Parafontaria, Verhoe V, 1936

Tanabe, T., 2002, Revision of the millipede genus Parafontaria VerhoeV, 1936 (Diplopoda, Xystodesmidae), Journal of Natural History 36 (18), pp. 2139-2183 : 2144-2150

Genus Parafontaria VerhoeV, 1936

Japonaria VerhoeV, 1936a: 155, as subgenus of Fontaria , invalidly proposed without designation of type species; HoVman, 1949: 5; HoVman, 1956: 100; Takakuwa, 1954: 75; Miyosi, 1959: 83; Jeekel, 1971: 268.

Parafontaria VerhoeV, 1936b: 300, as subgenus of Fontaria , type species by monotypy: Fontaria (Parafontaria) armigera VerhoeV, 1936b; Attems, 1938: 179 (as subgenus of Japonaria ); Jeekel, 1971: 278; HoVman, 1978: 216; 1980: 159.

Japonaria Attems, 1938: 174 ; Jeekel, 1971: 268. Synonymized with Parafontaria VerhoeV, 1936 by HoVman (1978: 216).

Grayaria Chamberlin, 1943: 16 , type species by original designation: Grayaria attemsii Chamberlin, 1943 ; HoVman, 1949: 5; Jeekel, 1971: 265. Synonymized with Parafontaria VerhoeV, 1936 by HoVman (1978: 216).

Diagnosis. Separable from other confamiliars by the following characters: gonopods forming one and a half to two loops; cyphopods with the membranous bellows tube. In some species, the coxae and sternite of segment 3 of females are strongly modi ed.

Male. Body in dorsal view as in gure 1. Body composed of head and 20 segments.

Head capsule smooth; epicranial suture distinct; genae not margined laterally, with central impressions. Antennae becoming progressively more hirsute distally; antennomeres: rst subglobose; second to sixth clavate; fth and sixth with sense organ distodorsally, composed of minute sensilla; seventh short and truncate, with four sense cones; relative length of antennomeres 2=3=4=5=6>1>7.

Coxae and prefemora of pregonopodal legs densely hirsute. Coxae of legs 5–7 swollen or projecting distally on ventral surfaces to varying degrees; distal projection of coxae of sixth legs occasionally bifurcate (gure 17). Coxae and prefemora of postgonopodal legs with ventrodistal spines becoming progressively longer posteriorly.

Tergites smooth, without setae. Both anterior and posterior margins of paranota smooth; anterolateral corners usually rounded; posterolateral corners blunt on front and middle body, angular on rear body and becoming progressively more acute 2014 February 13 09: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded posteriorly. Peritremata distinct. Ozopores located at posterior third to quarter of lateral margin of paranota.

Sternites smooth, without setae. Sternite of segment 4 with two projections between third legs. Sternite of segment 5 with two projections between fourth legs and somewhat convexly recessed between fth legs to accommodate acropodite. Sternite of segment 6 strongly convexly recessed between legs to accommodate acropodite.

Gonopodal aperture oval. Gonopods in situ: both left and right telopodites 2014

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Downloaded parallel to each other. Sternal remnant present. Sternal apodeme short, half to twothird of coxal length, nearly straight or somewhat bent posteriorly at about midlength. Coxa oval, with coxal projection near cannula on anterior surface, with two

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B A

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D C

macrosetae near tip of coxal projection. Sternal apodeme somewhat shorter than coxa. Telopodite forming one and a half to two loops. Prefemur without prefemoral process, with small proximolateral projection (gure 6B). Femur elongate, often bent anteriorly at about mid-length, with or without tooth at both lateral and mesal sides of border between femur and tibiotarsus. Border between femur and tibiotarsus clearly visible. Tibiotarsus variously modi ed, sometimes bent dorsally near border between femur and tibiotarsus, with tibiotarsal process at mid-length to near tip; many forms with apical process and mesal process in distal part; some forms with additional process or ange in various portions. Prostatic groove originating in basal pit of prefemur, running along inner surface of telopodite, and opening in distal part; solenomerite usually forming small process.

Colour in life. Tergal colour variable: tergites bluish greenish grey, greenish grey, brownish orange, orange, pink or brown; some forms with brown or grey stripes along posterior margins of metatergites and both anterior and posterior margins of collum. Venter and legs yellowish white.

Ap

2014 February 13 09: 23 at] FIG. 10. Distal parts of gonopods, setae omitted except on coxae. (A, B) Parafontaria Bath pod erythrosoma : (A) inner from view Ôaraiisozaki-jinja; (B) lateral view Shrine. (C,, D Ôarai-machi) P. ishiii :, (C Ibaraki) Mt Tsukuba-san Prefecture, left, Ibaraki gonoof Prefecture, left gonopod, inner view; (D) holotype, right gonopod, inner view. (E) University (P shi Prefecture F.,) doenitzi Hirudani Tochigi ,, inner holotype, Prefecture Eigenji-cho view,; left, (I) inner, same Shiga gonopod view, Prefecture outer,; mesal (H view), Miyanoshita. view inner Ap,. apical view (F–I;), (process G P Hakone-machi.) Mt laminata ; Maru-yama Mp,, mesal left, Kanagawa gonopod, process Nikko-;: [So, solenomerite; Tp, tibiotarsal process. by Downloaded antennae Female Sternite and. and Somatic legs coxae more of features slender segment; as coxal 3 in variously and males prefemoral modi except ed for spines (: gures body of 13 legs somewhat, 14 longer).. larger;

Cyphopod in situ with opening of valves visible in aperture. Both anterior and posterior valves subequal in size and shape to each other. Valves connected with membranous bellows tube which is entirely soft or somewhat sclerotized in proximal region and sometimes with at region on posterior surface. Receptacles vestigially retained (gure 15D).

Measurements (in mm). Males (N =235): MTW 3.7–9.6. Females (N =196):

MTW 4.6–9.6.

Karyotype. 2 n (male)=12 ( Tanabe, 1992); this is the lowest number so far recorded for the Diplopoda.

Distribution. Japan: Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Sadogashima Is.

Remarks. Parafontaria is supposed to form a monophyletic group and to be closely related to other Oriental xystodesmid genera, Levizonus , Riukiaria ,

Xystodesmus and Sinoria . For details on these matters, see Cladistic analysis in the

Materials and Methods section.

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Mp Ap Mp Ap

E F G H

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