Peradon bidens (Fabricius)

Reemer, Menno, Skevington, Jeffrey H. & Kelso, Scott, 2019, Revision of the Neotropical hoverfly genus Peradon Reemer (Diptera, Syrphidae, Microdontinae), ZooKeys 896, pp. 1-93 : 1

Peradon bidens (Fabricius) Figs 4-7 , 10 , 36 , 50 , 61 , 63 , 114-116 , 168-170 , 267

Mulio bidens Fabricius, 1805: 185. Holotype ♂: South America (UZMC [examined].

Ceratophya bicolor Walker, 1857: 151. Holotype ♀: Brazil, Pará (NHMUK) [examined].

Microdon flavomarginatum Curran, 1925: 245. Holotype ♀: Peru (CU) [examined] syn. nov.

Microdon langi Curran, 1925: 341. Holotype ♂: Guyana, Kumakusa (AMNH) [examined]; Thompson et al. 1976: 65 [type deposition erroneously stated as CU] syn. nov.

Microdon bidens (Walker): Thompson et al. 1976: 63.

Microdon flavomarginatus Curran: Thompson et al. 1976: 65.

Peradon bidens (Fabricius): Reemer and Ståhls 2013a: 145; Reemer 2014: 43.

Peradon flavomarginatum (Curran): Reemer and Ståhls 2013a: 145.

Peradon langi (Curran): Reemer and Ståhls 2013a: 145; Reemer 2014: 43.

Studied type specimens.

South America • 1 ♂, holotype of Mulio bidens Fabricius; UZMC. Label 1 (red): “TYPE”; label 2: "M: bidens / ‘Am:mer:Schmid”. Coll. UZMC.

Brazil • 1 ♀, holotype of Ceratophya bicolor Walker; Para; NHMUK. Female. Label 1 (round, red-bordered): "Holo- / type"; label 2 (round, green-bordered): " Type"; label 3: “Para”; label 4: "Ceratophya / bicolor / Wlk."; label 5: "bicolor Wlk".

Peru • 1 ♀, holotype of Microdon flavomarginatum Curran; La Sombra to El Encanto, Putumayo Dist.; 23 Aug. 1923; Cornell University Expedition Lot 569 leg.; CU. Label 1: "La Sombra to El Encanto, Putumayo Dist., PERU, Aug. 23 ‘20”; label 2: "Cornell Univ. Expedition Lot 569"; label 3 (red): "Holotype Cornell U. No. 1732"; label 4 (red): "Type Microdon flavomarginatum Curran"; label 5: "Microdon flavomarginatum Curran Det. C.H. Curran".

Guyana • 1 ♂, holotype of Microdon langi Curran; Kumakusa; Sept. 1922; H. Lang leg.; AMNH. Label 1: "Kumakusa, Brit. Guiana, IX-1922. H. Lang"; label 2 (red): "Type Microdon langi Curran"; label 3: "C.H. Curran collection, Acc. 31144"; label 4: Microdon langi Curran, Det. C.H. Curran".

Additional specimens red morph.

Brazil • 1 ♂; Serra do Navio, Terr. Amapá; 20 Oct. 1957; J. Lane leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; Itaituba; MZH (Frey collection).

Peru • 1 ♀; Chanchamayo; USNM • 1 ♂; Pará, Belém; 8 May 1967; Y. Sedman leg.; USNM [dwarf specimen, see Notes] • 1 ♀; Pará, Belém; 12 Aug. 1962; K. Lenko leg.; USNM.

French Guiana • 1 ♀; Alicoto-Oyapock; 14 Nov. 1969; Balachowsky-Gruner leg.; MNHN. GUYANA • 1 ♀; Georgetown; H.W.B. Moore leg.; USNM.

Peru • 1 ♀; Marcapota; RMNH.

Suriname • 1 ♀; Paramaribo; 15 Jul. 1944; D.C. Geijskes leg.; RMNH • 1 ♀; Paramaribo; 28 Jan. 1960; D.C. Geijskes leg.; RMNH • 1♂; Lely, 29 Oct.1979; G.F. Mees; RMNH • 1 ♂; Peperpot; 4 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Peperpot; 14-21 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH.

Additional specimens black morph.

Brazil • 1 ♀; Amazonas, Resex Unini, Rio Unini, Lago 03 Bocas; 01°34'13"S, 62°58'54"W; 14-28 Jul. 2004; M.L. Oliveira, A. Silva F., L. Aquino leg.; INPA • 1 ♂; Serra do Navio, Terr. Amapá; 21 Oct. 1957; K. Lenko leg.; MZUSP.

Suriname • 1 ♂; Colakreek; 30 Mar. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH • 1 ♂; Mopentibo; 19 Apr. 2006; M. Reemer leg.; RMNH.

Diagnosis.

Body size: male (9 –)12– 14 mm (single dwarf specimen of 9 mm known, see Notes), female 15-16 mm. Two colour morphs are known of this species. In the red morph (corresponding with the type of Mulio bidens ) tergites 2-4 are entirely red. From other species with an entirely reddish abdomen, the red morph of P. bidens differs by the uniformly greyish wings, lacking any pale areas or veins. In the black morph (corresponding with the type of Microdon langi ) the abdomen is entirely black. The following combination of characters distinguishes it from other Peradon species with a black abdomen: wings uniformly greyish to blackish, vertex more or less flat, face yellow, mesoscutum with medially interrupted fascia of golden pile along transverse suture, wing cell bm entirely microtrichose, cell br largely bare. In both colour morphs, the wings of the females are generally darker than those of the males.

Notes.

The holotype of Microdon flavomarginatum Curran was studied in order to find differences with Peradon bidens . In this type specimen the face is widely dark brown medially, and tergite 1 is orange brown. In most specimens of P. bidens the face is entirely yellow and tergite 1 is blackish. However, intermediate character states occur in certain specimens. Besides these characters, no differences of taxonomic importance could be found. Therefore, Microdon flavomarginatum Curran syn. nov. is here considered a junior synonym of Mulio bidens Fabricius. Ceratophya bicolor Walker was already synonymized with Peradon bidens by Reemer and Ståhls (2013a) (see also Reemer 2014).

A dwarf male specimen from Brazil ( Pará, Belém, coll. USNM) measures only 9 mm. However, this specimen does not differ in any other morphological character from the other studied males.

As noted by Reemer (2014), specimens of P. bidens (red abdomen) are morphologically identical to specimens of P. langi Curran (black abdomen). Two Surinamese specimens of both taxa were included in the barcode dataset in order to find molecular clues for their taxonomic status. All three analyses (ML, parsimony and NJ, Fig. 8 , Suppl. material 1: Figure S1, Suppl. material 2: Figure S2) of these data resolved two clades, both consisting of one specimen of P. bidens and one of P. langi with 100% identical barcodes. This is puzzling, but here the view is taken that all four specimens represent the same species, and two haplotypes are involved, which both happen to be represented by both a red and a black specimen. Therefore, Microdon langi Curran syn. nov. is here considered as a junior synonym of Mulio bidens Fabricius.

Distribution.

Amazonian. Known from northern states of Brazil ( Amapá, Pará), French Guiana, Guyana, Peru and Suriname.

Figures

Figure 8. Maximum Likelihood tree of COI barcodes of Peradon species. The scale at the bottom is a distance scale for the number of substitutions per site. Information on the barcoded specimens can be found in Table 1.

Figures 3 - 7. 3 Head of Peradon costaricensis sp. nov. in lateral view. Note ventrally produced gena and oral margin 4 Face of Peradon bidens in frontal view. Note transversely wrinkled median vitta, a character found in most Peradon species 5 Wing of Peradon bidens. Note posterior appendix of vein R 4 + 5 and widely rounded postero-apical corner of cell r 4 + 5 6 Anepisternum of Peradon bidens. Note extensively bare median area 7 Thoracic sclerites of Peradon bidens in lateral view. Note flat and bare katepimeron with wrinkled texture (the wrinkles extend from similar wrinkles om the katatergum). Abbreviations: Anepm = anepimeron; anatg = anatergum; ktg = katatergum; kepm = katepimeron.

Figures 9 - 12. 9, 10 Antennal length ratios: 9 Peradon palpator male, basoflagellomere more than twice as long as scape 10 P. bidens male, basoflagellomere less than twice as long as scape 11, 12 Tergites in lateral view: 11 with golden pilosity (Peradon aurigaster male) 12 with silvery white pilosity (P. flavofascium male).

Figures 36 - 47. 36 - 46 Wings of Peradon species of the bidens - group: 36 P. bidens ♂ Suriname RMNH 37 P. bispina ♂ holotype 38 P. aurifascia ♂ holotype 39 P. angustiventris ♂ Suriname RMNH 40 P. angustus ♀ neotype 41 P. flavipennis ♀ holotype 42 P. normalis var. SUR- 17 B ♀ Suriname RMNH 43 P. normalis typical var. ♀ Suriname RMNH 44 P. pompiloides ♂ holotype 45 P. pompiloides ♀ paratype 46 P. niger ♂ holotype 47 Wing of P. palpator ♂ holotype (flavofascium group)

Figures 48 - 52. 48 Peradon satyricus, head profile 49, 50 Hind legs of Peradon: 49 P. satyricus 50 P. bidens 51, 52 Head in frontal view: 51 P. costaricensis 52 P. sciarus.

Figures 61 - 66. 61, 62 Wing cell bm: 61 P. bidens 62 P. costaricensis 63, 64 Mesonotal transverse fascia: 63 medially interrupted (P. bidens) 64 complete (P. costaricensis) 65, 66 Wing cell br: 65 P. pompiloides (holotype) 66 P. normalis (Suriname RMNH).

Figures 112 - 118. Dorsal habitus of Peradon species (bidens group) 112 P. satyricus ♂ holotype 113 P. sciarus ♂ holotype 114 P. bidens typical variation ♀ (holotype M. flavomarginatum Curran) 115 P. bidens typical morph ♂ Suriname RMNH 116 P. bidens morph langi ♂ Suriname RMNH 117 P. costaricensis ♂ paratype 118 P. costaricensis ♀ paratype. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figures 165 - 170. Peradon ballux male, holotype: 165 habitus lateral 166 head frontal 167 head lateral 168 - 170 Peradon bidens male, holotype 168 head frontal 169 habitus dorsal 170 habitus lateral

Figures 262 - 267. Male genitalia of Peradon species 262 P. hermetoides holotype 263 P. elongatus holotype 264 P. oligonax Colombia NHMUK 265 P. satyricus holotype 266 P. sciarus paratype 267 P. bidens Suriname RMNH.