Newsteadia fanjingensis, Zheng & Xing, 2021

Zheng, Xinyi & Xing, Jichun, 2021, A new species of the scale insect genus Newsteadia Green (Hemiptera Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from China, Zootaxa 4981 (3), pp. 481-505 : 483-504

Newsteadia fanjingensis sp. n.

Material examined

Holotype: Adult ♀ ( GUGC), ‘ CHINA: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City , / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 1 November 2020, / Lan Zhang leg.’

Paratypes: 2♂♂ ( GUGC), ‘ CHINA, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2019. XI.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; ♂ ( GUGC), ‘ China, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2020. VIII. 16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; 3♂♂ ( GUGC), ‘ CHINA, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2020.XI.1, / Lan Zhang leg. ’; 2♀♀ ( GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2019.XI.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; 2♀♀ ( GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2020.V.13, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; ♀ ( GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2020.VI.18, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; ♀ ( GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2020.VIII.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; ♀ ( GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2020.XI.1, / Lan Zhang leg. ’

3 first-instar nymph ( GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2020. VI.18, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; 2 second-instar nymph ( GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2020.V.13, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; 2 third-instar nymph ( GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2020.VIII.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; 1 prepupal male ( GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan , / 2020.V.13, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’

Description

Adult female (n=8)

Unmounted specimens ( Figs 5–9 )

Body with wax plates subrectangular. Dorsum entirely covered with white wax plates; those on middorsum protrude forwards, and plates on margin radiate in all directions. Venter of abdomen covered by waxy ovisac. Exposed body (with wax plates removed) oval. Body yellow, eyestalk black at base, yellow at tip. Many spines present on dorsum.

Slide-mounted female ( Figs 10–26 )

Body 1.8 (1.6–2.2) mm long, 1.4 (1.2–1.9) mm wide. Antenna 7 segmented ( Fig. 10 ), apical segment longest, scape widest, segments III–VI rather short and subequal. Antenna total length 685 (685–957) μm. Segment lengths (μm): scape (I), 170 (170–229); pedicel (II), 160 (160–245); III, 46 (46–74); IV, 43 (40–74); V, 43 (35–59); VI, 45 (42–60), and apical segment (VII) 193 (193–247). Details of antennal spine-like setae: I, 10 or 11 (9–11); II, 9 or 10 (9–18); III, 2 or 3 (2–4); IV, 3 (3–6); V, 3 or 4 (2–4); VI, 3 (2 or 3); apical segment (VII) with 4 or 5 (4–7) spine-like setae, apical seta 81 or 89 (81–105) μm long, subapical seta 28 or 32 (28–39) μm long, medial sensory seta present, 32 (31–38) μm long ( Fig. 11 ). Sensorium on segment II subapical on dorsal surface. Most setae on segments spinelike, each 15–31 (15–49) μm long, dorsum of segment I with 1 basal spine-like seta ( Fig. 12 ). Eyestalk situated near base of scape, with wider base and finger-like apex, 63 or 69 (53–84) μm long, width at base 31 or 33 (30–61) μm.

Venter. Labium conical, with a narrow apex, 2 segmented, about 197 (178–235) μm long, with 11 or 13 (11– 18) setae on each side, with spine-like setae at base each about 20 (17–23) μm long, hair-like setae at apex each about 43 (43–46) μm long. Stylet loop as long as labium, 192 (174–226) μm long ( Fig. 13 ). Legs without a suture between trochanter and femur and with tibia and tarsus fused, without a tibio-tarsal articulation. Anterior leg length measurements (μm): coxa 114 (111–160), trochanter-femur 349 (352–559), tibia-tarsus 468 (466–652), claw 41 (39–63), claw digitules 9 (9–20); setal details: coxa with 14 or 17 (14–17) setae, trochanter-femur with 50 or 53 (50–56), tibia-tarsus with 55 or 60 (41–60). Middle leg length measurements (μm): coxa 115 (110–184), trochanterfemur 370 (356–593), tibia-tarsus 450 (446–682), claw 44 (43–62), claw digitules 9 (9–19); setal details: coxa with 15 or 16 (12–20) setae, trochanter-femur with 50 or 53 (41–53), tibia-tarsus with 51 or 59 (39–59). Hind leg length measurements (μm): coxa 130 (126–197), trochanter-femur 408 (406–638), tibia-tarsus 592 (590–801), claw 47 (47–64), claw digitules 15 (13–17); setal details: coxa with 17 or 18 (13–18) setae, trochanter-femur with 50 or 57 (47–57), tibia-tarsus with 64 or 68 (55–68). Most setae on legs spine-like: coxa with 2–5 basal spine-like setae, each about 13–20 μm long, distal setae spine-like but longer, each 23–32 (23–34) μm; trochanter with 2 or 3 sensory pores on each surface and 2 tiny setae at basal articulation ( Fig. 14 ), other setae on trochanter-femur subequal in length, each about 16 μm. Hind leg with a sensory seta anterior to tibial sensorium, 31 (23–34) μm long ( Fig. 16 ); anterior and middle legs each with a seta similar to sensory seta but smaller near tibial sensorium, each 7 (6–15) μm long ( Fig. 15 ), several longer spine-like setae before sensorium, 17–23 (17–35) μm long, other tibia-tarsal setae short, conical and subequal in length, each about 15 μm long; claw digitules conical, claw without a denticle ( Fig. 17 ). Ovisac band not interrupted medially, with pores anterior to anterior section of ovisac band but without pores immediately posterior to anterior section of ovisac band; anterior section of ovisac band about 6–10 spines wide; lateral and posterior parts of ovisac band with 5 band clusters on margin of abdominal venter, cluster C6 absent; C1–C3 ovisac band clusters separated, C4 and C5 contiguous; longest spines within ovisac band each about 18 (18–25) μm long. Region surrounded by ovisac band containing 3 hair-like setae, and 52 (48–52) spine-like setae near vulva ( Fig. 25 ). Wax plates present in small groups on venter of thorax and head. Wax plate on head partially divided longitudinally. Anterior thoracic spiracles each with 8 or 12 (8–20) quadrilocular pores, spiracular opening 28–29 (28–36) μm in diameter ( Fig. 18 ). Hair-like setae few, scattered around each coxa and antenna, with few setae on anterior and lateral edges of ovisac band and in segmental rows in ovisac band. Each spine band in ventral lateral area containing 1–5 setae. Hair-like setae of 2 kinds: long hair-like setae, each about 25 (24–32) μm long ( Fig. 19 ); and rather small and slender, each about 18 (12–18) μm long ( Fig. 20 ). Quadrilocular pores of 2 kinds: tubular quadrilocular pores protruding from derm, each 6–11 μm long, associated with wax plates whose spines are each 14–18 (14–19) μm long ( Fig. 21 ); and sessile quadrilocular pores, each 4–5 μm in diameter, forming transverse bands within ovisac band and scattered between wax plates elsewhere, most abundant within ovisac area ( Fig. 22 ). Discoidal pores of 2 sizes: small pores associated with sessile quadrilocular pores except area within ovisac, each 2–3 μm in diameter ( Fig. 23 ); and larger pores present only within ovisac area, each about 4 μm in diameter ( Fig. 24 ). Minute tubular ducts present in wax plates. Marginal abdominal spiracles numbering 5 pairs, each associated with sessile quadrilocular pores and several hair-like setae.

Dorsum. Covered with wax plates, wax plate on head partially divided longitudinally, 7dm and 5 mid-dorsal clusters sometimes completely separated medially, 3 mid-dorsal clusters fused completely, other mid-dorsal clusters partially separated medially (separated anteriorly but fused posteriorly). Lateral thoracic wax plates 4 and 7, sometimes fused posteriorly with medial wax plates 3 and 5. Marginal clusters of abdominal segments III–V or IV– V (7cl to 7el or 7dl to 7el) running together to form a continuous series. Wax plate on head 539 (539–650) μm long; medial wax plates on thorax each 7–12 spines wide, 223–435 (219–441) μm long, lateral thoracic wax plates each 12–16 spines wide, 145–155 (145–233) μm long; mid-dorsal plates on abdomen each 1–8 spines wide, 84–385 (80–443) μm long, lateral abdominal wax plates each 72–176 (72–229) μm long. Spines on dorsum subequal in length with rounded apices, each 18–19 (17–19) μm long. Long hair-like setae present in marginal clusters near anterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate; small hair-like setae present between spines. Quadrilocular pores of 2 types: tubular quadrilocular pores within wax plates; and sessile quadrilocular pores forming rows between wax plates. A few small discoidal pores present, associated with sessile quadrilocular pores. Minute tubular ducts present in wax plates. Anal ring with 1 outer and 2 or 3 inner rows of pores; anal ring setae short and stout with blunt rounded apices, each about 56 (56–66) μm long, anal ring 78 (78–97) μm wide ( Fig. 26 ).

Host plants. The specimens were collected from under the mosses Platyhypnidium riparioides (Hedw.) Dixon (Bryophyta: Brachytheciaceae ) and Metacalypogeia sp. (Marchantiophyta; Calypogeiaceae ), growing on the trunks of Acer sp. (Magnoliophyta; Sapindaceae ). Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the name of the type locality, Fanjingshan, combined with the Latin ending ‘- ensis ’, meaning ‘from’.

Remarks. In the Oriental Region, N. fanjingensis sp. n. is similar to N. koeroesicsomai Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999 , and N. vasarhelyii Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999 in having 7-segmented antennae.

Newsteadia fanjingensis differs from N. koeroesicsomai in having (character states in N. koeroesicsomai in parentheses): (i) antennal apical segment with subapical and medial sensory setae (without subapical and medial sensory setae); (ii) ovisac band with lateral sections incomplete (ovisac band complete); (iii) dorsal marginal clusters of abdominal segments III‒V or IV‒V fused to form a continuous series (dorsal abdominal marginal clusters all separate); and (iv) dorsum with quadrilocular pore rows between wax plates (only small number of quadrilocular pores between wax plates).

Finally, N. fanjingensis differs from N. vasarhelyii in having (character states in N. vasarhelyii in parentheses): (i) quadrilocular pore rows present between dorsal wax plates (quadrilocular pores absent from between wax plates); and (ii) dorsally, marginal clusters on abdominal segments III‒V or IV‒V fuse to form a continuous section (clusters of abdominal segments II‒V fuse to form a continuous series).

Adult male (n=5)

Unmounted specimens ( Figs 27–30 )

Live adult male slender; wings oval; legs slender and well developed; antenna and wings longer than body; compound eyes black; body greyish white because mealy and cottony wax products more-or-less cover the body; with wax filaments protruding from the tubular pores on abdominal segment VII. Adult male, soaked in 75% ethyl alcohol, with pleural region and wings nearly transparent, and antenna, extremities, sclerites on head, thorax and abdomen brown. Head clearly separated from thorax.

Slide-mounted adult male ( Figs 31–46 )

Total body length 1.8–2.1 mm, thorax about 0.5–0.6 mm wide. Body with few hair-like setae (hs); loculate pores absent. Simple minute pores (smp) present throughout body, each 2–3 μm in diameter.

Head: Flat, subpentagonal, 280–283 µm long, 239–265 µm wide. Mid-cranial ridge (mcr) well developed on dorsum and venter, but fading posteriorly before postoccipital ridges dorsally. Anterior dorsal mcr also fades and separates from mcr on venter, with 2 hs anteriorly on dorsal region of fading mcr. Ventrally, mcr reaches level of anterior margins of eyes and bifurcates. Dorsal mcr with 4–6 flagellate hairlike setae on each side (each seta 35–57 μm long); also 42–48 smp near mcr on each side, smp situated almost on anterior of mid-dorsal plate, in addition, a pit present posterolaterally on each side. Ventromedial part of epicranium with 8–11 ventral mcr setae (each 38–56 µm long) and 1–4 smp on either side. Dorsomedial plate broad-leaf-shaped, apex tapering anteriorly, postoccipital ridges with a medial “petiole-like” extension. Ventromedial plate subpentagonal, sclerotized posterior part with a developed cranial apophysis, anterolateral ridges strongly sclerotized, separated by scape. Ventral plate subrectangular; mouth opening present, with sclerotized oesophagus. Tentorium well developed, posterior tentorium extended and embedded in prothorax, seeming to articulate with cervical sclerite. Compound eyes each 86–96 μm long, with 71–74 ommatidia, each ommatidium 11–15 μm in diameter. Ocelli each 21–28 μm wide, 32–43 μm long. Ocular sclerite with a strong Y-shaped postocular ridge, but posterior arm not articulating with cervical sclerite. Antenna ( Figs 35–36 ): 10 segmented, total length 2.4–2.5 mm, longer than body, wings and legs. Scape: 99–108 µm long, 66–73 µm wide, with 10–13 long hs distally (each seta 49–60 µm long) and a dorsal spinose seta near base (12–15 µm long); scape without pores; inserted at membrane between dorso- and ventromedial plates. Pedicel: 69–85 µm long, 51–54 µm wide; with 7–11 hs (each seta 23–46 µm long), 3 or 4 coeloconic sensilla ventrally and a campaniform sensilla dorsally. Segments III–X all filiform, each 25‒33 µm wide, with numerous fleshy setae (fs) each 30–40 µm long, all segments except apical segment each with a few hs, each hs 15–46 µm long. Except for scape, pedicel and proximal part of segment III, rest of antenna with plate-like microridges, each with microspines, which contribute to tuberculate surface on each segment ( Fig. 52 ). Antennal segment lengths (µm): III, 341–356; IV, 327–340; V, 313–329; VI, 315–345; VII, 292–331; VIII, 235–269; IX, 218–239 and X, 180–212; approximate number of setae on segments: III, 15–25 hs + 12–20 fs; IV, 15–17 hs + 32–40 fs; V, 8 or 9 hs + 39 or 40 fs; VI, 7 or 8 hs + 37–44 fs; VII, 3 or 4 hs + 34–43 fs; VIII, 3 or 4 hs + 22–31 fs; IX each with about 2–4 hs + 25 fs. Segment X with about 16 fs + 1 strong terminal bristle, about 21–32 µm long, and 1 antennal bristle laterally near apex, 54–59 µm long.

Thorax: Prothorax: Prothorax separated from head by a cervical constriction; with a largely membranous region between cervical constriction and mesothorax. Dorsally, a minute pair of posttergites on dorsum, each about 25 µm long, with a small and slightly slender pronotum between the posttergites, about 27 µm long; each side with 2 hs near the pronotum (each seta about 37 µm long) and 1 smp on one side. Laterally, proepisternum + cervical sclerites complex, anterior cervical sclerite seems to articulate with tentorium. Posteriorly, it is divided into 3 arms: (a) dorsal arm short, extending into a plate that bears 4 hs and 4 smp; (b) middle arm forms, together with pleural ridge, a long apophysis; and (c) ventral arm joined to precoxal ridge by a sclerotized plate. Ventrally, prosternum about 217 µm long, with a triangular sclerotized area, lateral margins weak, but posterior margin sclerotized with end fishtail-like. Prosternum with 3–7 hs and about 16 or 17 smp. Mesothorax: Dorsally, prescutum, scutum and scutellum uniformly sclerotized. Prescutum oval, separated anterolaterally from scutum by short marginal ridges, posteriorly almost continuous with scutum. Prescutum 112–129 µm long and 176–200 µm wide, without prescutal setae and pores. Prealare narrow and weakly sclerotized, arising from prescutal sutures and extending to episternum. Scutum about 114 µm long and 313 µm wide, with scutal hs + about 40–49 smp on each side medially (each seta about 34 µm long), posterior to prescutum. Scutum lateral margins weak. Laterally, anterior tegula strongly sclerotized, posterior one bulging, with 4 tegular setae but without pores. Scutellum subpentagonal, 93–103 µm long and 131–155 µm wide, with posterior margin marked by a thick ridge that extends posterolaterally as posterior notal wing process to postalare. Scutellum without setae and pores. Mesopostnotum separated from scutellum by a large membrane and overlapped by metathoracic fold so that only anterior parts of postalares may be seen. Postnotal apophyses well developed. Postalares trifurcate; anterior arm overlapping pleural ridge, ventral arm extending posteriorly to pleural apophysis, dorsal arm extending dorsally a short distance. Mesopleural apophysis clearly visible, a short projection arising from the ridge above apophysis forming a boundary between supraepisternum and infraepisternum. Supraepisternum divided into 2 parts: the anterior, distinctly bulgeing, articulates with narrow and long basalare, the posterior one produces a ridge-like projection (pleural wing process) running dorsally and articulates with basalare. U-shaped subalare present posterior to pleural wing process. Epimeron small and well sclerotized. Mesopleuron without setae or pores. Mesothoracic spiracle opening within space between anterior leg coxa and infraepisternum, with peritreme almost circular, 28–33 µm wide, with 1 hs. Ventrally, basisternum subhexagonal, strongly sclerotized, 188–224 µm long and 381–413 µm wide. Anterior marginal and longitudinal medial ridge developed, with about 17–20 basisternal hs on each side (each seta about 25 µm long). Furca large, narrow at base, arms rather broad and very divergent, extending almost to marginal ridge anteriorly. First axillary sclerite elongate, with anterior tip curved around anterior of second sclerite and articulated with costal complex. Third axillary sclerite strongly sclerotized, proximal tip articulated with postalare; anterior tip articulated with second sclerite, and distal tip fused with wing. Metathorax: Dorsally, small metapostnotum present medially, 48 µm wide, with 4 hs present medially and 2 hs more laterally on each side (each seta about 28 µm long). A narrow sclerotized segmental ridge situated between metathorax and first abdominal segment. Laterally, metapleural ridge and apophysis developed; pleural wing process extending from apophysis to base of haltere, with dorsal tip broadened. Metaprecoxal ridge arising from base of metapleural ridge. Metepimeron narrow, represented by a sclerotized ridge arising from base of pleural apophysis; posteriorly, it produces a postcoxal ridge that surrounds the coxa and approaches the first abdominal sternite. Metapleuron without setae or pores. Ventrally, metaprecoxal ridge strong, extending ventrally but not fused with metasternum. Metasternum large and sclerotized, broadest anteriorly, almost reaching to metapleural region, metasternum anterior margin with apophyses on each side, a circular isolated sclerotization between the apophyses and metaepisternum. Furca similar in shape to mesothoracic one, slightly smaller, with a large central heart-shaped pit with strongly sclerotized lateral margins. Metasternum sclerotized area with 6–7 long hs and 15–23 smp on each side. Metathoracic spiracle situated anteriorly to pleural apophysis, peritreme almost circular, about 26–28 µm wide, with 1 hs. Wings and halteres ( Figs 37–40 ): Forewings each 2.5 mm long, about 1 mm wide, tips rounded ( Fig. 37 ). Wing disc formed of one layer of hexagonal cells with large nuclei that are responsible for the tuberculate sculpture of the wing surface ( Fig. 38 ). Microtrichia absent. Subcostal vein extending to about 2/3 wing length, cubital vein arising from near the base of subcostal vein and running to about 2/3 wing length. A minute transparent patch arising from second axillary sclerite. Anal fold membranous and transparent, arising from near posterior part of minute transparent patch and delimiting a small anal lobe. Posterior margin of lobe forms a narrow fold for holding the hamuli. Each forewing with 4–6 alar setae plus a line of about 12–15 circular sensoria along subcostal vein ( Fig. 39 ). Hamulohalteres each about 179–253 µm long, about 18 µm in diameter, with 1 hamulus 67–82 µm long. Hamulohalteres each with sclerotized dorsum ( Fig. 40 ). Legs ( Figs 41–43 ): Legs slender, without pores, middle leg shortest, posterior leg longest. All leg segments present. Leg measurements (µm): total length: anterior leg 1668–1695, middle leg 1544–1621, hind leg 1802–1819. Anterior leg coxa 91–114, trochanter 58–83, femur, 465–531, tibia 626–689, tarsus 247–273, claw 55–73; middle leg coxa 102–119, trochanter 64–71, femur 393–418, tibia 662–686, tarsus 243–258, claw, 66–75; hind leg coxa 106–119, trochanter 92–107, femur 433–489, tibia 781–830, tarsus 278–285, claw 61–74. Setae on legs various, basal setae spine-like, situated on the base of coxa and trochanter, each about 15–31 µm long; few short peg-like setae, each 7–10 µm long with a blunt apex, present on trochanter, tibia and tarsus, corresponding with similar setae on penial sheath ( Fig. 42 ); hs abundant, each 26–60µm long; spurlike setae, each 13–48 µm long, start to arise on proximal one-third of tibia, setae on tarsus all spurlike. Coxa 86–105 μm wide, with 3 or 4 spine-like basal setae and about 7–13 apical hs. Trochanter about 37–39 μm wide, with 2 spine-like basal setae, 3 peg-like setae and 1 hs, also with 3 oval sensoria in a row on each side, plus another situated more proximally. Segmental line present between trochanter and femur. Femur about 53–60 μm wide, with about 50 hs. Tibia about 32–39 μm wide, usually slightly arched, with about 120 hs and 40 spurlike setae on distal two-thirds of tibia, also with 3–8 peg-like setae. Tarsus about 22–28 μm wide, about 60 spurlike setae and 3–5 pegs. Claw slender, slightly curved, without a denticle, digitules conical, each 11–12 µm long ( Fig. 43 ).

Abdomen: Abdomen consists of 8 pregenital segments and the genital complex. Membranous region large; sternites, tergites and dorsal intersegmental ridges present. Dorsally, segment I well separated from metathorax by a dorsal intersegmental ridge, segment I without a tergite, segments II– V with intersegmental ridges on anterior margin but without tergites, segments VI –VIII each with a pair of small tergites; segment VII also bears the tubular pores ( Fig. 34 ). Anal opening situated on dorsum of segment VIII, about 42 µm in diameter. Dorsal setae and pores: segment I with 5 hs; II with 6 hs; III with 6 hs + 11 smp; IV with 3 hs + 10 smp; V with 4 hs + 10 smp; VI with 4 hs + 6 smp; VII with 21–23 hs + 20 or 21 tubular ducts dorsally, also with tubular pores in a narrow band across tergite VII, each about 16–23 μm long, 5–6 μm in diameter; segment VIII without setae and pores dorsally. Ventrally, segments I– VI with sternites. Segment I with a narrow but distinct transverse sternite; segment II with sternite divided into 2 (anterior and posterior parts); sternites on segments III– VI also tend to divided into anterior and posterior parts, and segment VI sternite narrow medially; segment VII without a sternite. Setae and pores present on sternites of segment I and posterior parts of segments II– VI. Ventral setae and pores: segment I with 4–6 hs + 2–4 smp; II with 8 or 9 hs + 15 smp; III with 7 hs + 13 smp; IV with 5 hs + 14 smp; V with 9 hs + 11 smp; VI with 10 hs + 7 smp; VII with 1 hs. Segments I– VI laterally with 6 pairs of minute sclerites detached from sternites. Pleural setae (dorso- and ventropleural setae combined on each side): segment I with 2 hs; II with 4 hs + 7 or 8 smp; III with 6 hs + 8 smp; IV with 7 or 8 hs + 5–9 smp; V with 5–8 hs + 8 or 9 smp; VI with 4 hs + 4 smp; VII with 1 hs + 2 smp. Setae on abdomen each 37–50 μm long. Segments I– V with abdominal spiracles situated on laterodorsal parts of segments, each peritreme extremely small. Setae on pleural region form groups associated with spiracular peritremes. Sternum VIII has a large, strongly sclerotized plate, 85 µm long and 167 µm wide, with laterodorsal projections and developed anterior and posterior ridges. The dorsal arms of the anterior ridge join behind the anal cone, while the posterior ones extend to lateral sclerites of penial sheath.

Genital segment ( Figs 44–46 ): Penial sheath almost entirely membranous, except for narrow lateral sclerites, each 233–249 µm long, maximum width 160–175 µm, and about 134 µm high. Numerous peg-like setae with blunt apices present on penial sheath, each seta about 9–12 µm long. Peg-like setae form 2 groups on each side, each anterior group consisting of 33–36 anterodorsal and anteroventral setae, and each posterolateral group with 10 or 11 peg-like setae. Lower membranous portion of penial sheath with 1 peg-like seta on each side. Penial sheath apex with a group of about 10 sensoria on each side. Aedeagus curved, about 244–280 µm long, articulating anteriorly with sternite VIII by means of a quite heavily sclerotized ventral lip, aedeagal apex widening at tip.

Remarks. Including the new species, adult males of three species of Newsteadia have been described. Newsteadia fanjingensis sp. n. can be distinguished by following features (character states in N. floccosa and N. americana are given in parentheses):

Head: Newsteadia fanjingensis compound eyes each contain about 70–75 ommatidia (30 ommatidia in N. floccosa , and 45–50 in N. americana ); and antenna 10 segmented (9 segmented in both N. floccosa and N. americana ).

Thorax: Newsteadia fanjingensis has a minute pronotum (pronotum absent in N. floccosa ; structures of the prothorax in N. americana are difficult to study because they are partially covered by prescutum); postalare is trifuracte (bifurcate in N. floccosa ; was not described in N. americana ); pleural wing process of metathorax extends from pleural apophysis to base of haltere (it fades in front of mesothorax in N. floccosa ; this character not described in N. americana ); arms of precoxal ridges separated from metasternum (arms prolonged to form the anterior ridges of metasternum in both N. floccosa and N. americana ); metasternum anterior margin with a pair of processes and with a sclerotized circular patch between processes and pleural apophysis (anterior margin smooth, and sclerotized patch absent in both N. floccosa and N. americana ); hamulohalteres, anal fold and lobe developed (underdeveloped or absent in both N. floccosa and N. americana ).

Abdomen: Newsteadia fanjingensis has a ridge-like sclerotization on posterior dorsum of segments I–IV, segment V without a tergite, and segments VI –VIII each with a pair of minute tergites (dorsal segments without a ridge-like sclerotization and only segment VIII with a pair of minute tergites in both N. floccosa and N. americana ); sternites of segments II– VI partially or completely separated into anterior and posterior parts, and segment VII without a sternite (sternites on segments I– V without separation into anterior and posterior parts, and segments VI and VII each with a pair of minute segmental sternites in both N. floccosa and N. americana ); and N. fanjingensis with 2 groups of peg-like setae on genital segment (3 groups in both N. floccosa and N. americana ).

First-instar nymph (n=3)

Unmounted specimens ( Figs 47–50 )

Body oval, dorsum covered with white wax plates but these almost transparent in glycerine. Body yellow, eyestalk black at base.

Slide-mounted first-instar nymph ( Figs 51–55 )

Body 0.5–0.7 mm long and 0.3–0.4 mm wide, sex not determined.Antenna 4 segmented, apical segment longest, scape widest, segment III rather short. Antenna total length 230–278 μm; segment lengths (μm): scape (I), 46–79; pedicel (II), 43–53; III, 25–30, and apical segment 108–120. Details of antennal spine-like setae: I, 4 or 5; II, 3 or 4; III, 1 or 2; apical segment with 4 or 5 spine-like setae, apical seta 57–63 μm long, subapical seta 15–18 μm long, medial sensory seta present, 17–19 μm long. Sensorium on segment II subapical on dorsal surface. Most setae on antennal segments spine-like, each 10–12 μm long, with 1 short seta on segment I dorsally. Eyestalk near the base of scape slightly finger-like, 15–22 μm long, width at base 21–25 μm.

Venter. Labium conical, with a narrow apex, 2 segmented, about 90–116 μm long; with 8–11 setae on each side, spine-like setae at base each about 7–8 μm long, hair-like setae at apex each about 20–32 μm long. Stylet loop as long as labium, 72–115 μm long. Legs without a suture between trochanter and femur and with tibia and tarsus fused, without a tibio-tarsal articulation. Anterior leg measurements (μm): coxa 41–59, trochanter-femur 138–156, tibia-tarsus 159–205, claw 26–33, claw digitules 6–7; setal details: coxa with 8–9 setae, trochanter-femur 15–20, tibia-tarsus 21–25. Middle leg measurements (μm): coxa 54–63, trochanter-femur 130–154, tibia-tarsus 157–192, claw 25–29, claw digitules each about 5; setal details: coxa with about 7, trochanter-femur about 18, tibia-tarsus 24–23. Hind leg measurements (μm): coxa 52–61, trochanter-femur 130–161, tibia-tarsus 187–212, claw 25–29, claw digitules each 5–7; setal details: coxa with about 7, trochanter-femur 14–16, tibia-tarsus 24–25. Most setae on legs spine-like, coxa with 2–3 short setae at base, each about 8–9 μm long, distal setae long, each 8–9 μm; trochanter with 1–3 sensory pores on each surface and 1 or 2 tiny setae at basal articulation, other setae on trochanter-femur subequal in length, each about 10–14 μm long; hind legs with a sensory seta anterior to tibial sensorium, 11–13 μm long; anterior and middle legs each with a seta similar to a sensory seta but smaller, situated anterior to tibial sensorium, each 5–6 μm long, other tibia-tarsal setae short, conical and subequal length, each 7–9 μm long; claw digitules conical, claw without a denticle. Wax plates present in small groups on thorax and head, on ventral margin; also several spines scattered medially. Wax plate on head with ventral longitudinal division. Spine rows present across each abdominal segment. Anterior thoracic spiracles each with 1–3 quadrilocular pores scattered around opening ( Fig. 51 ), spiracular opening about 12 μm in diameter. Hair-like setae few, scattered in medial areas and on margins of head, thorax and abdomen, each 23–27 μm long. Quadrilocular pores of 2 kinds: tubular quadrilocular pores protruding from derm, each 3–4 μm long ( Fig. 53 ), associated with wax plates whose spines are each 9–12 μm long; and sessile quadrilocular pores, each about 4 μm in diameter, scattered between wax plates elsewhere and around coxae ( Fig. 52 ). Discoidal pores small, single pores associated with sessile quadrilocular pores on venter of abdomen, each 2–3 μm in diameter ( Fig. 54 ); larger discoidal pores absent. Minute tubular ducts few, present in wax plates. Abdominal spiracles not observed.

Dorsum. Covered with wax plates, 5, 7cm and 7dm mid-dorsal clusters sometimes separated completely medially, with 3 mid-dorsal clusters fused completely, other mid-dorsal clusters separate anteriorly but fused posteriorly. Lateral abdominal wax plates 7al and 7bl each partially divided laterally. Marginal clusters of abdominal segments II– V (7bl to 7el) running together to form a continuous series. Wax plate on head 185–211 μm long; medial wax plates on thorax each 4–6 spines wide, 61–102 μm long; lateral thoracic wax plates each 6 or 7 spines wide, 57–78 μm long; mid-dorsal plates on abdomen each 1–4 spines wide, 43–89 μm long; lateral abdominal wax plates each 21–64 μm long. Dorsal spines subequal in length, each 12–14 μm long, with rounded apices. Hair-like setae of 2 kinds: long hs each 19–23 μm long, present in marginal clusters near anterior edges of marginal wax plates and near anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate; shorter hs in wax plates each 8–12 μm long. Quadrilocular pores of 2 types: tubular quadrilocular pores, present within wax plates; and sessile quadrilocular pores forming rows between wax plates. A few small discoidal pores present, associated with sessile quadrilocular pores. A few minute tubular ducts present in wax plates. Anal ring with 1 outer and 1 inner rows of pores; anal ring setae short and stout with blunt round apices, each 23–26 μm long; anal ring 35–38 μm wide ( Fig. 55 ).

Second-instar nymph (n=2)

Unmounted specimens ( Figs 56–59 )

Body slightly fusiform, dorsum covered in white wax plates. Body yellow, eyestalk black at base.

Slide-mounted second-instar nymph ( Fig. 60 )

Body 1.0– 1.2 mm long, 0.7–0.8 mm wide, sex not determined. Antenna 5 segmented, apical segment longest, scape widest, segments III and IV rather short. Antenna total length 360–474 μm. Segment lengths (μm): scape (I), 75–118; pedicel (II), 73–98; III, 31–41; IV, 30–43, and apical segment 141–178. Details of antennal spine-like setae: I, 4 or 5; II, about 5; III, 3 or 4; IV, about 2; apical segment about 5 setae, apical seta 71–77 μm long, subapical seta 23–28 μm long, medial sensory seta present, 18–26 μm long. Sensorium on segment 2 subapical dorsally. Most setae on segments spine-like, 12–18 μm, one short seta on I segment dorsally. Eyestalk near the base of scape fingerlike, 36–43 μm long, width at base 28–33 μm.

Venter. Labium conical, with a narrow apex, 2 segmented, about 108–147 μm long, and with 10–11 setae on each side, spine-like setae at base about 12–14 μm long, hair-like setae at apex about 35–36 μm long. Stylet loop as long as labium, 89–117 μm long. Legs without a suture between trochanter and femur and with tibia and tarsus fused, without a tibio-tarsal articulation. Anterior leg measurements (μm): coxa 70–96, trochanter-femur 168–241, tibia-tarsus 246–286, claw 30–33, claw digitules 8–11; setal details: coxa 9–10 setae, trochanter-femur 27–30, tibia-tarsus 27–31. Middle leg (μm): coxa 76–81, trochanter-femur 209–256, tibia-tarsus 236–310, claw 30–33, claw digitules 8–15; setal details: coxa about 9, trochanter-femur 23–25, tibia-tarsus 27–29. Hind leg (μm): coxa 73–81, trochanter-femur 221–270, tibia-tarsus 289–362, claw 34–38, claw digitules 7–14; setal details: coxa about 8, trochanter-femur 24–25, tibia-tarsus 29–31. Most setae on legs spine-like, coxa with 2–3 short setae at base, about 10–16 μm, distal setae long, 20–27 μm; trochanter with 1–3 sensory pores on each surface and 1 or 2 tiny seta at basal articulation, other setae on trochanter-femur subequal length, about 9–17 μm; hind legs with a sensory seta anterior tibial sensorium, 12–14 μm, anterior and middle leg with a seta similar to sensory seta but smaller anterior tibial sensorium, 7–9 μm, several setae anterior sensorium longer than others in tibia-tarsus, 18–20 μm, other tibiatarsus setae short, conical and subequal length, 10–15 μm; claw digitules conical, claw without a denticle. Wax plates in small groups on thorax and head on ventral margin several spines scatter medially. Spine rows on each segments of abdomen. Anterior thoracic spiracles each with 3–4 quadrilocular pores scattered around opening, spiracular opening 18–19 μm in diameter. Hair-like setae few, scattered in medial areas and margin of head, thorax and abdomen, 21–33 μm, smaller hair-like setae scattered in marginal wax plates, 7–8 μm. Quadrilocular pores of 2 kinds: tubular quadrilocular pores protruding from derm, each 4–7 μm long, associated with wax plates whose spines are each 12–13 μm long; and sessile quadrilocular pores, each about 4–5 μm in diameter, scattered between wax plates elsewhere and around coxa. Discoidal pores only one small pores associated with sessile quadrilocular pores on ventral abdomen and anterior coxa, each 2–3 μm in diameter; the larger pores absent. Minute tubular ducts few, present in wax plates. Abdominal spiracles five pairs on marginal abdomen.

Dorsum. Covered with wax plates, mid-dorsal cluster 5 separated completely medially, 3 mid-dorsal clusters fused completely, other mid-dorsal clusters partially separated medially (separated anteriorly but fused posteriorly). Dorsal lateral thoracic and abdominal wax plates 4, 7 and 7al fused posteriorly with mid-dorsal clusters 5, 6, and 7am. Marginal clusters of abdominal segments III–V (7cl to 7el) running together to form a continuous series. Wax plate on head 347–376 μm long; medial wax plates on thorax each 5–8 spines wide, 118–217 μm long; lateral thoracic wax plates each 6–10 spines wide, 116–148 μm long; mid-dorsal plates on abdomen each 1–6 spines wide, 79–232 μm long, lateral abdomen wax plates each 60–153 μm long. Spines on dorsum of subequal lengths with rounded apices, each 12–18 μm long. Long hair-like setae present in marginal clusters near anterior edges of marginal wax plates and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate, each 27–31 μm long, short hair-like setae in wax plates each about 11–12 μm long. Quadrilocular pores of 2 types: tubular quadrilocular pores, present within wax plates; and sessile quadrilocular pores forming rows between wax plates. A few small discoidal pores present, associated with sessile quadrilocular pores. A few minute tubular ducts present in wax plates. Anal ring with 1 outer and 1 inner rows of pores; anal ring setae short and stout with blunt round apices, each about 34–42 μm long; anal ring 41–47 μm wide.

Third-instar female nymph (n=2)

Unmounted specimens ( Figs 61–64 )

Body oval, dorsum covered with white wax plates. Body yellow, eyestalk black at base.

Slide-mounted third-instar female nymph ( Fig. 65 )

Body 1.4–2.1mm long and 0.8–1.5 mm wide. Antenna 6 segmented, apical segment longest, scape widest, segments III, IV and V rather short. Antenna total length 577–615 μm. Antennal segment lengths (μm): scape (I), 157–167; pedicel (II), 119–145; III, 43–45; IV, 33–39; V, 37–45, and apical segment 175–191. Details of antennal spine-like setae: I, 7 or 8; II, about 7; III, 3 or 4; IV, about 3; V, about 2; apical segment about 5 setae, apical seta 78–81 μm long, subapical seta 29–31 μm long, medial sensory seta present, 26–30 μm long. Dorsal sensorium on segment 2 subapical. Most setae on segments spine-like, each 16–31 μm long, 1 short seta on segment I dorsally. Eyestalk near base of scape finger-like, 56–62 μm long, width at base 31–43 μm.

Venter. Labium conical, with a narrow apex, 2 segmented, about 159–174 μm long, with 12–13 setae on each side: spine-like setae at base each 16–21 μm long, hair-like setae at apex each 38–45 μm long. Stylet loop as long as labium, 168–169 μm long. Legs without a suture between trochanter and femur and with tibia and tarsus fused, without a tibio-tarsal articulation. Anterior leg measurements (μm): coxa 97–126, trochanter-femur 309–311, tibiatarsus 359–401, claw 45–54, claw digitules each 10–12; setal details: coxa with about 13 setae, trochanter-femur 40–43, tibia-tarsus 39–41. Middle leg measurements (μm): coxa 104–112, trochanter-femur 326–343, tibia-tarsus 382–418, claw 48–53, claw digitules each 10–11; setal details: coxa with about 12, trochanter-femur 33–39, tibiatarsus 41–44. Hind leg measurments (μm): coxa 103–126, trochanter-femur 350–370, tibia-tarsus 441–497, claw 45–55, claw digitules each 9–11; setal details: coxa with 10–13, trochanter-femur 42–44, tibia-tarsus 45–48. Most setae on legs spine-like, each coxa with 3–4 short setae at base, each 11–15 μm long, distal setae long, each 23–28 μm long; trochanter with 2–3 sensory pores on each surface and 1 or 2 tiny setae at basal articulation, other setae on trochanter-femur of subequal lengths, each 15–23 μm; hind legs each with a sensory seta anterior to tibial sensorium, 15–22 μm long; anterior and middle legs each with a seta similar to a sensory seta but smaller, situated anterior to tibial sensorium, 6–9 μm long; several setae anterior to sensorium longer than others on tibia-tarsus, each 15–23 μm long, other tibia-tarsal setae short, conical and subequal in length, each 10–16 μm long; claw digitules conical, claw without a denticle. Wax plates present in small groups on thorax and head ventrally, wax plates on head partially divided longitudinally. Spine rows present across each abdominal segment. Anterior thoracic spiracles each with 9–16 quadrilocular pores scattered around opening, spiracular opening 29–32 μm in diameter. Hair-like setae few, scattered in medial areas and margin of head, thorax and abdomen, each 23–27 μm long; smaller hair-like setae scattered in marginal wax plates, each 15–16 μm long. Quadrilocular pores of 2 kinds: tubular quadrilocular pores protruding from derm, each 7–10 μm long, associated with wax plates whose spines are each 16–20 μm long; and sessile quadrilocular pores, each about 4–5 μm in diameter, scattered between wax plates elsewhere and around coxae. Small discoidal pores associated with sessile quadrilocular pores on venter of abdomen and near anterior coxae, each pore 2 μm in diameter; larger discoidal pores absent. Minute tubular ducts present in wax plates. Abdominal spiracles numbering 5 pairs on margins of abdomen.

Dorsum. Covered with wax plates, mid-dorsal clusters 7cm and 7gm sometimes completely separated medially, 3 mid-dorsal clusters fused completely, other mid-dorsal clusters partially separated medially (separated anteriorly but fused posteriorly). Dorsal lateral thoracic and abdominal wax plates 4, 7 and 7al situated close to mid-dorsal clusters 5, 6, and 7am posteriorly. Marginal clusters on abdominal segments II–V or III–V (7bl to 7el or 7cl to 7el) running together to form a continuous series. Wax plate on head 430–653 μm long; medial wax plates on thorax each 6–8 spines wide, 211–417 μm long; lateral thoracic wax plates each 12–14 spines wide, 185–219 μm long; mid-dorsal plates on abdomen 1–10 spines wide, 80–372 μm long; lateral abdominal wax plates each 115–219 μm long. Spines on dorsum subequal in length, each 18–19 μm long, with rounded apices. Long hair-like setae present in marginal clusters near anterior edges of marginal wax plates and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate, each seta 24–28 μm long; short hair-like setae in wax plates each about 13–21 μm long. Quadrilocular pores of 2 types: tubular quadrilocular pores, within wax plates; and sessile quadrilocular pores forming rows between wax plates. A few small discoidal pores present, associated with sessile quadrilocular pores. A few minute tubular ducts present in wax plates. Anal ring with 1 outer and 1 inner rows of pores; anal ring setae short and stout with blunt round apices, each about 52–55 μm long; anal ring 65–77 μm wide.

Prepupal male (third instar) (n=1)

Unmounted specimens ( Figs 66–69 )

Body oval, without any wax plate covering. Head and thorax white and slightly transparent, abdomen brown, eyes black. One pair of wing pads present laterally on thorax. Body yellow after soaking in 75% ethyl alcohol.

Slide-mounted prepupal male ( Figs 70–75 )

Body 1.5 mm long and 0.9 mm wide. Antenna 7 segmented, segments II and VII with an inconspicuous division medially. Antenna total length about 497 μm. Antennal segment lengths (μm): scape (I), about 71; pedicel (II), about 105; III, about 41; IV, about 48; V, about 51; VI, about 41, and apical segment about 126. only a few setae present on I, II, VI and apical segments. Details of antennal spine-like setae: I, 5; II, 5; VI, 1; apical segment 2 setae, apical seta 28 μm long, subapical seta 15 μm long, medial sensory seta present, 17 μm long. Dorsal sensorium on segment 2 subapical. Spine-like setae on antenna each 5–6 μm long, one long spine-like seta on segment I dorsally, 18–20 μm long. Rudiments of compound eyes and ocelli present near each antennal base, without ommatidia; compound eye about 49 μm long, width at base about 140 μm; ocelli each about 21 μm long, width at base about 33 μm.

Venter. Labium absent. Stylet loop present, 92 μm long. Two pairs of wing pads on lateral thorax, anterior pad large and broad, each about 356 μm long, posterior pad small and tuberculate, about 23 μm long. Anterior wing pads each with 2 hair-like setae at base, each 30–34 μm long. Legs without a suture between trochanter and femur and with tibia and tarsus fused, without a tibio-tarsal articulation. Anterior leg measurements (μm): coxa about 84, trochanter-femur about 296, tibia-tarsus 398, claw about 36, claw digitules each about 6; setal details: coxa with about 10 setae, trochanter-femur 30, tibia-tarsus 51. Middle leg measurements (μm): coxa about 90, trochanterfemur about 294, tibia-tarsus about 389, claw about 38, claw digitules each about 7; setal details: coxa with about 9, trochanter-femur 30, tibia-tarsus 51. Hind leg measurements (μm): coxa about 106, trochanter-femur about 327, tibia-tarsus about 444, claw about 36, claw digitules each about 7; setal details: coxa with 10, trochanter-femur 35, tibia-tarsus 58. Most setae on legs spine-like and slender, some setae detached, indicated only by socket. Coxa with 2 long setae at base, each 20–21 μm, distal setae each 15–16 μm; each trochanter-femur with a tuberculate process ventrally at 2/5 length; anterior leg trochanter-femur with 3 oval sensoria in a row on 1 side basally, plus another situated more proximally, other legs each with trochanter-femur with 3 oval sensoria on each side. 2 or 3 tiny setae at trochanter basal articulation, other setae on trochanter-femur subequal in length, each 12–13 μm long; hind legs each with a sensory seta situated anterior to tibial sensorium, each seta 14 μm long; anterior and middle legs each with a seta similar to a sensory seta but smaller near tibial sensorium, each seta 6–7 μm long; several setae anterior to sensorium longer than others on tibia-tarsus, each 27–28 μm long; other tibia-tarsal setae short, each 9–10 μm long; claw digitules conical, claw without a denticle. Wax plates and spines absent, replaced by abundant multilocular pores, each usually with 6 loculi (occasionally 7), each pore about 12 μm in diameter ( Fig. 71 ). Multilocular pores clusters on head and thorax, multilocular pore rows present on each abdominal segment. Anterior thoracic spiracles each without multilocular pores around spiracular opening but with a group of multilocular pores laterally; each spiracular opening about 38 μm in diameter. Hair-like setae few, scattered on head, thorax and abdomen ventrally, each 23–48 μm long. Tubular quadrilocular pores and sessile quadrilocular pores absent. Small discoidal pores associated with multilocular pores throughout venter, each 3 μm in diameter ( Fig. 72 ). Minute tubular ducts absent. Marginal abdominal spiracles numbering 5 pairs, each associated with multilocular pores. Rudiments of genital segment at apex of abdomen ventrally, 126 μm wide ( Fig. 74 ).

Dorsum. Wax plates, spines, quadrilocular pores and minute tubular ducts absent. As on venter, a number of multilocular pores form long transverse rows across dorsal segments, except the segment with anterior wing pads has only a short row. Hair-like setae few, scattered on dorsum. Discoidal pores of 2 sizes: small and large pores both associated with multilocular pores throughout venter, each small pore about 3 μm in diameter, large pores each about 7 μm in diameter ( Fig. 73 ). Anal ring without pores or setae, 52 μm wide ( Fig. 75 ).

Comments. We found first-, second- and third-instar nymphs and a prepupal stage, but unfortunately not the pupal stage.

Biology. The number of instars identified in the new species refers to the description of the instars of Orthezia urticae by Sikes (1928): the female has 4 feeding instars: first-, second-, third-instar nymphs and wingless imago; male has 2 feeding instars (first- and second-instar nymphs), 2 inactive instars (prepupal and pupal stages) and the winged imago. First- and second-instar nymphs have the same external structure in the male and female. GavrilovZimin (2018) also proposed that the life cycle of most Ortheziidae is probably similar to Orthezia urticae , and that all female instars have developed, functional mouthparts and legs.

Identification key to adult females of Newsteadia species known in China (based on Kozár 2004)

1(0) Antenna 7 segmented................................................................. N. fanjingensis sp. n.

- Antenna 6 segmented.................................................................................. 2

2(1) Antenna with a subapical seta........................................................................... 3 - Antenna without a subapical seta......................................................................... 4

3(2) Thoracic spiracles each associated with 6–8 quadrilocular pores; dorsal spines numerous in medial area......... N. shuaui

- Thoracic spiracles not associated with quadrilocular pores; dorsal spines very sparse in medial area............ N. pinicola

4(2) Ovisac band with a row of quadrilocular pores along anterior edge..................................... N. chihpena

- Ovisac band without any row of quadrilocular pores along anterior edge.. ............................. N. mauritiana

Identification key to described adult males of Newsteadia species (based on Vea 2014)

1(0) Hamulohalteres present; antenna 10 segmented............................................. N. fanjingensis sp. n.

- Hamulohalteres absent; antenna 9 segmented............................................................... 2

2(1) Trochanter and femur separate; each forewing with 3 alar setae...................................... N. americana

- Trochanter and femur fused; each forewing with 1 alar seta............................................ N. floccosa

Figures

FIGURE 60. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., second-instar nymph.

FIGURE 65. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., third-instar female nymph.

FIGURES 5–9. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., adult female, paratypes: 5. Dorsum with wax protrusions and ovisac. 6. Venter with wax protrusions and ovisac. 7. Dorsum with wax protrusions removed. 8. Venter with wax protrusions removed. 9. Adult female with eggs and nymphs. Scale bars all = 1 mm.

FIGURES 10–26. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., adult female, holotype: 10. Antenna. 11. Medial sensory seta. 12. Basal spine-like seta. 13. Labium and stylet loop. 14. Basal tiny seta on trochanteral articulation. 15. Smaller sensory seta on anterior and middle leg tibia-tarsus. 16. Sensory seta on hind leg tibia-tarsus. 17. Claw. 18. Thoracic spiracle. 19. Long hair-like seta. 20. Small hair-like seta. 21. Tubular quadrilocular pore. 22. Sessile quadrilocular pore. 23. Small discoidal pore. 24. Large discoidal pore. 25. Spine-like setae and pores near vulva. 26. Anal ring.

FIGURES 27–30. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., adult male: 27. Adult male with mealy and cottony wax products, ventral view. 28. Dorsal view after soaking in 75% ethyl alcohol. 29. Lateral view after soaking in 10% ethyl alcohol. 30. Ventral view after soaking in 75% ethyl alcohol. Scale bars all = 1 mm.

FIGURES 31–34. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., adult male: 31. Dorsal view. 32. Lateral view. 33. Ventral view. 34. Tubular pore.

FIGURES 35–46. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., adult male: 35. Antenna. 36. Platelike microridges with microspines present on antenna. 37. Forewing; 38. Forewing surface, with hexagonal cells with large nuclei. 39. Circular sensoria on subcostal vein of forewing. 40. Hamulohaltere with 1 hamulus. 41. Middle leg. 42. Peg-like seta. 43. Claw. 44. Lateral view of genital segment. 45. Dorsal view of genital segment. 46. Ventral view of genital segment.

FIGURES 51–55. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., first-instar nymph: 51. Thoracic spiracle. 52. Sessile quadrilocular pore. 53. Tubular quadrilocular pore. 54. Small discoidal pore. 55. Anal ring.

FIGURES 47–50. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., first-instar nymph: 47. Dorsum with wax protrusions. 48. Venter with wax protrusions. 49. Dorsum with wax protrusions removed. 50. Venter with wax protrusions removed. Scale bars all = 1 mm.

FIGURES 56–59. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., second-instar nymph: 56. Dorsum with wax protrusions. 57. Venter with wax protrusions. 58. Dorsum with wax protrusions removed. 59. Venter with wax protrusions removed. Scale bars all = 1 mm.

FIGURES 61–64. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., third-instar female nymph: 61. Dorsum with wax protrusions. 62. Venter with wax protrusions. 63. Dorsum with wax protrusions removed. 64. Venter with wax protrusions removed. Scale bars all = 1 mm.

FIGURES 66–69. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., prepupal male: 66. Dorsal view of living body. 67. Ventral view of living body. 68. Dorsal view after soaking in 75% ethyl alcohol. 69. Ventral view after soaking in 75% ethyl alcohol. Scale bars all = 1 mm.

FIGURES 70–75. Newsteadia fanjingensis Zheng & Xing sp. n., prepupal male: 70. Slide-mounted. Scale bar = 1 mm.71. Multilocular pores with 6 loculi, occasionally 7. 72. Small discoidal pore. 73. Large discoidal pore. 74. The rudiments of the genital segment. 75. Anal ring without pores or setae.