Helonias koreana (Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N.Tamura) N.Tanaka, 2019

Tanaka, Noriyuki, 2019, Taxonomy, evolution and phylogeography of the genus Helonias (Melanthiaceae) revisited, Phytotaxa 390 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/phytotaxa.390.1.1
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E5713A-FF90-9152-4099-FD11D36930CC
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Helonias koreana (Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N.Tamura) N.Tanaka
status

Treatment

10. Helonias koreana (Fuse, N.S.Lee & M.N.Tamura) N.Tanaka View in CoL , comb. nov. ( Figs. 23 View FIGURE 23 , 24 View FIGURE 24 ).

≡ Heloniopsis koreana Fuse, Lee & Tamura (2004: 956) View in CoL . Type :― KOREA. Gangwondo : Jeongseon-gun, Gohan, 1 May 1984, Y.N. Lee EWH-2324 (Holotype: EWH, n.v.) .

= Heloniopsis tubiflora Fuse, Lee & Tamura (2004: 954) View in CoL , syn. nov. Type:― KOREA. Jeollabuk-do: Muju-gun, Seolchon-myeon , Mt. Deogyu , 1585 m, 6 May 2001, M.N.Tamura et al. 10333 (Holotype: KYO, n.v. Isotype: EWH, GH, HYO, OSA, TI, n.v.).

= Heloniopsis orientalis (Thunb.) Koidz. var. purpurea (Nakai) Nakai (1952: 146) View in CoL , p.p.?, as to Korean plants; Chong (1956: 961, t. 1922). For further notes see the remarks under Helonias orientalis View in CoL below.

– Heloniopsis orientalis View in CoL auct. non (Thunb.) Tanaka: Lee (2002: 896), as to Korean plants.

– Helonias orientalis View in CoL auct. non (Thunb.) N.Tanaka: Tanaka (1998a: 109), p.p., as regards Korean plants.

Japanese name:―Chôsen-shôjôbakama (nov.; meaning Korean Helonias View in CoL ).

Korean name:―Cheo-nyeo-chi-ma ( Chong 1956, Lee 2006, Lee 2007).

Description:―Rhizome erect or ascending, subterete, nodose, closely annulate with many scars, to 25 mm long, to 13 mm in diam., pale brown. Roots filiform, to 1.5 mm in diam., white, contractile. Leaves hysteranthous, chartaceous (somewhat thin to moderately thick in texture), persistent usually for fully 1 year, spatulate or narrowly oblanceolate, to 16 cm long, 3.8 cm wide, tapering to linear petiole, margin usually minutely undulate, apex acuminate with apiculus 0.5–0.8 mm long, midvein keeled and main parallel veins slightly raised abaxially, adaxially dull (slightly glossy when young). Flowering stem upright; peduncle terete, 8–19 cm long; scale-like leaves ca. 6–10 (excl. basal ones), narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, narrowly oblong, lanceolate, linear or subulate, acute, sub-obtuse or obtuse, apex short mucronate, submembranous (or subherbaceous), pale green or white, multinerved; basal scales narrowly ovate, sharply pointed, whitish pale green; inflorescence compact, racemose or (sub-)umbellate; rachis 4–8(–18) mm long at anthesis, ribbed, usually slightly decurved; pedicels 3.5–10 mm long, often decurved, ribbed, pale purple. Flowers 4–10(–14), protogynous, often nodding, funnelform, (tubular-)campanulate or tubular, odorless. Tepals 6, blue, bluish purple, purple, purplish pink, often darker proximally, 5–7(–9)-veined, spatulate or oblong-oblanceolate, 11.5–16 mm long, 2.7–4 mm wide, base affixed to receptacle (apex of pedicel) for ca. 1.2 mm in length, abaxially slightly to markedly gibbous, apex obtuse or subobtuse, adaxially canaliculate toward base, proximal submarginal portions winged (lamellate) inward; wings connate basally to adjoining tepals for 0.4–0.8 mm in height, also adnate to opposite filaments for 0.5–1.0(–1.5) mm in height, forming a short sheath-like nectary. Stamens 6, exceeding tepals; filaments subulate, 14–20 mm long, pale purple or purplish pink, proximally slightly dilated, complanate, often slightly 2-edged or narrowly 2-winged, 0.7–0.9 mm wide, distal part terete, 0.5–0.6 mm in diam.; anther affixed to filament adaxially 0.3–1 mm above base of connective (i.e. [sub]dorsi-basifixed), bilocular with traces of apical confluence between thecae, dark grayish blue or bluish purple, narrowly ovoid or narrowly oblong-ellipsoid, 3–5.5 mm long, base sagittate, apex rounded; pollen cream. Pistil 1, exceeding tepals and usually also stamens; ovary globose, ellipsoid or obovoid, trilobed, sessile, emarginate-concave, 2.5–3.5 mm long, 3.5–4.5 mm across, pale dirty green or dark dirty purplish pink; style (sub)terete, often slightly 6-angulate or trisulcate, often up-curved distally in horizontal to nodding flowers, 11.5–20 mm long, pale purple or purplish pink; stigma (thinly) discoid, often obtusely trigonous, slightly concave in apical center, 1–1.5(–2.5) mm across, 0.5–0.7 mm thick, (dark) purple. Capsules broadly obpyramidal, tripartite, apex depressed in center; lobes ovoid-conic or pyriform, slightly flattened laterally, obliquely or almost horizontally divergent. Seeds numerous, testa whitish, narrowly fusiform or sublinear, narrowly tailed proximally and distally, 5–6.5 mm long, 0.3–0.5 mm wide; body of seed narrowly ellipsoid, 1.5–1.7 mm long, 0.2–0.3 mm wide, brown.

Additional specimens examined:― KOREA. Chollanam-do: Nogodan, Mt. Jiri, Toji-myeon, Gurye-gun, 1500 m, 7 May 2001, fl., M.N.Tamura et al. 10334 (isoparatype of Heloniopsis tubiflora , TNS-774437*). Chungcheongbukdo: Goesan-gun, Mt. Sinseon-bong, 455 m, 28 April 2006, fl., H. J. Choi & J. E. Koh 60011 (MAK-372989, ex KH). Gyeonggi-do: Mt. Bukhan (Hokkanzan), 28 April 1912, fl., N. Okada s.n. (paratype of Heloniopsis koreana ; TI); Pocheon-si, Gwanin-myeon, Mt. Jijang-bong, 17 April 2005, fl., H. J. Choi & G. H. Nam 50033 (TI ex KH); Kwangnung (Keiki-dô, Kôryô), 16 May 1948, fr., Chung I.-C. 4859 (TNS-151074). Gyeongsangnam-do: Mt. Jiri, 7 July 1913, fr., T. Nakai 622 (paratype of Heloniopsis tubiflora ; TI!); en route from Seseog-cottage to Jangteomogcottage in Mts. Chirisan, ca. 1600–1700 m in elev., 24 Jun. 1979, fr., K. Ueda et al. 1220 (paratype of Heloniopsis tubiflora , TI-1314994, TI-1313106). Hamgyeongbuk-do: Kyongsong (Kyôjô), 26 May 1930, fr., J. Ohwi 141 (TNS-231384). Hamgyeongnam-do: Seongjin (Zyôsin), 15 Junio 1909, T. Nakai s.n. (paratype of Heloniopsis koreana, TI ); Wonsan (Gensan), 9 Junio 1909, fr., T. Nakai s.n. (paratype of Heloniopsis koreana, TI ). Jeollanam-do: Gurye-gun, around Sejeok Shelter in Jiri-san, 17 June 2003, fr., S. H. Park 31316 (TI, ex KH). Pyeonganbuk-do: Unsan, Mt. Hakuhekizan, 3 June 1945, without collector’s name (TI). Pyeongannam-do: Yangdeok (Yôtoku), 15 June 1928, fr., T. Nakai 12487 (paratype of Heloniopsis koreana ; TI). Gangwon-do: Mt. Keumgang (Kongôsan), 15 August 1916, T. Nakai 6026 (TI); Mt. Keumgang (Kongôsan), 31 July 1916, T. Nakai 5230 (paratype of Heloniopsis koreana, TI ); In montes des diamants, Junio 1906, U. Faurie 266 (E-00904041*).

Distribution:― Korea ( Fig. 29 View FIGURE29 -Ko).

Habitat:―Shady to open moist places on hillsides and high mountains at elevations 390–1700 m.

Conservation status:―The species is comparatively widespread, and asessed as LC according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (2001). However, local populations near human habitation may be more or less subject to disturbance and threats.

Flowering:―Usually April–May.

Ripening:―May–July.

Remarks:―According to Fuse et al. (2004) and Lee (2007), Heloniopsis koreana and H. tubiflora differ in several characteristics. In H. tubiflora , the mature leaves are entire, but sometimes marginally minutely undulate when young, the perianth is basally tubular, and the tepals are saccate at the base. In H. koreana , the mature leaves are minutely undulate, the perianth is obconically expanded from the base, and the tepals are not or only slightly saccate. In living plants from Korea (mostly from Nyongol, Kangwon-do) that I examined, the leaf margins of some plants were like H. tubiflora , but others were consistently like H. koreana ( Fig. 23H View FIGURE 23 ), indicating variation among them. The leaves are invariably minutely undulate at least when young. In early flowering stages, when the flowering stem is still short, the flowers are oriented in various directions and the perianth expands obconically from the base ( Fig. 23A, B View FIGURE 23 ), as in H. koreana , but, the flowers of the same inflorescence gradually nod and the perianth also becomes tubular as anthesis progresses ( Figs. 23C, D View FIGURE 23 , 24A, B View FIGURE 24 ). The tepals are slightly or moderately gibbous at the base in early anthesis ( Fig. 23A, B View FIGURE 23 ), but later the gibbous portion tends to become slightly more prominent, resembling H. tubiflora ( Figs. 23C, D View FIGURE 23 , 24A, B View FIGURE 24 ). The flowers in the early flowering stages ( Fig. 23A, B View FIGURE 23 ) are like those of H. koreana , but in later stages they become more like H. tubiflora ( Figs. 23C, D View FIGURE 23 , 24A, B View FIGURE 24 ). All the diagnostic characteristics given by Fuse et al. (2004) and Lee (2007) for Heloniopsis koreana and H. tubiflora are rather quantitative. When typical forms are compared, the two species may appear to be somewhat distinct, but there appear to be no significant qualitative differences between them. The filaments of Helonias koreana here circumscribed (including Heloniopsis tubiflora ) differ from those of H. orientalis and H. breviscapa in being slightly dilated and complanate toward the base (e.g. Fig. 24B–E View FIGURE 24 ). The proximal submarginal portions of the tepals of H. koreana are winged, connate to those of adjoining tepals, and also adnate to the opposing filament ( Fig. 24C–E View FIGURE 24 ), as in H. orientalis ( Fig. 26A View FIGURE 26 ; Tanaka 1997b) and H. breviscapa ( Fig. 28E View FIGURE 28 ; Tanaka 1997b). It is notable, however, that adnation between tepals and filaments in H. koreana is less prominent ( Fig. 24C, D View FIGURE 24 ) than in H. orientalis ( Fig. 26A View FIGURE 26 ) and H. breviscapa ( Fig. 28E View FIGURE 28 ). According to Fuse et al. (2004), the flanges of the base of the filament are adnate to the margin of the corresponding tepals in Heloniopsis koreana , H. tubiflora , H. umbellata and H. leucantha , but those of H. orientalis and H. breviscapa are adnate to the adaxial surface of the corresponding tepals. Their observations, however, are not consistent with mine. In my observations, in the three species of Helonias ser. Heloniopsis , Helonias koreana , H. orientalis and H. breviscapa , the filament is not adnate to the margins but to the proximal submarginal portions of the opposing tepal, as stated above. In the three species of H. ser. Umbellatae , H. kawanoi ( Fig. 17D, E View FIGURE 17 ), H. leucantha (e.g. Figs. 19D, E View FIGURE 19 ), and H. umbellata (e.g. Fig. 22E View FIGURE 22 ), the filament is distinct and not adnate to the opposing tepal ( Tanaka 1997b). Helonias koreana occasionally has white flowers ( Fig. 23G View FIGURE 23 ). Photographs of the white-flowered forms of both Heloniopsis koreana and H. tubiflora , in the sense of Fuse et al. (2004), are shown in Lee (2006). The following names are invalid, since they were not accompanied by a Latin description and no type specimens were designated: Heloniopsis koreana forma albiflora Lee (2006: 406 , f. 3290), nom. inval. Heloniopsis tubiflora forma albiflora Lee (2006: 406 , f. 3292)), nom. inval.