Asterinales

Dai, Dong-Qin, Tang, Li-Zhou, Liu, Chao, Wang, Hai-Bo & Hyde, Kevin D., 2018, Studies on Parmulariaceae I. A phylogeny based on available sequence data; introducing Parmulariales ord. nov., and Hemigraphaceae, Melaspileellaceae and Stictographaceae fam. nov., Phytotaxa 369 (2), pp. 63-79 : 71-73

Asterinales genera incertae sedis

Inocyclus Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 211 (1915)

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02315

Parasitic on upper surface of living leaves. Sexual morph: Ascostromata solitary, scattered or gregarious, superficial, circular or ellipsoidal, flat, black, opening by radiating fissures to irregular slits, internal part of stromata thick and containing a single locule, with a thin light brown tissue under the loculate layer, reaching leaf surface, composed of dark brown cells of textura angularis ; upper wall of ascostromata comprising dark brown tissue of cells of textura prismatica. Locules immersed under the upper wall of stromata. Hamathecium composed of hyaline, septate, filamentous pseudoparaphyses, extending above the asci. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, subglobose, obovoid, clavate-cylindrical, with a short pedicellate, thick-walled, with rounded apex, smooth, with a large apical chamber. Ascospores irregularly arranged, initially hyaline and becoming pale brown to dark brown, ellipsoidal, apiospores, 1-septate, with larger upper cell and shorter lower cell, thin-walled, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: See notes.

Notes:— Inocyclus was introduced by Theissen & Sydow (1915) for taxa forming black ascostromata opening by radiating fissures to irregular slits on living leaves. It includes eight accepted species, of which two species ( I. discoideusis (Racib.) Arx and I. angularis Guatim. & R.W. Barreto ) were reported on ferns ( Polypodiaceae J. Presl & C. Presl ) ( Guatimosim et al. 2014a). Inocyclus angularis has conidiomata intermixed with the ascomata, occupying the same stromata located in the central region of the colonies and hyaline, aseptate, fusiform to clavate conidia reported by Guatimosim et al. (2014a). However, the asexual morph of generic type is undetermined. Guatimosim et al. (2015) included I. angularis in the phylogenetic analysis based on LSU sequences data. It is indicated that I. angularis is phylogenetically separate from Parmulariaceae but close to species of Asterotexis , thus Guatimosim et al. (2015) placed Inocyclus in Asterotexales incertae sedis. However, Asterotexales was synonymized under Asterinales by Liu et al. (2017). Based on the phylogenic analysis in this study ( Fig. 1 ), Inocyclus clusters within Asterinales and is close to several Lembosia species. However, the type species of Inocyclus has not been sequenced yet, so we place Inocyclus in Asterinales genera incertae sedis.

Type species: Inocyclus psychotriae (Syd. & P. Syd.) Theiss. & Syd., Annls mycol. 13(3/4): 211 (1915), Figure 3 , 4

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02316

Lectotype:— K 180637

Parasitic on upper surface of living leaves. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 0.3–0.7 mm diam., 100–150 μm high, solitary, scattered or gregarious, superficial, circular or ellipsoidal, flat, black, opening by radiating fissures to irregular slits, internal part of stromata thick and containing a single locule, with a thin light brown tissue under the loculate layer, reaching leaf surface, composed of dark brown cells of textura angularis ; upper wall of ascostromata comprising 15–20 μm thick, dark brown tissue of cells of textura prismatica. Locules 140–160 diam., 100–125 μm high, immersed under the upper wall of stromata. Hamathecium composed of hyaline, septate, 2–3 μm wide, filamentous pseudoparaphyses, extending above the asci. Asci 23–38 × 8–10.5 μm (= 29.7 × 9.8 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, subglobose, obovoid, clavate-cylindrical, with rounded apex, with a short pedicellate, thick and smooth-walled, with a large apical chamber. Ascospores 8–11.5 × 3–4 (= 9.3 × 3.8 μm, n = 20), irregularly arranged, initially hyaline and becoming pale brown to dark brown, ellipsoidal, apiosporous, 1-septate, with larger upper cell and shorter lower cell, thin-walled, smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.

Material examined:— PHILIPPINES, Luzon, Antipolo, Rizal, on living leaves of Psychotria luzoniensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fern. -Vill., 11 October 1912, M. Ramos, (K 180637, lectotype).

Other specimen examined:— PHILIPPINES, Luzon, Antipolo, Rizal, on living leaves of Psychotria luzoniensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) Fern. -Vill., M. Ramos and E.D. Merrill (NY 01102760, isolectotype).

Figures

FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree generated by RAxML (GTR+G model) based on analysis of combined LSU and SSU sequence data. ML values (>50 %) resulting from 1000 bootstrap replicates and Bayesian posterior probabilities greater than 0.80 are given at the nodes. The strain numbers are noted after the species names. The tree is rooted to Dendrographa decolorans (DUKE 0047570).

FIGURE 3. Inocyclus psychotriae (K 180637, lectotype). a, b. Herbarium material. c, d. Ascostromata on leaves. E. Squash mount of dark brown to black ascostromata. f, g. Hand section of ascostroma (Note: the peridium without apical cells). h–l. Ascospores immersed in KOH. m–q. Asci with ascospores immersed in KOH. Scale bars: c =500 μm, d = 200 μm, e = 100 μm, f = 50 μm, g = 20 μm, h–l = 5 μm, m–q = 10 μm.

FIGURE 4. Inocyclus psychotriae (NY 01102760, isolectotype). a. Herbarium material. b, c. Ascostromata on leaves. D. Squash mount of dark brown to black ascostroma. e, f. Hand section of ascostroma (Note: the peridium without apical cells). g–h. Asci with ascospores immersed in water. i. Asci with ascospores immersed in KOH. j–l. ascospores. Scale bars: b = 1 mm, c = 100 μm, d–f = 20 μm, g–l = 5 μm.