (English), monkey-orange (English), Natal-orange (English), spiny monkey ball (English).
Native: AFRICA – East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan; South Tropical Africa: Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa – Cape Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Transvaal; Swaziland; West Tropical Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo; West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Zaire; Western Indian Ocean: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius.
Cultivated: also cultivated.
Field Infestation:
Badii et al. 2015:
Northern Ghana
Ninety-six (96) Strychnos spinosa fruits (24.0 kg) were collected from Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions of Ghana. Fruits were brought to a laboratory in Nyankpala, Ghana, and held over a layer of sterilized sand. Pupae recovered from the sand were held on moistened filter paper in Petri plates until adult emergence. Adults were killed and identified after being fed for 3 days. Taxonomic keys were used for species identification, with final species confirmation provided by Dr. Maxwell Billah. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from S. spinosa fruits in 20 of 24 collections (83.3%): 4.375 puparia per fruit, 17.5 puparia per kg fruit, 3.583 adults per fruit, and 15.8 adults per kg fruit.
Synonyms: Strychnos gilletii De Wild. , Strychnos tonga Gilg.
Strychnos tonga Gilg. , see Strychnos spinosa Lam.
Swartziaceae Bartl. , see Fabaceae Lindl. , nom. cons.
Sycos pachycarpus , see Sicyos pachycarpus Hook. and Arn.
Sycos sp., see Sicyos sp. Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston
Family: Myrtaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 50068
Common Names: bellfruit (English), jambo ayer (French), jambu air (Malay), machomphu-pa (transcribed Thai), perita costeña (Spanish), tambis (Spanish), vattenäpple (Swedish), Wasserjambuse (German), water-apple (English), watery rose-apple (English).
Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Myanmar, Thailand; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Queensland.
Cultivated: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India; Indo-China: Thailand; Malesia: Indonesia – Java, Singapore.
Listing Only: + Kapoor 2005 –2006 (listed as watery rose-apple); Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Eugenia aquea ); Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Eugenia agueva Burm. and as E. aguea Burm. ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as water apple); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Eugenia aquea Burm. ).
Synonyms: Eugenia aquea Burm. f.
Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Family: Myrtaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 50070
Common Names: jamboes (Afrikaans), jambos (English) , jambosier (French), Malabar-plum (English), manzana rosa (Spanish), pomarrosa (Spanish), pomme rose (French), rose-apple (English), Rosenapfelbaum (German), rosenäpple (Swedish), yambo (Spanish).
Naturalized: AFRICA – Western Indian Ocean: Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles; NORTHERN AMERICA – Mexico, United States; PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii; SOUTH- ERN AMERICA – Caribbean: West Indies; Central America: Central America; Western South America: Ecuador – Galapagos Islands; South America.
Cultivated: Cultivated in tropics.
Origin: probable origin Malesia.
Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as a “non-host or host of undetermined status”); USDA-APHIS- PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Eugenia jambos ; insufficient data to justify regulation).
Synonyms: Eugenia jambos L.
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L. M. Perry
Family: Myrtaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 70774
Common Names: jamboissier rouge (French), jambu bol (Indonesian), jambu bol (Malay), malajäpple (Swedish), Malakka-Apfel (German), Malay-apple (English), Malayapfel (German), manzana de agua (Spanish), mountain-apple (English), Otaheite-apple (English), pink satin-ash (English), poirier de Malaque (French), pomarrosa de Malaca (Spanish), pomerac (English), pomme malac (French), roseapple (English).
Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Malesia: Indonesia – Java, Sumatra; Malaysia, Malaya.
Naturalized: Naturalized elsewhere in tropics.
Cultivated: Cultivated elsewhere in tropics.
Listing Only: Meksongsee et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Eugenia malaccensis L.).
Synonyms: Caryophyllus malaccensis (L.) Stokes, Eugenia malaccensis L.
Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. and L. M. Perry
Family: Myrtaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 312990
Common Names: cajuil de Surinam (Spanish), Java-Apfel (German), Java-apple (English), javaäpple (Swedish), makopa (Spanish), Semarang rose-apple (English), wax jambu (English).
Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Indo-China: Myanmar, Thailand; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; PACIFIC – Southwestern Pacific: Solomon Islands.
Cultivated: Cultivated elsewhere in tropics.
Field Infestation:
Clausen et al. 1965:
Sabah, Malaysia (referred to as North Borneo; place names listed are in present day Sabah, Malaysia)
From collections of S. samarangense (listed as Eugenia javanica ) in May 1951 in Sabah, Malaysia (referred to as North Borneo), 1,000 puparia, a mix of two predominant species: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq. ) and B. dorsalis (listed as Dacus dorsalis Hendel ) (ratio not stated), were recovered. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery was in smaller numbers than had been recovered from cucurbitaceous hosts.
Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016; Cantrell et al. 1999; Hollingsworth et al. 1996; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson-Harris 1992.
Synonyms: Eugenia javanica Lam. , Myrtus samarangensis Blume
Tacsonia spp. , see Passiflora spp.
Telfairia occidentalis Hook. f.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 80125
Common Names: fluted gourd (English), fluted-pumpkin (English), oysternut (English).
Native: AFRICA – East Tropical Africa: Uganda; South Tropical Africa: Angola; West Tropical Africa: Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone.
Field Infestation:
Vayssières et al. 2007:
Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa
Tephritid fruit fly-infested Telfairia occidentalis fruits were collected from untreated orchards in West Africa. Fruits were placed on mesh supports over sand. Tephritid fruit fly pupae, recovered through weekly sieving of the sand, were transferred to small hatching boxes lined with wet blotting paper and held for adult emergence. The average B. cucurbitae infestation level in T. occidentalis fruits in West Africa fell in the range of 1– 25 pupae /kg fruit.
Listing Only: De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ).
Family: Combretaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 36334
Common Names: almendro de la India (Spanish), amendoeira (Portuguese-Brazil), amendoeirada-Índia (Portuguese), badam ( India), badamier (French), chapéu-de-sol (Portuguese-Brazil), countryalmond (English), Indian-almond (English), indischer Mandelbaum (German), Katappenbaum (German), Malabar-almond (English), sea-almond (English), tropical-almond (English), tropisk mandel (Swedish).
Native: AFRICA – Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar; ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Guangdong, Yunnan; Eastern Asia: Taiwan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India; Indo- China: Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Northern Territory, Queensland; PACIFIC – Southwestern Pacific: Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu.
Naturalized: Widely naturalized in tropics.
Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics.
Field Infestation:
Harris et al. 2003:
Kalaupapa Peninsula, Island of Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A.
During 1991 to 1992, 209 T. catappa fruits (4.36 kg) were collected from the Kalaupapa peninsula and placed on sand in fruit holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly for recovery of tephritid fruit fly puparia. Recovered puparia were placed in glass jars and held until adult emergence. Two (2) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered, for an infestation rate of 0.0096 melon flies per fruit (0.46 melon flies/kg fruit).
Somta et al. 2010:
Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
A plastic mat was placed under a T. catappa tree in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand and all immature (green) and ripe/mature (yellow) T. catappa fruits that fell overnight were collected from the mat the following morning. This was repeated about every 3 weeks from December 2007 to December 2008. Fruits were placed on top of a mesh on top of heat sterilized sand. The sand was sieved weekly for 4 weeks with recovered pupariating larvae and pupae transferred to plastic cups and stored in air-conditioned rooms until adult emergence. Out of 318 green fruits and 1,667 yellow fruits collected, no B. cucurbitae pupae were recovered from green fruits and only 1 B. cucurbitae pupa was recovered from yellow fruits. The 1 pupa recovered came from 135 yellow fruits collected on 28 November 2008. The B. cucurbitae recovery amounted to only 0.013% of the total Bactrocera spp. pupae recovered over all collections. Listing Only: Cantrell et al. 1999; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Synonyms: Phytolacca javanica Osbeck
Tetrastigma lanceolarium Planch. , see Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb.
Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb.
Family: Vitaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 313885
Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India-Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tamil Nadu; Nepal, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia – Java, Malaysia, Malaya.
Field Infestation:
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 2 samples of Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (listed as Tetrastigma lanceolarium ). Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as Tetrastigma lanceolarium ; listed as a wild host); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Tetrastigma lanceolarium ); De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as Tetrastigma lanceolarium ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015 (listed as Tetrastigma lanceolarium ).
Synonyms: Cissus lanceolaria Roxb. , Cissus leucostaphyla Dennst. , Tetrastigma lanceolarium Planch.
Toxanthera Hook. f., see Kedrostis Medik.
Toxanthera natalensis Hook. f., see Kedrostis leloja (Forssk.) C. Jeffrey
Trichosanthes anguina L., see Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. anguina (L.) Haines
Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Voigt , see Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 40106
Common Names: annual gourd (English), snake gourd (English).
Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Yunnan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Myanmar, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia. Field Infestation:
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from six samples of T. cucumerina . Infestation rate data not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Amin et al. 2011:
Dinajpur, Bangladesh
From April through July 2009, T. cucumerina was grown in a randomized complete design with four other cucurbit species (four replicates) at the Entomology Farm Laboratory, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Fruits were observed for infestation by B. cucurbitae , and harvested at maturity stage. An average of about 35% of T. cucumerina fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae . Adult B. cucurbitae were also recovered from field-infested T. cucumerina fruits brought to the laboratory.
Chinajariyawong et al. 2000:
Thailand
Bactrocera cucurbitae was reared from one sample of T. cucumerina collected in Thailand. No infestation rate data given.
Hollingsworth et al. 2003:
Solomon Islands
From June 1994 to June 1998, both fallen and picked T. cucumerina fruits were collected from up to seven provinces of the Solomon Islands (Central, Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Isabel, Malaita, Temotu, Western). Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from 1 of 3 fallen samples (33.3%) and 2 of 26 picked samples (7.7%). Ninety-six (96) B. cucurbitae flies were recovered from 12 fallen fruits (4.85 kg) for overall infestation rates of 8.0 flies per fruit and 19.8 flies/kg fruit. Sixty-four (64) B. cucurbitae flies were recovered from 174 picked fruits (50.698 kg) for overall infestation rates of 0.37 flies per fruit and 1.26 flies/kg fruit.
Leblanc et al. 2012:
Solomon Islands
Trichosanthes cucumerina fruits were collected from 1994 to 1999 in the Solomon Islands and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 6 of 47 (12.8%) samples in the Solomon Islands.
Leblanc et al. 2013a:
Solomon Islands
Trichosanthes cucumerina fruits (335 fruits; 63.72 kg) were collected from 1994 to 1999 in the Solomon Islands and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 6 of 47 (12.8%) samples in the Solomon Islands with an overall infestation rate of 0.83 flies/kg fruit and 7.16 flies/kg infested fruit.
Stonehouse et al. 2007:
Thiruvananthapuram, State of Kerala, India
In a study comparing the effectiveness of protein bait spray applications for control of tephritid fruit fly infestation in T. cucumerina fruits at the farm level versus the village level (defined to be 1.0 km 2) in Thiruvananthapuram, India, between 3 and 12 harvests of T. cucumerina fruits were made in each of two years at farms with varying extent of bait spray application. Percentage infestation was determined based either on visual examination of fruit to detect oviposition or by rearing out adult flies in the laboratory. On two farms in Thiruvananthapuram where no bait spray was applied, an average of 32.4% of the fruits was infested. Infestation was primarily by B. cucurbitae , but accompanied in some cases by a minority of other species.
Tsuruta et al. 1997:
Sri Lanka
At least 66 B. cucurbitae adults were recovered from T. cucumerina fruits collected in Sri
Lanka. Bactrocera cucurbitae adults were recovered from an unspecified number of fruits collected from Marassana (7), Pelwehera (10), Nalanda (9), Tabbowa (14), Ambana (7), Katunayake (19), Thoduwawa (number not indicated), and Eraminigolla (number not indicated). No infestation rate data were given.
Vayssières and Carel 1999:
Réunion Island, France
Trichosanthes cucumerina fruits of a local variety were collected over the course of a year from up to 70 localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 77.6 (standard deviation = 37.7) adults per kg infested fruit. Interception Data:
Takeishi 1992:
Thailand
One B. cucurbitae -infested (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) T. cucumerina fruit was collected from an airline passenger at Narita Airport, Japan, who had arrived on a flight originating in Thailand. At the time of confiscation, the larvae-infested fruit was held in an individual container with sand at 20–28°C until adult emergence. Lab Infestation:
Akter et al. 2010:
In a laboratory host preference study conducted in Bangladesh during 2005 to 2006,
250 g Trichosanthes cucumerina , along with 250 g of each of five other vegetables ( Cucumis sativus , Cucurbita maxima , Momordica charantia , Solanum melongena , and S. lycopersicum var. lycopersicum ), were simultaneously exposed to one hundred (100) 15–20-day-old gravid female B. cucurbitae flies for 3 hours, then placed over saw dust. The saw dust was sieved to recover pupae which were transferred to Petri dishes and held until adult emergence. The trial was replicated five times. Recovery of B. cucurbitae pupae and adults averaged 312±62.51 pupae and 292±64.35, respectively (1,248 and 1,168 per kg fruit, respectively). The order of adult recovery (greatest to smallest) was: S. melongena > T. cucumerina > C. maxima > C. sativus > M. charantia > S. lycopersicum .
Amin et al. 2011:
Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and B. cucurbitae -infested T. cucumerina fruits were collected from a field at the Entomology Farm Laboratory, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, in Dinajpur, Bangladesh and held in jars in a laboratory at 25±2°C, 60±5% RH and a 12:12 (L:D) h photoperiod. Adult male and female B. cucurbitae that emerged were kept in the same jar and provided fresh T. cucumerina fruit for oviposition. Larvae, pupae and adults that emerged from these stock cultures were used for observation of B. cucurbitae life history parameters.
Saha et al. 2007:
The relative quality of seven different B. cucurbitae fruit hosts was assessed by comparing pupal recovery (in F 1 and F 2 generations) following exposure of 500 g of each fruit to 200 gravid B. cucurbitae adults (from laboratory-adapted stock culture) for 30 minutes. For T. cucumerina , 235 and 305 pupae (470 and 610 pupae /kg fruit) and 174 and 221 adults (348 and 441 adults per kg fruit) were recovered in the F 1 and F 2 generations, respectively. Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as wild snake gourd); CABI 2016; Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as both Trichosanthes cucumeria and as T. cucumerina ); EcoPort 2008; Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; Holbrook 1967; + Hollingsworth et al. 1996 (listed as snake gourd); Hollingsworth and Allwood 2000; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosantes cucumerina ); Leblanc 2000; Leblanc et al. 2013b; McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both cheechera and as T. cucumerina ); Oakley
1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Pacific Fruit Fly Web 2002; + Phillips 1946 (listed as snake gourd); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as being a very favorable host); + Renjhen 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as snake-gourd); Sookar and Khayratee 2000; Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); Vagalo et al. 1997; +Walker 2005 (listed as snake gourd); Walton 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson-Harris 1992; +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as snake gourd).
Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. anguina (L.) Haines Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : 310205 Common Names: club gourd (English), serpent-cucumber (English), serpent gourd (English), snake gourd (English), viper’s gourd (English). Cultivated: Only cultivated. Field Infestation:
Clarke et al. 2001:
Thailand
One hundred sixty-seven (167) (12.5 kg) infested T. cucumerina var. anguina fruits
(listed as T. anguina ) were collected in Bangkok, Thailand from 1986 to 1994. Infestation rates of 21.2 B. cucurbitae per infested fruit and 284.2 B. cucurbitae per kg infested fruit were observed. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by either R.A.I. Drew or D. L. Hancock.
Clausen et al. 1965:
Sri Lanka (referred to as Ceylon)
Bactrocera cucurbitae puparia (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) recovered from T. cucumerina var. anguina collections (listed as Trichosanthes anguina ) in Sri Lanka were shipped to Hawaii during August and September 1951.
Nagappan et al. 1971:
Coimbatore, State of Tamil Nadu, India
To test the effectiveness of different insecticides in reducing infestation of an extra long snakegourd variety ( Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina [listed as Trichsanthes anguina ]) by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), randomized treatments with four replicates were set up in Coimbatore and replicated in each of three seasons from 1967 to 1969. At each harvest, healthy fruits were separated from those infested by B. cucurbitae and percentage infestation calculated. Percentage infestation of snakegourd by B. cucurbitae in the Control treatment averaged 41.39% (averaged over all three field seasons).
Nath and Bhushan 2006:
Varanasi, State of Uttar Pradesh, India
Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina (listed as Trichosanthes anguina ) was sown,
with three replications, in Varanasi, India, the last week of March (summer season) and again the last week of June (rainy season) in both 2001 and 2002. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 7.3% (range: 6.0–8.6%) in the summer season and 25.7% (range: 25.3–26.1%) in the rainy season.
Srinivasan and Narayanaswamy 1962:
Coimbatore, State of Tamil Nadu, India
In an insecticide efficacy treatment experiment, T. cucumerina var. anguina plants
(listed as Trichosanthes anguina ) were grown 4 plants per trellis, with each trellis used for a different treatment. Forty-two (42) mature T. anguina fruits (6.99 kg) were collected from untreated control plants and assessed for infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Fifteen (15) T. anguina fruits (35.7%) were infested by B. cucurbitae . Lab Infestation:
Chelliah 1970:
Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was successfully reared from egg to adult emergence in the laboratory on fruits of T. cucumerina var. anguina (listed as Trichosanthes anguina ). Larval survival, based on 200 individuals reared in 20 replications, averaged 91.92%, with an average larval duration of 4.67 days.
Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as variety anguinea ; listed as a primary host); CABI 2016 (listed as Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguinea ; listed as a primary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Trichosanthes anguina ); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Trichosanthes anguina ); Doharey 1983 (listed as Trichosanthes anguina ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes anguina ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes anguina L.); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae : listed as Trichosantes anguina ); Mamet and Williams 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as T. anguina L.; listed as frequently injured); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes anguina L.); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as chachenda and as T. anguina L.); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as T. anguina ); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as T. anguina L.); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Pradhan 1977 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes anguina L.); Puttarudriah and Usman 1954 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as T. anguina ); Ramsamy 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as T. anguina L.); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes anguina ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes anguina ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as Trichosanthes anguina ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as Trichosanthes anguina ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes anguina ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes anguina ; insufficient data to justify regulation); Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes anguina L.); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes anguina L.).
Synonyms: Trichosanthes anguina L.
Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. , see Trichosanthes pilosa Lour.
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : 314328 Common Names: palwal ( India), parwal ( India), pointed gourd (English). Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan – Punjab; Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Myanmar. Field Infestation:
Barma et al. 2013:
State of West Bengal, India
In order to develop an equation that could be used to predict B. cucurbitae infestation in T. dioica fruits, T. dioica fruits were raised at the Central Research Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Gayeshpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India, over 3 years (2008–2010), and the percentage infestation and number of maggots per infested fruit recorded. Bactrocera cucurbitae infestation was found on T. dioica fruits from mid-April (not until early May in 2010) to mid-September, with the average number of B. cucurbitae larvae per fruit ranging from 0.0 to a maximum of 7.09 larvae per fruit in 2008. Maximum average infestation rate approached, but never reached 4.0 in 2009.
Bhowmik et al. 2014:
Nadia District, State of West Bengal, India
Trichosanthes dioica plants were grown, without pesticide application, at three sites in the Nadia District of West Bengal, India. Percentage infestation of T. dioica fruits by B. cucurbitae was determined every 2 weeks, by observation, in 2012 (April–June) and in 2013 (March–May) (nine sampling times each year). Infestation averaged 38.8% (range: 32.9–51.7%) and 39.1% (range: 23.8–58.9%) in 2012 and 2013, respectively.
Ghule and Jha 2014:
Kalyani, Nadia, State of West Bengal, India
In a study to assess the effect of weather parameters on the infestation of Trichosanthes dioica fruits by B. cucurbitae , T. dioica , local variety ‘Kajli,’ was planted in Kalyani, West Bengal during the 2010 to 2011 and 2011 to 2012 growing seasons. At 7-day intervals, the percentage of infested fruits was determined and the number of larvae counted in each infested fruit. During the 2010 to 2011 growing season, maximum larval density (15.1 larvae/fruit) was recorded during the first week of May (2011) and maximum percentage infestation (68.9%) was recorded during the third week of May (2011). During the 2011 to 2012 growing season, maximum larval density (16.9 larvae/fruit) was recorded during the third week of May (2012) and maximum percentage infestation (59.1%) was recorded during the last week of May (2012).
Lab Infestation:
Agarwal and Yazdani 1991:
One hundred (100) eggs, collected from adult B. cucurbitae flies (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) which emerged from field-infested Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. fruits (listed as Luffa cylindica ), were inserted in a triangular cut in a Trichosanthes dioica fruit (four replications) and held at 29.85±8.33°C and 61.72±22.05% RH. An average of 82% survived from larval stage to adult emergence.
Khan et al. 2011:
In a choice test, 50.0 g of T. doica fruits, along with 50.0 g of each of eight other natural hosts, were exposed for 20 minutes to 50 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. cucurbitae and 50 pairs of 15–20-dayold B. tau inside a small cage, after which fruit samples were removed and placed separately on sawdust inside a cloth-covered plastic bowl for pupation. The sawdust was sieved after 6 to 8 days to recover pupae (of both fly species) which were held for adult emergence. Out of a mean infestation of 92±4.63 pupae recovered (mixed infestation of B. cucurbitae and B. tau ), 75.0% (69.0) of the recovered pupae emerged as adult B. cucurbitae .
In a no-choice test, 50.0 g of T. dioica fruits, as well as 50.0 g of each of eight other natural hosts, were exposed for 20 minutes to 5 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. cucurbitae and 5 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. tau inside separate small cages, after which fruit samples were removed and placed separately on sawdust inside a cloth-covered plastic bowl for pupation. The sawdust was sieved after 6 to 8 days to recover pupae (of both fly species) which were held for adult emergence. Out of a mean infestation of 74±0.02 pupae recovered (mixed infestation of B. cucurbitae and B. tau ), 85.13% (63.0) of the recovered pupae emerged as adult B. cucurbitae .
Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; Dhillon et al. 2005a; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosantes dioica ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both parwal and as T. dioica Roxb. ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Pradhan 1977 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).
Trichosanthes himalensis C. B. Clarke , see Trichosanthes pilosa Lour.
Trichosanthes ovigera Blume , see Trichosanthes pilosa Lour.
Trichosanthes palmata Roxb. , see Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 470289
Common Names: snake gourd (English).
Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang; Eastern Asia: Japan – Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku; Taiwan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, India, Nepal; Indo-China: Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia – Celebes, Irian Jaya, Java, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, Sumatra; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines – Luzon, Mindano; Singapore; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia; PACIFIC – Southwestern Pacific: Solomon Islands.
Field Infestation:
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 1 sample of T. pilosa
(listed as Trichosanthes ovigera ). Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Clarke et al. 2001:
Thailand
Fifty-five (55) (4.53 kg) infested T. pilosa fruits (listed as Trichosanthes ovigera ) were collected in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 1986 to 1994. Infestation rates of 3.6 B. cucurbitae per infested fruit and 44.4 B. cucurbitae per kg infested fruits were observed. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by either R.A.I. Drew or D.L. Hancock.
McQuate and Teruya 2015:
Southwestern Islands of Japan
Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 18,626 T. pilosa fruits (listed as T. ovigera ) were collected (154 collections overall) from five islands/island groups (Amami, Kume, Miyako, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 2,739 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 17.7%. Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as Trichosanthes ovigera ; listed as a wild host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Trichosanthes ovigera ); De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as Trichosanthes ovigera ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroiodes ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015 (listed as Trichosanthes ovigera ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes cucumeroides ; insufficient data to justify regulation). Synonyms: Bryonia cucumeroides Ser. , Trichosanthes cucumeroides (Ser.) Maxim. , Trichosanthes himalensis C. B. Clarke , Trichosanthes ovigera Blume
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 300609
Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Nath et al. 1976; USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as Trichosanthis spp.); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as Trichosanthis spp.).
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : 319706 Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Guizhou; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent:
Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam;
Malesia: Indonesia – Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, Sumatra, Malaysia, Malaya, Philippines. Field Infestation: Allwood et al. 1999: Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 7 samples of T. tricuspidata . Infestation rate data not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Kittayapong et al. 2000:
Thailand
Trichosanthes tricuspidata flowers were collected throughout Thailand within the time period of October 1995 through December 1998. Collections were placed over sawdust in a ventilated plastic container and brought back to the laboratory at Mahidol University in Bangkok. Both B. cucurbitae and B. tau were recovered from T. tricuspidata flowers. Total number of flowers collected and infestation rate data were not given.
McQuate and Teruya 2015:
Southwestern Islands of Japan
Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 469 T. tricuspidata fruits were collected (26 collections overall) from three islands/island groups (Amami, Kume, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 13 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 1.87%. Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host); Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes palmata ); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Trichosanthes palmata ). Synonyms: Modecca bracteata Lam. , Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Voigt , Trichosanthes palmata Roxb.
Trichosanthes wallichiana (Ser.) Wight
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: There is no listing in GRIN for this species; naming authority taken from The Plant List.
Field Infestation:
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 1 sample of T. wallichiana . Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host); Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015.
Trichosanthes wawraei Cogn. Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : No listing in GRIN for this sp.; naming authority taken from The Plant List. Field Infestation:
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 20 samples of T. wawraei . Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Clarke et al. 2001:
Thailand
One thousand twenty-three (1,023) (8.89 kg) infested T. wawraei fruits were collected in Bangkok, Thailand between 1986 and 1994. Infestation rates of 0.36 B. cucurbitae per infested fruit and 40.9 B. cucurbitae per kg infested fruits were observed. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by either R.A.I. Drew or D. L. Hancock. Listing Only: Cantrell et al. 1999; CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host); De Meyer et al. 2014; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015.
Triphasia aurantiola Lour. , see Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson
Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson
Family: Rutaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 40476
Common Names: limeberry (English), limeberry (Swedish), trifoliate limeberry ( India), triphasia ( India).
Naturalized: Widely naturalized.
Cultivated: Widely cultivated.
Native: South East Asia.
Field Infestation:
Nakagawa et al. 1968:
Island of Rota, Mariana Islands
Between 1959 and 1963, 13,729 T. trifolia fruits, from 29 collections, were collected in Rota, Marianas Islands, and placed over sand in holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly to recover tephritid fruit fly larvae and pupae. Recovered larvae and pupae were held in glass cups covered with glass coverslips until adult emergence and species identification. Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and/or B. dorsalis (listed as Dacus dorsalis ) were recovered in 13 out of 29 collections (44.8%). Seven (7) adult B. cucurbitae and 49 adult B. dorsalis emerged from 96 pupae recovered.
Listing Only: Hollingsworth et al. 1996; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Triphasia tufolia ); White and Elson-Harris 1992.
Synonyms: Limonia trifolia Burm. f., Limonia trifoliata L., Triphasia aurantiola Lour. , Triphasia trifoliata DC.
Triphasia trifoliata DC. , see Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson
Turia leloja Forssk. , see Kedrostis leloja (Forssk.) C. Jeffrey
Vaccinium atlanticum E. P. Bicknell , see Vaccinium corymbosum L.
Vaccinium constablaei A. Gray , see Vaccinium corymbosum L.
Family: Ericaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 41002
Common Names: airelle d’Amérique (French), American blueberry (English), amerikanskt blåbär (Swedish), amerikanische Blueberry (German), arándano americano (Spanish), blueberry (English), bluet en corymbe (French), highbush blueberry (English), swamp blueberry (English).
Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Eastern Canada: Canada – New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec ; Northeastern U.S.A.: United States – Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia ; North-Central U.S.A.: United States – Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, Wisconsin ; Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia ; South-Central U.S.A.: United States – Texas .
Naturalized: ASIA-TEMPERATE – Eastern Asia: Japan; AUSTRALASIA – New Zealand: New Zealand; EUROPE – Northern Europe: United Kingdom; Middle Europe: Netherlands; NORTHERN AMERICA – Western Canada: Canada – British Columbia; Northwestern U.S.A.: United States – Washington.
Cultivated: also cultivated.
Lab Infestation:
Follett et al. 2009:
Fifty (50) V. corymbosum cv. “Bluecrop” fruits (average of 79.9 g), force-infested by 50
gravid female B. cucurbitae in an outdoor screen cage for 6 hours (twelve replicates), yielded an average (±standard error) of 7.2 (±3.8) puparia, equivalent to 90 (±40) pupae/kg fruit, with 12.7 (±7.6)% adult emergence from the puparia. In another experiment, fifty (50) V. corymbosum cv. “Berkeley” fruits (average of 67.6 g), force-infested by 50 gravid female B. cucurbitae in an outdoor screen cage for 6 hours (eight replicates), yielded no puparia.
Follett et al. 2011:
Fruit of 11 southern highbush blueberry cultivars ( V. corymbosum ) grown at Mealani
Experiment Station (University of Hawaii, Waimea, Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, U.S.A.) were harvested during a 14-week period from August to December 2009 as ripe fruit became available. Tests used laboratory B. cucurbitae flies obtained from colonies maintained at the USDA-ARS laboratory in Honolulu, HI. For each cultivar, 50 fruits (average weight 74.9 g) were spread out in a single layer and exposed to 50 gravid females in outdoor screen cages for 6 hours, then held for recovery of puparia and adult emergence (but only 30 fruits and 30 flies for the ‘Legacy’ cultivar and 36 fruits and 36 flies for the ‘Sunshine Blue’ cultivar). There were four replicates for each cultivar except for cultivars ‘Legacy’ and ‘Sunshine Blue’ for which there were only two replicates. Puparia were recovered from seven of the cultivars (‘Sapphire’, ‘Windsor’, ‘Jubilee’, ‘Biloxi’, ‘Jewel’, ‘Sharpblue’, and ‘Emerald’) averaging 1.9 puparia per trial (range 0.25 [‘Emerald’] - 7.0 [‘Sapphire’]), or 27.1 puparia/kg fruit (range 2.0 [‘Emerald’] - 112.0 [‘Sapphire’]), from which there was an average of 93.27% adult emergence. No puparia were recovered from four of the cultivars: ‘Blue Crisp’, ‘Legacy’, ‘Misty’, and ‘Sunshine Blue.’ Synonyms: Vaccinium atlanticum E. P. Bicknell , Vaccinium constablaei A. Gray
Vahea senegalensis A. DC. , see Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon
Viciaceae Oken , see Fabaceae Lindl. , nom. cons.
Vigna capensis (L.) Walp., see Vigna spp.
Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper var. mungo
Family: Fabaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 41621
Common Names: ambérique (French), black gram (English), fagiolo urd (Italian), feijão-da-China (Portuguese), frijol mungo (Spanish) , haricot mungo (French), mash ( India), mash kalai ( India), moong ( India), urd-bean (English), Urdbohne (German), urdböna (Swedish).
Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics.
Origin: probable origin India.
Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as Phaseolus mungo ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; Phaseolus mungo [synonym of Vigna mungo var. mungo ] listed as being the same species as Vigna mungo ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Phaseolus mungo ; insufficient data to justify regulation).
Synonyms: Phaseolus mungo L., Phaseolus viridissimus Ten. ex Miq. , nom. inval.
Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata
Family: Fabaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 312026
Common Names: ambérique (French), fagiolo mungo (Italian) , frijol mungo (Spanish) , golden gram (English), green gram (English), haricot doré (French), haricot mungo (French), judía mung (Spanish), mung-bean (English), Mungbohne (German), mungböna (Swedish), nogdu (transcribed Korean).
Cultivated: widely cultivated, especially in tropics.
Origin: origin Asia.
Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Phaseolus radiatus ); Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Phaseolus radiatus L.); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Phaseolus radiatus ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Phaseolus radiatus ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Phaseolus radiatus ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Phaseolus radiatus ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Phaseolus radiatus ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Phaseolus radiatus ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Phaseolus radiatus ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as both mung bean and as Phaseolus vulgaris ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as both mung bean and as Phaseolus vulgaris ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna radiata ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as Vigna radiata ; authors state “requires confirmation”).
Synonyms: Phaseolus aureus Roxb. , Phaseolus radiatus L.
Vigna sesquipedalis (L.) Fruwirth, see Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Sesquipedalis Group
Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hassk., see Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Unguiculata Group
Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hassk. subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Van Eselt., see Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Sesquipedalis Group
Family: Fabaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 300673
Interception Data:
PestID 2016:
Guam
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Vigna sp. seeds, originating in Guam, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on one occasion in 1993. Recovery was two live larvae.
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Vigna sp. pod/seeds, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) in 2007. Recovery was three live larvae.
Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as “heavily or generally infested”); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host).
Synonyms: Phaseolus pulchellus Piper , Phaseolus scaberulus Miq. , Vigna capensis (L.) Walp.
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.
Family: Fabaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 41647
Common Names: chiclayo (Spanish), cowpea (English), dolique de Chine (French), dongbu (transcribed Korean), ögonböna (Swedish), Reeve’s pea (English), snake-bean (English).
Native: AFRICA – Africa.
Cultivated: Cultivated worldwide.
Field Infestation:
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 38 samples of Vigna unguiculata . Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
+ Back and Pemberton 1917:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Vigna unguiculata (listed as cowpea) is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . Only the pods are affected (not the vine). The authors reported removing as many as 37 larvae from a single pod.
+ Back and Pemberton 1918:
Hawaii, U.S.A.
Vigna unguiculata (listed as cowpea) is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . Only the pods are affected (not the vine). The authors reported removing as many as 37 larvae from a single pod.
+ Mathew et al. 1999:
Vellanikkara, State of Kerala, India
Maggots were observed in the pods of V. unguiculata (listed as cowpea) in the vegetable fields of Kerala Horticulture Development Programme, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara. The maggots were reared and adult B. cucurbitae emerged. No infestation rate was reported.
Tan and Lee 1982:
Penang Island, Malaysia
Infested V. unguiculata fruits were randomly collected on Penang Island. Fruits were held over moist sterilized sand in fine wire mesh-covered plastic containers until pupation. Pupae were transferred and held at 27-29°C (80±5% RH) until adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from infested V. unguiculata fruits. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate were not given. Interception Data:
Takeishi 1992:
Thailand
Nine (9) B. cucurbitae -infested (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) V. unguiculata fruits were collected from airline passengers at Narita Airport, Japan, who had arrived on a flight(s) originating in Thailand. At the time of confiscation, all larvae-infested fruits were held in individual containers with sand at 20–28°C until adult emergence. Infestation rate data were not given. Listing Only: + Australian Quarantine Service, Commonwealth Department of Primary Industry 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cowpea); + Back and Pemberton 1914 (listed as cowpea); + Bateman 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as snake bean); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; Dhillon et al. 2005a; + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as cowpea); + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cowpea); Hollingsworth et al. 1996; Hollingsworth and Allwood 2000; Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Lall 1975 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cowpess); +Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cowpea); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as cowpea); Pacific Fruit Fly Web 2002; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); +USDA-ARS 1959 (listed as cowpeas; listed as a preferred host); Walker 2005; +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cowpea; listed as a preferred host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cowpea; listed as a preferred host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as cowpea; listed as a preferred host); White and Elson-Harris 1992.
Vigna unguiculata (L.) subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc., see Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Sesquipedalis Group
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Sesquipedalis Group
Family: Fabaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 467841
Cultivated: AFRICA – Africa; ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China; Eastern Asia: Taiwan; ASIA- TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, India; Indo-China: Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines; EUROPE – Europe; NORTHERN AMERICA – United States; also cultivated elsewhere.
Field Infestation:
+ Mathew et al. 1999:
Vellanikkara, State of Kerala, India
Maggots were observed in the pods of V. unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, Sesquipedalis Group (listed as yard-long bean), in the vegetable fields of Kerala Horticulture Development Programme, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara. The maggots were reared and adult B. cucurbitae emerged. No infestation rate was reported.
Listing Only: Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis ); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Vigna sesquipedalis ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Vigna sesquipedalis ; listed as “heavily or generally infested”); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sesquipedalis ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sesquipedalis [Koern.] Wight); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sesquipedalis ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sesquipedalis ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sesquipedalis ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sesquipedalis ; listed as a preferred host); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as long bean).
Synonyms: Dolichos sesquipedalis L., Vigna sesquipedalis (L.) Fruwirth, Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hassk. subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Van Eselt., Vigna unguiculata (L.) subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Unguiculata Group
Family: Fabaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 300675
Common Names: Augenbohne (German), black-eyed-pea (English), costeño (Spanish), cowpea (English), crowder-pea (English), fagiolino dall’occhio (Italian), frijol de costa (Spanish), haricot indigene (French), jiang dou (transcribed Chinese), niébé (French), pois à vaches (French), rabiza (Spanish), sasage (Japanese Rōmaji), southern-pea (English), vigna cinese (Italian).
Cultivated: AFRICA – Africa; widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics.
Field Infestation:
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 8 samples of Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (Unguiculata group) (listed as Vigna sinensis ). Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Vigna sinensis ); Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis [L.] Savi.); De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as Vigna sinensis ); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Vigna sinensis ); Hardy and Adachi 1956 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Vigna sinensis , listed as “occasionally infested”); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis [L.] Savi; listed as occasionally injured); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis ); Phillips 1946 (listed as Vigna sinensis ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Ponce 1937 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis ; listed as a preferred host); Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis Savi. ); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vigna sinensis Savi. ).
Synonyms: Dolichos sinensis L., Dolichos unguiculata L., Phaseolus unguiculata (L.) Piper, Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hassk.
Vitis capensis Burm. f., see Vitis spp.
Vitis reticulata Gagnep. , see Vitis spp.
Family: Vitaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 300680
Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Vitis trifolia with common name “grape” and Spanish name “uva”– the ascribed common names suggest that Cayratia trifolia was not intended); + Capinera 2001 (listed as grape); + Kapoor 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as grape); + Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vitis trifolia L. with common name “grapes” – the ascribed common name suggests that Cayratia trifolia was not intended).
Synonyms: Vitis capensis Burm. f., Vitis reticulata Gagnep. , Vitis titanea ined.
Vitis titanea ined., see Vitis spp.
Vitis trifolia L., see Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin
Family: Vitaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 41905
Common Names: common grapevine (English), echter Weinstock (German), European grape (English), grape (English), grapevine (English), podo (transcribed Korean), Rebe (German), uva (Portuguese- Brazil), videira (Portuguese-Brazil), vin (Swedish).
Native: AFRICA – Northern Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Western Asia: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Syria, Turkey; Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation –Ciscaucasia, Dagestan; Middle Asia: Turkmenistan; EUROPE – Middle Europe: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland; East Europe: Moldova, Ukraine, Krym; Southeastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Former Yugoslavia, Greece; Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Romania; Southwestern Europe: France, Corsica.
Cultivated: Cultivated worldwide in temperate areas.
Listing Only: Hill 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Hill 2008; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).
Family: Canellaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 455922
Common Names: befti (Unknown), East African greenbark (English), masuko (Africa-Uganda), muthiga (Unknown-Africa), ol-msogoni (Unknown-Africa), pepper-bark-tree (English).
Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia; East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; West-Central Tropical Africa: Zaire; South Tropical Africa: Malawi.
Listing Only: De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Munro 1984 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ).
Zea mays L. Family: Poaceae Grin Nomen Number : 42207 Common Names: Indian corn (English), maize (English). Native : NORTHERN AMERICA – Northern Mexico: Chihuahua, Durango ; Southern Mexico: Guanajuato, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan ; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Central America : Guatemala. Cultivated: also cultivated. Listing Only: Dhillon et al. 2005a .
Zehneria erythrocarpa F. Muell. , see Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey
Zehneria liukiuensis (Nakai) C.Jeffrey ex E. Walker , see Zehneria mucronata (Blume) Miq.
Zehneria mucronata (Blume) Miq.
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Grin Nomen Number: 459623
Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Malesia: Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), New Guinea, Philippines; AUS- TRALASIA – Australia (Queensland).
Field Infestation:
McQuate and Teruya 2015:
Southwestern Islands of Japan
Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 66,980 Zehneria mucronata fruits (listed as Zehneria liukiuensis [Nakai] Jeffrey ex Walker) were collected (115 collections overall) from three islands/island groups (Amami, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identifi- cation. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 651 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 1.39%.
Iwaizumi 1993:
Southern Okinawa Island, Japan
Zehneria mucronata fruits (listed as Melothria liukiuensis ; The Plant List indicates that this is a synonym of Zehneria mucronata ) were collected monthly in the southern part of Okinawa Island in January, February, April, May, November and December, 1987 and January and February, 1988, and held on sand in plastic containers until adult fly emergence. Out of 7,032 fruits collected, 524 were infested by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), with an average monthly infestation rate of 13.5% (range: 0.0–61.1%). Listing Only: Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Melothria liukiuensis ). Synonyms: Bryonia mucronata Blume , Melothria mucronata Cogn. (listed by GRIN); Melothria kelungensis (Hayata) Hayata ex Makino and Nemoto , Melothria liukiuensis Nakai , Pilogyne mucronata (Blume) W. J. de Wilde and Duyfjes , Zehneria kelungensis , Zehneria liukiuensis (Nakai) E. Walker (these last five plus the first two above all listed by the Plant List).
Zehneria wallichii (C.B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : 466509 Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Yunnan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indo-China: Myanmar, Thailand. Field Infestation:
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 7 samples of Z. wallichii (listed as Melothria wallichii ). Infestation rate data not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Chinajariyawong et al. 2000:
Thailand
Bactrocera cucurbitae was reared from 1 sample of Zehneria wallichii (listed as Melothria wallichii ) collected in Thailand. No infestation rate data given.
Clarke et al. 2001:
Thailand
Two hundred thirty-two (232) (1.54 kg) of infested Z. wallichii fruits (listed as Melothria wallichii ) were collected in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 1986 to 1994. Infestation rates of 0.80 B. cucurbitae per infested fruit and 120.5 B. cucurbitae per kg infested fruits were observed. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by either R.A.I. Drew or D. L. Hancock. Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as Melothria wallichii ; listed as a wild host); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Melothria wallichii ); De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as Melothria wallichii ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015 (listed as Melothria wallichii ). Synonyms: Melothria wallichii C. B. Clarke , Neoachmandra wallichii (C. B. Clarke) W. J. de Wilde and Duyfjes
Family: Rhamnaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 42282
Common Names: açofeifeira (Portuguese), azufaifo (Spanish), Brustbeerbaum (German), Chinesedate (English), Chinese jujube (English), chinesische Dattel (German), common jujube (English), jujube
(English), Jujube (German), jujubier commun (French), kinesisk jujube (Swedish), natsume (Japanese Rōmaji), zao (transcribed Chinese).
Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Nei Monggol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Cultivated: AFRICA – Africa; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Western Asia: Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq; China: China; Eastern Asia: Japan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India, Pakistan; EUROPE – Europe; NORTHERN AMERICA – North America; SOUTHERN AMERICA – South America.
Field Infestation:
Allwood et al. 1999:
Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India
From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 2 samples of Z. jujuba . Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.
Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation).
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. jujuba
Family: Rhamnaceae
Grin Nomen Number : 461560
Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Cultivated: AFRICA – Africa; ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China; EUROPE – Europe; NORTH- ERN AMERICA – North America; SOUTHERN AMERICA – South America.
Common Names: moetdaechunamu (transcribed Korean), zao (transcribed Chinese).
Listing Only: Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Ziziphus sativa ).
Synonyms: Rhamnus zizyphus L., Ziziphus sativa Gaertn. , Ziziphus vulgaris Lam. , Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) H. Karst.
Ziziphus sativa Gaertn. , see Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. jujuba
Ziziphus vulgaris Lam. , see Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. jujuba
Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) H. Karst. see Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. jujube Mill.
| W |
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien |
| L |
Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University branch |
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