Physoderes fuliginosa ( Stål, 1870 )

Hwang, Wei Song & Weirauch, Christiane, 2017, Uncovering hidden diversity: phylogeny and taxonomy of Physoderinae (Reduviidae, Heteroptera), with emphasis on Physoderes Westwood in the Oriental and Australasian regions, European Journal of Taxonomy 341, pp. 1-118 : 82-86

Physoderes fuliginosa ( Stål, 1870)

Figs 8 , 13–14 , 17 , 19 ; Appendix

Epirodera fuliginosa Stål, 1870: 693 .

Physoderes fuliginosa – Maldonado 1990: 380.

Diagnosis

This species is recognized among species of Physoderes by the elongate head, the scape reaching the apex of the clypeus, the hemispherical eye that is not distinctly protruding, the acute and diverging anterolateral projection of the anterior pronotal lobe, the anterior pronotal lobe being wider than the posterior lobe, the rounded parascutellar lobe, the slender and straw-colored scutellar process, the pygophore apical margin of the posterior opening having a short medial process and the phallosoma lacking flaplike prolongations. This species is most similar to P. minime sp. nov., but can be differentiated from it by the larger size, darker coloration, the hemelytron close to or attaining the tip of the abdomen, the presence of an apical median process on the posterior opening of the pygophore, and the lack of flap-like prolongations of the phallosoma.

Material examined

Holotype

PHILIPPINES: ♀, specimen image made available by T. Ishikawa, label information not examined here ( NHRS).

Other material

INDONESIA: Borneo: 2 ♂♂, 1.10611° S, 114.14388° E, no date provided, Muller leg. ( UCR _ENT 00024015, UCR _ENT 00024016) ( RMNH). – Maluku: 2 ♂♂, Buru Island, 3.3925° S, 126.78194° E, 1903, collector unknown ( UCR _ENT 00069252, UCR _ENT 00069253) ( BMNH). – Sulawesi: 1 ♀, Gorontalo, 0.5525° N, 123.06555° E, no date provided, A. Forsten leg. ( UCR _ENT 00024018) ( RMNH). – Tidore Island: 1 ♂, Kampung Guaepaji, 0.67333° N, 127.31166° E, 5–10 Jul. 1981, A.C. Messer leg. ( UCR _ENT 00031353) ( USNM).

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 ♀, Manus Province, Manus Island, 2.09388° S, 146.87583° E, no date provided, collector unknown ( UCR _ENT 00069225) ( BMNH).

PHILIPPINES: Basilan: 1 ♂, Basilan Island, 6.69277° N, 122.02305° E, no date provided, collector unknown ( UCR _ENT 00069249) ( BMNH). – Bukidnon: 29 ♀♀, Tangcolan, 7.97611° N, 125.02583° E, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ENT 00030985– UCR _ENT 00030999, UCR_ENT 00031313, UCR_ ENT 00031354– UCR _ENT 00031366) ( USNM); 37 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding ( UCR _ENT 00031278– UCR _ENT 00031312, UCR_ENT 00031314, UCR _ENT 00031435) ( USNM). – Leyte: 2 ♂♂, Biliran Island, 11.26722° N, 124.64833° E, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ENT 00031347, UCR _ENT 00031348) ( USNM); 1 ♀, 11.11388° N, 124.7375° E, 5 Jan. 1915, G. Bottcher leg. ( UCR _ ENT 00069223) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 3 May 1915 ( UCR _ENT 00069247) ( BMNH).–Luzon: 1♂,CamarinesSur,MtIsarog,SLuzon, 13.65916°N, 123.37333°E, 1219m, 13Apr.1916, G. Bottcher leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069243) ( BMNH); 1 ♀, Laguna, Mt Makiling, 14.13° N, 121.2° E, 1 May 1931,collectorunknown( UCR _ENT00046632)( CAS); 1♂,LagunaCounty,LosBanos,NLuzon, 14.17°N, 121.24416° E, 23 Dec. 1914, G. Bottcher leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069234) ( BMNH); 1 ♀, Mt Makiling, 14.13333° N, 121.2° E, 244 m, 5 May 1932, F.C. Hadden leg. ( UCR _ENT 00046631) ( CAS); 1 ♀, Paete, Laguna, 14.3675° N, 121.52972° E, no date provided, W. Schultze leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069224) ( BMNH); 4 ♂♂, Balbalan, N Luzon, 16.98916° N, 121.12111° E, 1219 m, 30 Jan. 1917, G. Bottcher leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069200, UCR _ENT 00069201, UCR_ENT 00069238, UCR _ENT 00069239) ( BMNH); 5 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding but Mar. 1918 ( UCR _ENT 00069202, UCR _ENT 00069203, UCR_ENT 00069235– UCR _ENT 00069237) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 2 Jul. 1917 ( UCR _ENT 00069204) ( BMNH); 2 ♂♂, Imugan, N Luzon, 16.16166° N, 120.93888° E, 1219 m, May 1917, G. Bottcher leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069205, UCR _ENT 00069206) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 30 Jun. 1917 ( UCR _ENT 00069207) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 25 Jun. 1917 ( UCR _ENT 00069240) ( BMNH); 1 ♀, Irisan, 16.42111° N, 120.56888° E, no date provided, Benguet and McGregor leg. ( UCR _ENT 00031351) ( USNM); 6 ♂♂, Mt Banahao, 14.0675° N, 121.4925° E, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ENT 00031341– UCR _ ENT 00031346) ( USNM); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding ( UCR _ENT 00031386) ( USNM); 1 ♂, Mt Banahao, N Luzon, 14.0675° N, 121.4925° E, 610 m, 21 Jun. 1914, G. Bottcher leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069198) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 29 Apr. 1914 ( UCR _ENT 00069197) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 10 Jun. 1914 ( UCR _ENT 00069199) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 17 Apr. 1914 ( UCR _ENT 00069232) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 18 Aug. 1914 ( UCR _ENT 00069195) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 23 Jun. 1914 ( UCR _ENT 00069233) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 1 May 1914 ( UCR _ENT 00069196) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, Mt. Bulusan, S Luzon, 12.76916° N, 124.05666° E, 610 m, Sep. 1917, G. Bottcher leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069242) ( BMNH); 1 ♀, Mt Maquiling, 14.12444° N, 121.22555° E, 18 Jul. 1936, R.L. Usinger leg. ( UCR _ENT 00046646) ( CAS); 1 juv., Santo Tomas, 14.08694° N, 121.19444° E, 1924, collector unknown ( UCR _ENT 00031390) ( USNM); 3 ♀♀, Nueva Vizcaya, Imugin, 16.16138° N, 120.93972° E, 589 m, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ ENT 00031323, UCR _ENT 00031329, UCR _ENT 00031387); 6 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding ( UCR _ENT 00031324– UCR _ENT 00031328, UCR _ENT 00031330) ( USNM). – Mindanao: 8 ♂♂, Butuan, 8.9475° N, 125.54055° E, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ENT 00031315– UCR _ENT 00031322); 6 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding ( UCR _ENT 00031367– UCR _ENT 00031371, UCR _ENT 00026006) ( USNM); 1 ♂, Galog River, Mt Apo, 6.98555° N, 125.25972° E, 1829 m, no date provided, C.F. Clagg leg. ( UCR _ENT 00068947) ( AMNH); 1 ♂, Iligan, 8.22805° N, 124.24527° E, no date provided, collector unknown ( UCR _ENT 00069241) ( BMNH); 2 ♂♂, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ENT 00031349, UCR _ENT 00031350) ( USNM); 1 ♂, Mamungan, N Mindanao, 8.11722° N, 124.21861° E, 1272 m, 18 Feb. 1915, G. Bottcher leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069227) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 3 Mar. 1915 ( UCR _ENT 00069228) ( BMNH); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding but 22 Feb. 1915 ( UCR _ENT 00069216) ( BMNH); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding but 19 Feb. 1915 ( UCR _ENT 00069217) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding ( UCR _ ENT 00069226) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, Momungan, N Mindanao, 19 Feb. 1915, G. Bottcher leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069209) ( BMNH); 4 ♂♂, Surigao del Norte, 9.67139° N, 125.52861° E, 130 m, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ENT 00031331– UCR _ENT 00031334); 6 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding ( UCR _ENT 00031335, UCR _ENT 00031372– UCR _ENT 00031376) ( USNM); 1 ♂, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ENT 00031436) ( USNM); 1 ♂, Surigao, N Mindanao, 9.67138° N, 125.52888° E, 130 m, 20 Oct. 1915, G. Bottcher leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069231) ( BMNH); 1 ♂, same collection data as preceding but 1 Nov. 1915 ( UCR _ENT 00069230) ( BMNH); 2 ♂♂, same collection data as preceding but 13 Nov.1915 ( UCR _ENT00069208, UCR _ENT00069229)( BMNH); 1♂, Misamis Oriental, Hindangon, 20 km S of Gingoog, 7.81361° N, 124.96888° E, 600 m, 9–18 Apr. 1960, H.M. Torrevillas leg. ( UCR _ ENT 00073628) ( BPBM); 1 ♀, no date provided, collector unknown ( UCR _ENT 00069222) ( BMNH); 1 ♀, no date provided, collector unknown ( UCR _ENT 00069220) ( BMNH). – Sulu Province: 1 ♂, Siasi Island, Siasi, 5.53388° N, 120.86138° E, 300 m, 26 Aug. 1958, H.E. Milliron leg. ( UCR _ENT 00073627) ( BPBM). – Mindoro: 2 ♂♂, Abra de Llog, 13.45° N, 120.73333° E, 9 m, no date provided, W. Schultze leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069211, UCR _ENT 00069248) ( BMNH); 1 ♀, 13.12888° N, 121.06611° E, 112 m, no date provided, S. Theodoro leg. ( UCR _ENT 00014053) ( RMNH); 1 ♂, Occidental Mindoro, San Jose, 12.35361° N, 121.06666° E, 30 Jan. 1945, E.S. Ross leg. ( UCR _ENT 00046630) ( CAS). – Negros: 1 ♀, Negros Oriental, Mt Talinas (Mt Talinis), 9.24416° N, 123.1775° E, 1020 m, 28 Jun. 1958, H.E. Milliron leg. ( UCR _ENT 00073626) ( BPBM). – Polillo: 1 ♂, Polillo Island, 14.77555° N, 121.92194° E, 54 m, no date provided, collector unknown ( UCR _ENT 00024017) ( RMNH); 2 ♂♂, no date provided, W.Schultze leg.( UCR _ENT00069212, UCR _ENT00069213)( BMNH); 1♀,Polillo Island, 14.71805°N, 121.94583° E, 27 m, no date provided, collector unknown ( UCR _ENT 00069219) ( BMNH). – Romblon: 3 ♂♂, Sibuyan Island, 12.4125° N, 122.55888° E, 1529 m, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ENT 00031338– UCR _ENT 00031340); 5 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding ( UCR _ENT 00031381– UCR _ENT 00031385) ( USNM). – Samar: 5 ♂♂, Borongan, 11.60777° N, 125.43277° E, 19 m, no date provided, W. Schultze leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069214, UCR _ENT 00069215, UCR_ENT 00069244– UCR _ ENT 00069246) ( BMNH); 2 ♂♂, 12.005° N, 124.77416° E, 37 m, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ ENT 00031336, UCR _ENT 00031337) ( USNM); 4 ♀♀, same collection data as preceding ( UCR _ENT 00031377– UCR _ENT 00031380) ( USNM). – Siargao: 1 ♂, 9.84805° N, 126.04583° E, 57 m, no date provided, collector unknown ( UCR _ENT 00069251) ( BMNH). – Panay: 1 ♀, NW Panay, 11.32083° N, 122.53722° E, 180 m, no date provided, Baker leg. ( UCR _ENT 00031388) ( USNM). – 1 ♂, Philippine Islands, 12.82027° N, 121.79694° E, 1912, J.J. Mounsey leg. ( UCR _ENT 00069210) ( BMNH); 1 ♀, same collection data as preceding ( UCR _ENT 00069218) ( BMNH).

SOLOMON ISLANDS: 1 ♀, Guadalcanal, Guadalcanal Lavoro, 9.57722° S, 160.14555° E, 18 Feb. 1934, H.T. Pagden leg. ( UCR _ENT 00046633) ( CAS).

Redescription

Male

BODY LENGTH. Medium, total length 10.47 mm, SD ± 0.54 (Appendix).

COLORATION ( Figs 14 , 17 ). Dark brown. Head dark brown. Scape and pedicel of antenna light brown and brown, basiflagellomere brown, distiflagellomere basally brown, apically straw-colored. First segment of labium brown, second segment basally and apically brown, medially straw-colored, third segment brown. Pronotum of thorax dark brown with light brown markings, scutellum basally dark brown with scutellar process straw-colored, pleuron straw-colored with brown and dark brown patterns, sternum dark brown with brown suffusion. Corium of hemelytron brown to dark brown, membrane dark brown. Femur and tibia of legs straw-colored with medial and apical brown annulations, tarsus and claw light brown. Abdomen dorsally yellowish-orange, ventrally straw-colored with sub-lateral dark brown patterns, anterior half of connexivum dark brown, posterior half straw-colored, exposed part of pygophore brown.

VESTITURE. Sparsely setose. Head with widespread curved setae, ventral surface of postocular lobe with sparse, setigerous tubercles, with pair of long, straight setae on postocular lobe posterior to ocelli. Anterior lobe of thorax with irregular row of tuberculated, short, curved setae on lateral margins and short, setigerous tubercles dispersed on dorsal surface, posterior lobe with short, curved setae on humeral angle and sparsely distributed along dorsal surface. Corium of hemelytron with short, curved setae. Legs with two rows of spines and setigerous tubercles, tibia with regular rows of tuberculated, stout, sharp setae. Connexival margin of abdomen with no prominent setae.

HEAD. Elongate conical; maxillary plate rounded apically; scape reaching apex of clypeus; eye hemispherical in dorsal view, less than 1/5 length of head.

THORAX. Antero-lateral paired projections acute, diverging; surface of anterior lobe with low ridges; median pronotal depression not contiguous with transverse sulcus; paramedian carina weakly defined; anterior pronotal lobe longer and wider than posterior lobe, higher than posterior lobe in lateral view; parascutellar lobe rounded; scutellum rounded triangular, scutellar process long, apex subacute.

HEMELYTRON. Reaching tip of abdomen.

LEGS. Same as genus description.

ABDOMEN. Connexival margin slightly undulating, posterior margin not elevated.

GENITALIA. Anterior margin of mediosternite 8 undulating, without medial apodeme; transverse bridge of pygophore narrow, margin of anterior opening angular, apodeme present, apical margin of posterior opening with small medial process; cup-like sclerite apically rounded with sclerotized paired lateroventral slight protuberance; arms of basal plate converging; ductifer membranous; endosomal struts conical, with subacute apex, divided into two arms basally; dorsal phallothecal sclerite not sclerotized.

Female

Similar to male, except with anterior pronotal lobe (2.39 mm average) distinctly narrower than posterior lobe (3.20 mm average) and with median pronotal depression contiguous with transverse sulcus.

Ecology

Nothing is known about the biology of this species.

Distribution

This species is widespread across the Philippines island archipelago and also recorded from Borneo, parts of the Indonesian archipelago, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.

Remarks

The holotype of P. fuliginosa is a female with a narrow anterior pronotal lobe and unknown locality, which makes it difficult to associate it with a male. Multiple male specimens found on Mindanao with corresponding females that match the holotype morphology confirm that the holotype is most likely from the Philippines region and the redescription here is based on the males from Mindanao. The description of P. fuliginosa is difficult, as specimens from the Philippines show variation in overall size and coloration, but do not differ morphologically. Dissections of male genitalia from different geographic localities also do not show any variation. Hence, P. fuliginosa is here considered to be highly variable in size and general coloration.

Figures

Fig. 8. Dorsal view of the male pygophore in species of Breviphysoderes gen. nov., Macrophysoderes gen. nov., Paraphysoderes Villiers, 1962 and Physoderes Westwood, 1845. For an explanation of the colored arrows, see keys on pages 37 and 66.

Fig. 13. Distribution map for species of Nanophysoderes gen. nov., Paraphysoderes Villiers, 1962 and Physoderes Westwood, 1845 (in part).

Fig. 14. Dorsal habitus images for species of Paraphysoderes Villiers, 1962 and Physoderes Westwood, 1845 (partial). For an explanation of the colored arrows, see keys on page 63 and 66. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Fig. 17. Ventral habitus images for species of Physoderes Westwood, 1845 (partial). Scale bars = 2 mm.

Fig. 19. Dorsal view of the phallus in species of Physoderes Westwood, 1845 (partial).