Plagiohammus Dillon & Dillon, 1941

Botero, Juan Pablo & Santos-Silva, Antonio, 2017, Four new species, taxonomic, and nomenclatural notes in Hammatoderus Gemminger & Harold, 1873 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae), Zootaxa 4231 (3), pp. 377-397 : 378-379

On Plagiohammus Dillon & Dillon, 1941

Thomson (1856) used for the first time the generic name Hammoderus to include a single species, H. buquetii Thomson, 1856 (type species by original monotypy). Currently, Hammoderus buquetii is known as Taeniotes luciani Thomson, 1859 (nomen novum to avoid homonymy with Taeniotes buquetii Tasté, 1841 ). According to Thomson (1859): “Le nom de T. Buquetii ayant déjà été employé par M. Taslé (Rev. zool., 1841, p. 14) pour désigner une espèce d’un genre voisin de celui-ci, j’ai substitué à cette première espèce celui de T. Luciani .”

Thomson (1857) considered Hammoderus Thomson, 1856 as a subgenus of Taeniotes . According to him: “ L’Hammoderus Buquetii Thomson (Ann. Soc. Ent. 3e série 1856, vol. IV, p. 329, pl. 8, fig. 1), doit rentrer dans le genre Taeniotes , parmi les espèces de la première division, dont les élytres sont arrondies à l’extrémité”. Thus, Thomson (1857) defined the subgenus Taeniotes (Hammoderus) as having the elytral apex without spine, and included two species in this subgenus: T. (H.) buquetii and T. (H.) inermis .

Thomson (1859) considered Hammoderus as a genus distinct from Taeniotes : “Le Taeniotes inermis, Thomson (Arch. Ent., I, 1857, p. 173), n’appartient probablement pas au genre actuel [ Taeniotes ], son dernier segment abdominal n’étant pas épineux; cette espèce peut être rapportée avec doute au G. Hammoderus, Dej., Cat. , 3e édit., p. 367.” Although he had considered Hammoderus as a distinct genus, it is evident that he was referring to Hammoderus sensu Thomson (1856) for the inclusion of H. buquetii .

Thomson (1860) formally differentiated Hammoderus from Taeniotes , attributing the first one to Dejean (1837). Four species were included, H. inermis ( Fig. 33 ) and three others described in the same work: H. lacordairei ( Fig. 32 ); H. sallei ( Fig. 34 ) and H. spinipennis ( Fig. 25 ). However, contrary to Thomson’s judgment, and according to Bousquet & Bouchard (2013): “ Hammoderus Dejean, 1835: 341 . Originally included available species: none.” Thus, Hammoderus cannot be attributed to Dejean (1835) and the actual author of this name is Thomson (1860). Agassiz (1846) replaced Hammoderus Dejean (1835) as Hammatoderus . However, as seen before, Hammoderus is an unavailable name in Dejean (1835). Consequently, Hammatoderus Agassiz, 1847 is also an unavailable name, because it is a replacement name for another unavailable name, without inclusion of species. Thomson (1864) designated the type species of Hammoderus Thomson, 1860 : H. lacordairei Thomson, 1860 (“ Hammoderus Thomson. Ess. Class. Céramb. p. 98. Type: H. Lacordairei Thomson l. c. Mexique.”).

So, two distinct generic taxa were described with the same name by Thomson in 1856 and 1860 – Hammoderus Thomson, 1856 and Hammoderus Thomson, 1860 – and, thus, these names are homonyms. The type species of Hammoderus Thomson, 1856 , is now placed in Taeniotes ; hence, Hammoderus Thomson, 1856 is a junior synonym of Taeniotes . Hammoderus Thomson, 1860 , in turn, is a junior homonym of Hammoderus Thomson, 1856 and, consequently, it is considered as permanently invalid by the ICZN (1999, Articles 52.2 and 60.1). Thus, no taxon can be named using this name and one of its junior synonym must be used instead.

According to Gemminger & Harold (1873): “ Hammatoderus . άΜΜα, nodus; δέρη, collum. Thomson. Classif. Longic. 1860. p. 98. (emend.) Hammoderus Thoms. ” Seven species were included: H. elatus Bates, 1872 ; H. impluviatus Lacordaire, 1869 ; H. inermis ; H. lacordairei ; H. rubefactus Bates, 1872 ; H. sallei ; H. spinipennis . Hammatoderus Gemminger & Harold, 1873 is an unjustified emendation. Thus, according to the ICZN (1999): “33.2. Emendations. Any demonstrably intentional change in the original spelling of a name other than a mandatory change is an "emendation"”; and, “33.2.3. Any other emendation is an "unjustified emendation"; the name thus emended is available and it has its own author and date and is a junior objective synonym of the name in its original spelling; it enters into homonymy and can be used as a substitute name.” Also according to the ICZN (1999): “67.8. Type species of nominal genus-group taxa denoted by new replacement names (nomina nova). If an author publishes a new genus-group name expressly as a new replacement name (nomen novum) for a previously established name, or replaces a previously established genus-group name by an unjustified emendation [Art. 33.2.3], both the prior nominal taxon and its replacement have the same type species, and type fixation for either applies also to the other, despite any statement to the contrary.” Thus, the type species of Hammatoderus is the same of Hammoderus Thomson (1860) : Hammoderus lacordairei .

Dillon & Dillon (1941) established Plagiohammus as a replacement name for Hammoderus Thomson, 1860 : “Thomson in his description of Hammoderus in the second sense (1860), included lacordairei , sallei , inermis and spinipennis . Of these spinipennis is the form most frequently encountered, and is selected as the genotype. In his first use of the generic name Hammoderus , he described buquetii with it, which species is now in Taeniotes under T. luciani .” However, as seen above, Hammatoderus was an older available name to replace Hammoderus Thomson, 1857 . Hence, Plagiohammus is a junior synonymy of Hammatoderus . Article 23.9 ( ICZN 1999) cannot be used to maintain Plagiohammus because the Article 23.9.1.2 is not applicable.

In summary:

Hammoderus Thomson, 1856 , invalid name by being a junior subjective synonym of Taeniotes Audinet-Serville,

1835

Type species— Hammoderus buquetii , by original monotypy (= Taeniotes luciani Thomson, 1859 ). Hammoderus Thomson, 1860 ; senior objective synonym of Hammatoderus Gemminger & Harold, 1873 and

Plagiohammus Dillon & Dillon, 1941 ; and permanently invalid by being a junior homonym of Hammoderus

Thomson, 1856.

Type species— Hammoderus lacordairei Thomson, 1860 (designated by Thomson, 1864) Hammatoderus Gemminger & Harold, 1873 ; valid name: replacement name for Hammoderus Thomson, 1860 (non

Hammoderus Thomson, 1856 ).

Type species— Hammoderus lacordairei Thomson, 1860 (designated by Thomson, 1864). Plagiohammus Dillon & Dillon, 1941 ; proposed as an unnecessary replacement name for Hammoderus Thomson,

1860

Type species— Hammoderus lacordairei Thomson, 1860 , not Hammatoderus spinipennis as proposed by

Dillon & Dillon (1941) (see article 67.8 of the ICZN, 1999)

Figures

FIGURES 32 – 38. 32, Hammoderus lacordairei, holotype female, dorsal view. 33, Hammoderus inermis, holotype male, dorsal view. 34, Hammoderus sallei, syntype female, dorsal view. 35 – 36, Plagiohammus confusor, holotype male: 35, dorsal view; 36, labels. 37 – 38, Plagiohammus olivescens, holotype male: 37, labels; 38, dorsal view.

FIGURES 21 – 25. Hammatoderus thoracicus. 1, male from Costa Rica, dorsal view. 22 – 23, Hammoderus quadriplagiatus, holotype male: 22, labels; 23, dorsal view. 24, Hammoderus thoracicus, holotype male, dorsal view. 25, Hammoderus spinipennis, holotype female, dorsal view. Photographs 22 – 23 by Gabriel Biffi; 24 – 25 by Father Jesus Santiago Moure.