Lepralia violacea Johnston, 1847: 325

HAYWARD, PETER J. & McKINNEY, FRANK K., 2002, Northern Adriatic Bryozoa From The Vicinity Of Rovinj, Croatia, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2002 (270), pp. 1-139 : 44-48

Lepralia violacea Johnston, 1847: 325 . Reptadeonella violacea: Hayward and Ryland,

1999: 186.

DESCRIPTION (AMNH 933; CMRR 2227): Colonies encrusting, multiserial, extensive unilaminar sheets, deep purple when living, with a pale border of actively growing autozooids. Autozooids pyriform to regularly hexagonal, with distinct boundaries, flat or with a slight median concavity; 0.5–0.62 X 0.3–0.5 in present material. Primary orifice semicircular, with straight or slightly convex proximal edge; surrounded by a short, thick peristome surmounted by a transversely oval secondary orifice. No oral spines. Frontal shield finely granular, thickening through ontogeny, with a single series of slit­like marginal pores; a small round spiramen medially, distal to it a single adventitious avicularium, with short, triangular rostrum acute to frontal plane, distally directed and extending onto proximal part of peristome. No ovicells; embryos brooded in modified gonozooids, broader than autozooids, with proportionately larger, broader orifice. On settlement larva metamorphoses into a radially symmetrical complex of six ancestrular zooids, readily seen in young colonies.

Tentacles colorless, 17–18; lophophores slightly obliquely truncate.

DISTRIBUTION: This is a warm temperate species, distributed in the east Atlantic from the southwest British Isles to West Africa, and abundantly throughout the Mediterranean. Also present in the warm temperate to tropical west Atlantic, and on the Pacific coasts of North America.

MEASUREMENTS (SKELETAL): AL 112 ± 21 µm, 75–146 (2, 15), AW 64 ± 11, 48–84 (2, 15), DO 439 ± 53, 283–490 (2, 20), OL 70 ± 9, 58–93 (2, 15), OW 102 ± 8, 91–115 (2, 15), OOL 86 ± 20, 63–99 (1, 3), OOW 151 ± 3, 148–154 (1, 3), ZL 633 ± 64, 516– 737 (2, 15), ZW 367 ± 41, 312–449 (2, 15). (POLYPIDE): IH 210 ± 78 µm, 60–280 (1, 6), LD 606 ± 132, 400–740 (1, 10), MD 28 ± 4, 20–30 (1, 6), TL 520 ± 51, 440–560 (1, 5).

FAMILY ADEONELLIDAE GREGORY, 1893 GENUS ADEONELLA BUSK, 1884

Adeonella pallasii ( Heller, 1867)

Figure 20A–E

Eschara pallasii Heller, 1867: 115 .

Schizoporella pallasii: Hincks, 1886: 268 .

Adeonella polystomella: Zabala and Maluquer, 1988: 144 .

Adeonella pallasii: Ünsal and d’Hondt. 1979: 622 . Hayward, 1988: 171.

LECTOTYPE (chosen here): UIIZ 169.

DESCRIPTION (AMNH 934–936; CMRR 2228): Colonies light orange, erect, bilaminar, branching dichotomously, developing a flat, two­dimensional structure; to 20 mm

high in present material; maximum branch width 2.5 mm. Autozooids oval to hexagonal, broadest distally, tapered proximally; bordered by distinct raised sutures. Frontal shield convex, finely granular; pores large and distinct in early ontogeny, later confined to margins of shield. Primary orifice as wide as long, proximal edge with two pronounced cusps defining a narrow, U­shaped sinus. Secondary orifice transversely oval, becoming more nearly circular in later ontogeny; peristomial bridge slender, defining proximally a broad oval spiramen through which the primary orifice is clearly visible. Avicularia small, single or paired, proximolateral to secondary orifice, with bluntly triangular rostrum directed medially onto peristomial bridge. Ontogenetic thickening of frontal shield producing a prominent umbo proximolateral to secondary orifice on each side, and another proximal to spiramen.

REMARKS: Heller’s specimen chosen here as lectotype and illustrated as Figure 20A and 20B is one of two specimens in the collections of the UIIZ indicated as Heller’s types of the species.

DISTRIBUTION: This distinctive species is perhaps endemic to the eastern Mediterranean. It is common in the eastern Adriatic and the Aegean. Its most westerly record seems to be that of Hincks (1886), from Naples, which has still to be substantiated.

MEASUREMENTS (SKELETAL): AL 71 ± 9 µm, 54–82 (2, 16), AW 45 ± 8, 32–58 (2, 16), DO 379 ± 27, 331–419 (2, 20), OL 96 ± 7, 84–108 (1, 10), OW 82 ± 6, 70–89 (2, 13), ZL 537 ± 30, 471–583 (2, 20), ZW 399 ± 36, 326–462 (2, 20).

SUPERFAMILY LEPRALIELLOIDEA VIGNEAUX, 1949

FAMILY ROMANCHEINIDAE JULLIEN, 1888

GENUS ESCHAROIDES MILNE EDWARDS, 1836

Escharoides mamillata ( Wood, 1844)

Figure 20F–H Lepralia mamillata Wood, 1844: 19 . Escharoides mamillata: Hayward and Ryland,

1999: 118.

DESCRIPTION (AMNH 895; CMRR 2229): Colonies spreading, multiserial, unilaminar sheets. Autozooids oval to hexagonal, steeply convex, separated by well­marked grooves.

Aperture slightly broader than long; distally with a broad, straight­edged suboral shelf, bordered by four to six short thick spines; proximally with a tall, medially pointed mucro, with a short, square denticle on its inner face, flanked on each side by a short pointed denticle. Frontal shield thick, with distinctive nodular surface, bordered by densely spaced, round marginal pores. Avicularia adventitious, lateral oral, paired, with acute triangular rostrum, slightly acute to frontal plane, distally directed and with a gentle lateral curve towards the autozooid midline. Ovicell hemispherical, with arched, straight­edged aperture; surface finely nodular, identical to that of frontal shield, with small, indistinct pores scattered around its periphery.

DISTRIBUTION: Escharoides mamillata is common in Pliocene deposits of southeast England and the Low Countries but has been reported on only few occasions from Recent habitats. It is known from two localities off northwest Britain, and from the Gulf of Marseille, but has not been reported from elsewhere in the northeast Atlantic or the Mediterranean.

MEASUREMENTS (SKELETAL): AL 188 ± 19 µm, 151–228 (2, 20), AW 111 ± 7, 97–121 (2, 20), DO 607 ± 55, 510–704 (2, 20), OL 125 ± 14, 92–149 (2, 19), OW 150 ± 9, 135–65 (2, 19), OvL 286 ± 34, 224–335 (2, 20), OvW 410 ± 38, 354–478 (2, 20), ZL 664 ± 60, 560–795 (2, 20), ZW 514 ± 47, 438–625 (2, 20).

FAMILY UMBONULIDAE CANU, 1904 GENUS UMBONULA HINCKS, 1880 Umbonula ovicellata Hastings, 1944 Figure 21A–C

Umbonula ovicellata Hastings, 1944: 280 . Hayward and Ryland, 1999: 106.

DESCRIPTION (AMNH 937): Colonies orange encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar sheets. Autozooids hexagonal to irregularly polygonal, strongly convex, separated by thin raised sutures. Aperture slightly longer than wide, large, operculum clearly visible within, its rim developed as a thin, wavy peristome, especially prominent laterally. Midproximally each autozooid with a small suboral avicularium, the oval rostrum orientated perpendicularly to plane of aperture and facing distally. Frontal shield imperforate centrally, but with about a dozen deep, marginal areolae, from between which prominent ribs converge on the suboral avicularium, the cystid of which becomes distinctly umbonate as calcification thickens. Ovicell (absent in present material) broader than long, flattened frontally, with numerous pores.

Tentacles light orange, 18; lophophores bell­shaped, radially symmetrical to slightly obliquely truncate.

Embryos bright yellow, observed 7 June 1988.

DISTRIBUTION: Lower shore and shallow sublittoral, on algae, sea grasses and shells. Widely distributed in the Mediterranean, ranging north to southwest England.

MEASUREMENTS (SKELETAL): AL 109 ± 14 µm, 84–131 (2, 20), AW 111 ± 15, 92–140 (2, 20), OL 181 ± 17, 156–215 (2, 20), OW 194 ± 14, 162–219 (2, 20), OvL 179 ± 24, 127–203 (1, 10), OvW 210 ± 16, 187–242 (1, 10), ZL 617 ± 52, 536–701 (2, 20), ZW 407 ± 41, 328–489 (2, 20). (POLYPIDE): IH 118 ± 35 µm, 60–180 (1, 9), LD 924 ± 134, 640–1080 (1, 9), TLMn 782 ± 200, 400– 960 (1, 6), TLMx: 886 ± 190, 400–1050 (1, 9).

INFRAORDER LEPRALIOMORPHA GORDON, 1989

SUPERFAMILY SMITTINOIDEA LEVINSEN, 1909

FAMILY SMITTINIDAE LEVINSEN, 1909

GENUS PARASMITTINA OSBURN, 1952

Parasmittina rouvillei ( Calvet, 1902) Figure 21D–G

Figures

Fig. 20. A–E. Adeonella pallasii. A. General aspect (lectotype, UIIZ 169; 1 mm). B. Untreated autozooids (lectotype, UIIZ 169; 0.2 mm). C. Ontogenetically young autozooids at branch tip (AMNH 934; 0.1 mm). D. Autozooidal orifice (AMNH 935; 0.05 mm). E. Autozooid (AMNH 936; 0.1 mm). F–H. Escharoides mamillata (AMNH 895). F. General aspect (0.2 mm). G. Autozooid (0.1 mm). H. Maternal zooid with ovicell, flanked by two avicularia (0.1 mm).

Fig. 21. A–C. Umbonula ovicellata (AMNH 937). A. General aspect (0.5 mm). B. Orifices of ontogenetically young autozooids with suboral avicularia (0.2 mm). C. Ontogenetically mature maternal zooids with ovicells (0.1 mm). D–G. Parasmittina rouvillei. D. General aspect (AMNH 938; 0.5 mm). E. Autozooids (upper right), maternal zooids with ovicells (lower left), and variable­sized vicarious avicularia (AMNH 938; 0.2 mm). F. Autozooidal orifice (AMNH 939; 0.05 mm). G. Orificial condyle (AMNH 939; 0.01 mm).