Monstera tacanaensis Matuda, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón, 1972

Croat, Thomas B., Cedeño-Fonseca, Marco & Ortiz, Orlando O., 2024, Revision of Monstera (Araceae: Monsteroideae) of Central America, Phytotaxa 656 (1), pp. 1-197 : 167-169

47. Monstera tacanaensis Matuda, Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Autón , Mexico, Bot. 43(1): 55. 1974 [‘1972’]. ( Figs. 81 , 82 )

Type: — MEXICO. Chiapas: Unión Juárez, falda del Volcán Tacaná, bosque alto húmedo del Chiquihuite , 850–2000 m, 14 Feb. 1969, E. Matuda 37584 (holotype MEXU!) .

Terrestrial plant in walls or nomadic vine from the canopy, appressed-climbing and pendent habit. SEEDLINGS: bearing foliose leaves. JUVENILE PLANTS: root climbers; stems light-green, smooth, cylindrical; internodes 10–18 cm long, 1.0– 1.5 cm diam.; petiole distinct, 9–20 cm long; blades ovate, subcordate to truncate at base, acuminate at apex, coriaceous, 10–17 × 8–13 cm, not appressed to the phorophyte; fenestrations absent or present. ADULT PLANTS: root climbers; stems light-green to dark-green, cylindrical; internodes 8–15 cm long, 1.5–2.0 cm diam., 5.3–7.5 times longer than wide; cataphylls light green or yellowish, deciduous but leaving dry fragments on the peduncle; anchor roots slender, black; feeder roots grayish, corky; petiole dark-green with black dots, smooth, 20–50 cm long, sheathed up to medial part or 6 cm before base of the geniculum; petiole sheath deciduous; unsheathed portion slightly terete; geniculum smooth, flattened adaxially, cylindrical convex abaxially, 2–5 cm long; blades ovate to sub-orbicular, cordate at base, acuminate at apex, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, drying brownish, yellowish or grayish, 18–55 × 18–45 cm, not decurrent on geniculum; midrib flattened and prominent adaxially, convex abaxially, drying yellowish or brownish on both surfaces; primary lateral veins 4–7 per side, prominent on both surfaces, departing midrib at 85–90°, drying yellowish, brownish or blackish; secondary veins slightly prominent; collective veins not visible; fenestrations absent or present, perforations arranged on each side next to the midrib; margins entire or pinnatilobed, 2–5 lobes per side, the perforations between the lobes break, causing a hook-like structure. INFLORESCENCES on ascending or pendent stems, 1–5 simultaneously at flowering time, arranged in the axils of the leaves or into cataphylls; peduncle smooth and pruinose from the middle towards the apex, 8–13 cm long; spathe obtuse to short-acuminate, light-green or grayish and completely pruinose during development, pale-pink internally and light-green externally and less pruinose at anthesis, the margins revolute, completely open at apex, deciduous or marcescent after anthesis 13–16 × 10–13 cm, up to 2 cm longer than spadix; spadix cream-colored during development and anthesis, 5–15 cm long, 2.0– 3.5 cm diam.; basal sterile flowers 4–6 mm long, with a transparent stigmatic secretion; fertile flowers 5–9 mm long; stamens 0.5–9.0 mm long, with laminar filaments; anthers 2–3 mm long; ovary quadrangular in longitudinal section, ribbed, 4–5 × 4–5 mm; style hexagonal, 1.5–2.0 × 5–7 mm; stigma linear, sunken on style; berries with a dark-green stylar cap during development, mature stylar cap moss-green; pulp creamy-white; seeds dark green, oblong, 5–10 mm long.

Distribution and ecology: —Southern Mexico (Chiapas), Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama. In Costa Rica it is distributed in both watersheds of the Cordilleras de Guanacaste, Tilarán, Central and Talamanca, (Often occurring along the Continental divide and south of the fila Costeña, at 550–2400 m. It lives in Tropical wet forest, Premontane wet forest, Premontane rain forest and Lower montane rain forest life zones.

Phenology: —Flowering has been recorded in October-November. Fruit throughout the year.

Discussion: —The species, a member of sect. Tornelia , is distinguished from other species by its smooth, deep green, pruinose petioles (sometimes with black dots), cylindrical or almost so between the sheath apex and the geniculum, the geniculum lacking wings, shallowly cordate leaf blades with few perforations or none (when present, all of similar size, and only one between successive primary lateral veins), the spathe green and pruinose externally and pinkish cream internally, and a relatively short spadix (5–15 cm long) that turns dark bluish-green to dark brown during fruit development.

Monstera tacanaensis had been considered a synonym of M. deliciosa ( Cedeño-Fonseca et al. 2020c, 2022). However, the latter has usually thicker stems with a lower internode length-to-width ratio, petioles commonly (but not always) verrucose and distally winged, sheath wings with a small apical ligule, leaf blades deeply cordate, that can have up to 15 fenestrations of very different sizes between successive primary lateral veins, the spathe yellowish externally and cream internally, a relatively long spadix (10–23 cm) with many more florets, and low, cupuliform stigmatophores. The developing fruits of Monstera deliciosa turn deep green externally, but never as dark as in M. tacanaensis . No pruinosity can be seen on the petioles and spathe of M. deliciosa .

For more details about the taxonomic comments and nomenclatural notes see Cedeño-Fonseca et al. (2022).

Additional specimens examined: — MÉXICO. Chiapas: Volcán Tacaná, entre Talquían y puente Malá, 15°05’29”N, 092°05’49”W, 1890 m, 09 March 2020, P. Díaz-Jiménez et al. 1469 (HEM!); Road to Lacandona Reserva at the Nueva Palestina turnoff, 16°54’36”N, 091°12’00”W, 300 m, 11 Oct. 1986, B.e Hammel et al. 15668 (MO!); Unión Juárez, Southeast side of Volcán Tacaná above Talquian, 2200 m, 16 Jan. 1973, D. Breedlove & A. Smith 31690 (MEXU!, MO!); Municipio Unión Juárez, Volcán Tacaná, por el camino de Talquián a la cima del volcán, por la línea divisoria con Guatemala, 1700–2200 m, 4 Feb. 1987, Martínez et al. 19428 (MEXU!); Volcán Tacaná, camino entre Talquián y Chiquihuaite, 1800 m, 28 Apr. 1987, Martínez & Reyes 20417 (MEXU!). GUATEMALA. Quezaltenango: 1 km from Colomba on road to San Juan, in wet forest, 1800–2000, 31 Aug. 1972, M. Madison 657 (SEL!). COSTA RICA. Alajuela: Alajuela, Sarapiquí. Along Río Sarapiquí at and upstream from crossing of road to Colonia Virgen del Socorro, 750 m, 18 August 1990, (Fr.), M.H. Grayum 9932 (CR!, MO!); San Ramón, Peñas Blancas, Rio Penas Blancas, Estacion Eladios, 820 m, 14 May 1991, (Fl.), E. Bello 2683 (CR!, MO!); San Ramón, Peñas Blancas, Rio Penas Blancas, Refugio Aleman’s Quebrada Rojas, 850 m, 29 February 1992, (Fr.), E. Bello 4441 (CR!); Cartago: Turrialba, Alvarado, Capellades, Santa Cruz, Linderos del Río Turrialba, 1750 m, 19 June 2015, (Fl., Fr.), M. Cedeño 795 (USJ!); Cartago, Dulce Nombre, Jardín Botánico Lankester, 1360 m, 26 September 2015, (Fl.), M. Cedeño & M. Blanco 834 (USJ!); Cartago, Agua Caliente, Sobre camino rural de Lourdes a Muñeco, ca. 1.5 km del poblado de Muñeco, Fragmentos de bosque sobre ladera hacia Río Navarro, 1300 m, 3 March 2015, (Fr.), A. Cascante & C. Trejos 2513 (USJ!); Along Camino Raiz de Hule, SE of Platanillo (Tsipiri), 1300 m, 1 July 1976, (Fl.), T.B. Croat et al. 36722 (CR!, MO!); Turrialba, Santa Cruz, Monumento Nacional Guayabo, camino arriba de la casa de la administración, 1100 m, 3 September 1992, (Fr.), G. Rivera 1970 (CR!); Turrialba, Valle del Reventazón, Grano de Oro, Moravia de Chirripó, 1110 m, 29 June 1993, (Fr.), P. Campos 92 (CR!, MO!); Pastures in Tapantí, 1200 m, 20 June 1970, (Fr.), R. Lent et al. 1962 (CR!); Paraíso, Orosi, Camino del pueblo de Río Macho al Embalse, Área de cafetales y pequeños bosques alterados, 1480 m, 26 January 2010, (Fl.), A. Cascante 2175 (CR!); Guanacaste: Tilarán, Tronadora, Lake Arenal; Hills along south side of lake; from Río Chiquito to Río Caño Negro, 650 m, 9 May 1986, (Infer.), B.E. Hammel & G. Hoopen 15139 (CR!, MO!); Tilarán, Tronadora, Quebrada Grande, Rio Chiquito, Cano Negro, Finca Rodolfo Quesada, 800 m, 10 September 1993, (Infer.), E. Bello 5400 (CR!, MO!); Heredia: Sarapiquí, La Virgen, Primary forest between Río Peje and Río Sardinalito, Atlantic slope of Río Volcán Barva, 750 m, 3 April 1986, (Infer.), M.H. Grayum 6710 (CR!, MO!); Limón. Talamanca, Telire, Gira Transtalamanca, Sendero a la Catarata, 1930 m, 26 Abril 2017, (Fr.), M. Cedeño et al. 1082 (USJ!); Talamanca, Telire, Alto Urén, Cerro Laúbeta entre Río Lorni y Quebrada Chacho, 1190 m, 1 January 1985, (Fr.), G. Herrera 3383 (CR, USJ, MO); Talamanca, Telire, Alto Lari, Kivut, 1400 m, 1 January 1975, (Fr.), R. Aguilar & W. Roy 1106 (CR!, MO!); Pococí, Guápiles, Los Angeles, San Miguel, siguiendo el camino que va al Volcán Irazú, cuenca media del río Blanquillo, margen izquierdo, 1300 m, 26 February 1990, (Fr.), A. Chacón et al. 79 0 (CR!, MO!); Talamanca, Telire, P.N. Cordillera de Talamanca, Cordillera de Talamanca, Siguiendo fila frente unión Queb, Kuisa/ R. Lori, De Ujarrás a San José Cabécar, 1850 m, 21 March 1993, (Fl., Fr.), G. Herrera et al, 5972 (CR!, MO!); Limón, Valle la Estrella, Almirante, Fila divisoria entre la Cuenca superior del río Xichiari y la cuenca superior del río Boyei, 1300 m, 13 August 1995, (Fl., Fr.), G. Herrera 8450 (CR!, MO!); Pococí, Guapiles, Bosque Lluvioso, 350 m, 14 October 2005, (Fl., Fr.), L. Acosta 3733 (CR!); Talamanca, Bratsi, Rio Coen, 800 m aguas arriba union Queb. Kirigu, De Ujarras a San Jose Cabecar, 1700 m, 28 March 1993, (Fr.), A. Fernandez 861 (CR!); Talamanca, Bratsi, Cima a la derecha union Rios Lori y Coen, Entre Ujarras y San Jose Cabecar, 1600 m, 4 April 1993, (Fr.), A. Fernandez 1029 (CR!); Pococí, Guapiles, Forests mainly to the E of main E branch of Quebrada El Molinete, 480 m, 24 July 1994, (Infer.), M.H. Grayum 10677 (CR!, MO!); Talamanca, Bratsi, Amubri, Alto Lari, Kivut, Afluente innominado del Rio Lari, margen izquierda, 1500 m, 21 March 1992, (Fr.), G. Herrera 5412 (CR!); Talamanca, Bratsi, Bratsi, Parque Internacional La Amistad, sendero Transtalamanca, Entre Ujarrás y San José Cabécar, Entre Quebrada Kuisa y Río Lori, 1809 m, 23 February 2007, (Fr.), A. Rodríguez 10714 (CR!); Talamanca, Bratsi, Bratis, Punto 11 B. Cerca de 1 km NE de Laguna Dabagri, 1571 m, 26 July 2007, (Fr.), D. Solano 4497 (CR!); Puntarenas: Coto Brus, San Vito, Estación Biológica Las Cruces, 1200 m, 2 May 2015, (Fr.), M. Cedeño 778 (USJ!); Coto Brus, San Vito, Fila Cruces, 1400 m, 27 Abril 1995, (Fr.), I. Chacón 14 (USJ!); Cloud Forest above Wilson’s Finca 6 km s of San Vito de Java. 1523 m, 17 August 1967, (Fr.), P. Raven & L. Liesner 21860 (CR!); Coto Brus, Sabalito, Z.P. Las Tablas, Cordillera de Talamanca, Quijada del Diablo, San Vito, 1200 m, 1 January 1975, (Fr.), M. Ramírez & H. Schmidt 192 (CR!); Región Sur Este del Lago Dabagri, cruzando las filas hacia Telire (Laguna Tiestos y fila de los aguacatillos), 1 January 1985, (Fr.), L. Gómez & G. Herrera 23205 (CR!, MO!); Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Along ridge between headwaters of Río Chubugra and Río Kuiyé, ca. 12 km NE of Ujarrás, Cordillera de Talamanca, 2100 m, 20 March 1993, (Infer.), M.H. Grayum 10387 (CR!, MO!); Buenos Aires, Potrero Grande, No protegida, Cuenca Térraba-Sierpe, Potrero Grande, Tres Colinas, bajando hacia Helechales, ca. 700 m, Bosque junto al camino, 1700 m, 25 April 2006, (Fl.), A. Rodríguez & D. Santamaría 10141 (CR!, MO!); Buenos Aires, Potrero Grande, No protegida, Cuenca Térraba – Sierpe, Sabanas Helechales parte intermedia, Alrededores de la finca del señor Marcial Vidal, 1090 m, 15 June 2006, (Fr.), F. González & N. Murakami 556 (CR!, MO!); Coto Brus, Ridge Summit trail on Fila Cruces of Cerro Anguciana, Understory of cloud forest on ridge top, 1535 m, 8 March 1989, (Fr.), J. Koshear et al. 116 (CR!); Coto Brus, Pittier, Sendero a Cerro Gemelo, 1900 m, 31 July 2000, (Fl.), L. Acosta 2374 (CR!, MO!); Coto Brus, Sabalito, Zona Protectora Tablas, Cerro Pando, Colecta en bosque y orillas de potreros, 1960 m, 20 November 1996, (Fl.), E. Alfaro 930 (CR!, MO!); Coto Brus, Pittier, Estacion Pittier, 1680 m, 8 June 1995, (Fr.), L. Angulo 334 (CR!, MO!); Coto Brus, Pittier, Limite Zona Protectora Las Tablas, sendero a Quebrada Gemela, 1650 m, 30 January 1995, (Fl., Fr.), M. Chinchilla 25 (CR!, MO!); Coto Brus, Sabalito, Sendero a Cerro Echandi, 1800 m, 10 August 1997, (Fr.), B. Gamboa 1662 (CR!); Coto Brus, Pittier, Estacion Pittier, Sendero Rio Gemelo, 1650 m, 30 January 1995, (Fl.), E. Navarro 18 (CR!); Coto Brus, Pittier, Estacion Pittier, Sendero Pittier, 1680 m, 15 June 1995, (Fr.), A. Picado 241 (CR!); Coto Brus, Pittier, Estacion Pittier, Sendero sobre la Fila hacia el Cerro Pittier, 1640 m, 26 November 1997, (Fr.), A. Rodríguez 2822 (CR!, MO!); Buenos Aires, Potrero Grande, Potrero Grande, La Lucha, Cerro Seno, Vegetación achaparrada con predominio de Quercus, Cavendishia, Clusia y helechos, 5–9 m x 10–70 cm DAP, 2100 m, 23 February 2008, (Infer.), D. Santamaría 7118 (CR!); Buenos Aires, Potrero Grande, Buenos Aires, Potrero Grande, La Lucha, PILA, Bosque denso de 5–25 m, 1800 m, 25 February 2008, (Fr.), D. Solano 5164 (CR!, MO!); Coto Brus, Pittier, Coto Brus, Área de Conservación Amistad Pacífico, Parque Internacional La Amistad, Estación Pittier, Sta. María de Pittier, Sendero Cerro Pittier, 1754 m, 17 May 2015, (Infer.), N. Zamora 7778 (CR!); San José: Pérez Zeledón, Rivas, Farmland on steep hills with remnant evergreen forest along streams Río Herradura, tributary of the río Chirripó del Pacífico at 1600 m altitude, northwest of Canán, General Valley, 1600 m, 29 December 1969, (Fr.), W. Burger & W. Haber 7103 (CR!); Vazquez de Coronado, Cascajal, Pastures and forest remnants along the río Cascajal near the waterfalls at 1600 m, 1600 m, 5 November 1978, (Fl.), M. Thomas et al. 784 (CR!); Perez Zeledón, Páramo, R.F. Los Santos, Cerro Lira, 2020 m, 8 March 2001, (Fr.), A. Quesada 563 (CR!); Tarrazú, San Lorenzo, Tarrazú, San Marcos, between Cerro Toro and Cerro Hormiguero along the road between Basurero and Esquipulas, vicinity of Cerro Hormiguero, 1100 m, 5 September 1996, (Infer.), T.B. Croat 78936 (CR!, MO!); Vázquez de Coronado, Cascajal, Sendero La Montura, entre Estación Quebrada González y Estación Zurquí, 1100 m, 16 February 2000, (Fr.), A. Rodríguez 5783 (CR!); Cartago, La Unión, San Juan, Centro Comercial Auto-Mercado, 1315 m, 18 August 2018, (Fl., Fr.), M. Cedeño & M. Blanco 1493 (USJ!). PANAMA. Bocas del Toro: Cerro Colorado, 9.2 mi W of Chamé; along trail E of road which leads down to stream, 8°35’N, 81°50’W, 1450–1480 m, 6 Jul. 1988, T.B. Croat 69073 (MO!); Changuinola, P.I. La Amistad, 9°03’27.8’’N, 82°42’18.1’’W, 1500 m, 21 Apr. 2008 (fr.), D. Santamaría et al. 7489 (CR, PMA); Changuinola, P.I. La Amistad, Rancho Santín, 9°06’41.9’’N, 82°40’03.7’’W, 1340 m, 31 Jul. 2008 (fl.), A. Monro et al. 6129 (CR, PMA); Changuinola, Caribbean slopes of Cerro Fábregas, 9°09’51’’N, 082°39’41’’W, 1300 m, 23 Mar. 2005 (fr.), A. Monro & S. Cafferty 4922 (PMA!); Changuinola, Valle del Risco, Sitio Culebra, P.I. La Amistad, 8°55’N, 82°25.4’W, 700–1000 m, 26 Jan. 2013 (fr.), A. Zuluaga et al. 902 (PMA!); Chiriquí: Fortuna, Grande-Fortuna,Along Continental Divide from road branching N off main Fortuna-Chiriquí Grande Highway near Continental Divide, 1.1 mi from main highway, 8°44’N, 82°17’W, 1200 m, 11 Mar. 1985, T.B. Croat & M.H. Grayum 60297 (MO!); La Pata del Cedro, 09°04’27”N, 082°44’17”W, 1750 m, 11 Mar. 2004, E. Alfaro 4322 (MO!, PMA!); Chiriquí Grande, Chiriquí border along Continental Divide on Carretera del Oleoducto, ca 1 km N of Quebrada Arena, IRHE Fortuna Hydroelectric Project, 08°46’N, 082°12’W, 1150 m, 11 May. 1982, S. Knapp 5087 (MO!); Chiriquí, Along trail between N fork of Río Palo Alto and Cerro Pate Macho, ca. 6 km NE of Boquete. 8°48’N, 82°23.5’W, 1600–1700 m, 6 Feb. 1986, M.H. Grayum et al. 6398 (MO!); Cerro Punta region, alto Los Guerra road W of Bambito, 8°53’N, 82°37’W, 1800–2200 m, 13 Jul. 1983, C. Hamilton & K. Krager 3900 (MO!); Hill E of Audubon Cabin, S of Cerro Punta, 8°52’N, 82°35’W, 1400–1800 m, 12 Jul. 1983, C. Hamilton & K. Krager 3841 (MO!); Gualaca-Chiriquí Grande, 4.2 mi NW of Los Planes de Hornito, 08°39’N, 82°13’W, 1000 m, 29 Mar. 1993, T.B. Croat 74915 (MO!); Cerro Colorado, along road to copper mine development N of San Felix, 20.5 mi N of the bridge near San Felix, 8.3 mi beyond Chame and turnoff to Escopeta. 08°32’N, 81°46’W, 1630 m, 30 Mar. 1993, T.B. Croat 75041 (MO!); Cerro Colorado, along road between Río San Felix and Cerro Colorado mining exploration camp, W of Chamé, 8°35’N, 81°51’W, 1400 m, 8 Jul. 1988, T.B. Croat 69221 (MO!); Along road from Cerro Punta village towards Boquete, near place called Bajo Grande, 8°50’N, 82°35’W, 2100 m, 5 Jun. 1986, G. McPherson 9325 (MO!); Cerro Colorado Mine, near higher elevation camp, 1500 m, 30 May. 1980, T. Antonio 4872 (MO!); Wooded slopes about 1 km north of Las Nubes, east of the mountain of Cerro Punta and about 5 km northwest of the town of Cerro Punta, 2000–3000 m, 24 Dec. 1971, R. Wilbur et al. 15234 (MO!); Roadsides, pastures and remnants of lower montane wet forest, Bajo Grande, 1–3 km E of town of Cerro Punta, 2000–2200 m, 24 Feb. 1974, M. Nee 10065 (MO!); 2 mi N of El Hato del Volcán, 30 May 1970, T.B. Croat 10664 (MO!); Vicinity of Bajo Chorro, 1900 m, 20 Jul. 1940, R. Woodson & R. Schery 634 (MO!); Palo Alto, just east of Boquete, 5000 f [1524 m], 23 Jul. 1959, W.L. Stern et al. 1055 (MO!); Cerro Colorado, on road, 31.6 km from Río San Felix bridge, 1690 m, 15 Jul. 1976, G. Sullivan 323 (MO!); La Fortuna hydroelectric project; in cloud forest on ridge behind camp, 1300–1400 m, 23 Mar. 1978, B.E. Hammel 2235 (MO!); Primary forest and adjacent cut over areas; Vicinity of Las Nubes; 2.7 mi NW of Río Chiriquí Viejo W of Cerro Punta, 2200 m, 27 Feb. 1973, T.B. Croat 22385 (MO!); Lower north slope of Barú, east of Bajo Choro region, forest, forest edge and pasture, 6000–6500 f, 7 May 1978, B.E. Hammel 2970 (MO!); Trail from Paso Respingo to Bajo Chorro, Cerro Punta to Boquete, 7300 f, 13 Apr. 1979, B.E. Hammel et al. 7027 (MO!), Camino entre Bombito y La Amenaza, 6000 f, 21 Apr. 1969, M. Correa 1274 (MO!); Forested hill N of Audubon Cabin, 20 Feb. 1971, T.B. Croat 13631 (MO!); 7 km NW of Cerro Punta, Las Nubes region, 7200 f, 11 Feb. 1978, B.E. Hammel 1466 (MO!); Vicinity of Callejón Seco, Volcán de Chiriquí, 1700 m, 17 Jul. 1940, R. Woodson et al. 501 (MO!); Lower montane wet forest 5.5 km by road NW of Alto Quiel, along road toward Cerro Punta, 8 km NW of Boquete, 1600 m, 23 Feb. 1974, M. Nee 9943 (MO!); Above San Felix along mining road 18–27 miles off of Pan-American Highway (above Chame or turnoff to Escopeta), 1200–1500 m, 12 Mar. 1976, T.B. Croat 33093 (F!, MO!); Cerro Colorado, along mining road 31.6 km beyond bridge over Río San Felix (10.6 km beyond turn-off to Escopeta), 1690 m, 15 Jul. 1976, T.B. Croat 37170A (MO!); East of Boquete along steep, forested slopes and in wooded pastures on Cerro Azul near Quebrada Jaramillo, 1620–1700 m, 11 Aug. 1974, T.B. Croat 26844 (MO!); 3.7 km along road through Bajo Grande from bridge NE of Cerro Punta, 08°50’N, 082°32’W, 2250–2400 m, 9 Nov. 1980, K. Sytsma & W. Stevens 2080 (MO!); Las Cumbres, hogback ridge N of Quebrada Iglesia, near town of Cerro Punta, 22 Jul. 1971, T.B. Croat 1616 4 (MO!); Roadside south of Cerro Punta, 29 May 1970, T.B. Croat 10434 (MO!); Volcán Barú, Boquete-Alto Quiel, Along old road from Boquete-Alto Quiel to Cerro Punta; on trail up north slope of Volcán Barú, 8°50’N, 82°30’W, 1750–1900 m, 13 Jan. 1989, G. McPherson 13519 (MO!); Boquete: Back side of mountain, 20 Mar. 1977, J. Folsom 2206 (MO!); Bugaba, Cerro Punta, 08°52’N, 82°33’W, 2200 m, 23 Jan. 1984, H. van der Werff & J. Herrera 6289 (MO!); Coclé: La Mesa above El Valle; in forest on both sides of junction with road to Cerro Pilón, 800 m, 21 Jul. 1974, T.B. Croat 25357 (MO!); La Mesa, above El Valle de Anton, ca 2 km W of Cerro Pilon on slopes of steep knife-like ridge, 900–930 m, 22 Jul. 1976, T.B. Croat 37502 (MO!); Veraguas: Ridge of Cordillera de Tute, along trail to Cerro Tute, ca 3–4 km past Escuela Agrícola Alto de Piedra, just W of Santa Fé, 08°32’N, 081°07’W, 800–1400 m, 20 Mar. 1982, S. Knapp & J. Kress 4374 (MO!); 5 mi W of Santa Fe on road past Escuela Agrícola Alto Piedra on Pacific side of divide, 800–1200 m, 18–19 Mar. 1973, R. Liesner 909 (MO!); 5 mi W of Santa Fé on road past Escuela Agrícola Alto Piedra on Pacific side of divide, 800–1200 m, 18–19 Mar. 1973, R. Liesner 941 (MO!).

Figures

FIGURE 81. Monstera tacanaensis from Cartago, Costa Rica. (A) Developing inflorescence. (B) Inflorescence with open spathe, front and back views. (C) Mature infructescence, stylar plates detached. (D) Fertile flower; lateral view (left) and longitudinal section (right). (E) Stylar plate with stigma (left) and one stamen (right). (F) Sterile floret; lateral view (left), and longitudinal section (right). (G) Seeds; one with persistent stylar plate on top after being extruded from the fruit (left), the other one without stylar plate (right). (H) Portion of adult plant. (I) Seedling. (J) Juvenile plant. M. Cedeño et al. 834 (USJ). Image from Cedeño-Fonseca et al. (2020c).

FIGURE 82. Monstera tacanaensis. Adult plant growing in the locality type in Tacaná, Mexico. P. Díaz-Jiménez et al. 1469 (HEM). Photo by M. Cedeño-Fonseca.