Gibbulini Stoliczka, 1868 (Stoliczka 1868: 361)

Harzhauser, Mathias, 2021, The Cainozoic to present-day record of Circum-Mediterranean, NE Atlantic and North Sea Cantharidinae and Trochinae (Trochoidea, Gastropoda) - a synopsis, Zootaxa 4902 (1), pp. 1-81 : 16-17

Tribus Gibbulini Stoliczka, 1868 (Stoliczka 1868: 361)

Remarks. The generic status of the extant taxa Callumbonella , Clelandella , Gibbula , Jujubinus , Phorcus (Phorcus) , Phorcus (Osilinus) and Steromphala has been clarified by Donald et al. (2012), Barco et al. (2013), Uribe et al. (2017a) and Affenzeller et al. (2017). Extinct species are grouped herein into these genera based on morphological traits as outlined by Affenzeller et al. (2017). Nevertheless, these allocations are subjective and may be debatable in several cases. Extinct genera, such as Amonilea , Lesperonia , Paroxystele , Phorculus and Pseudodiloma are based on unique conchological characters, which separate them distinctly from extant genera. A much more complex situation is represented by the endemic radiation of Gibbulini in the middle and late Miocene (Sarmatian) of the Eastern Paratethys Sea. The enormous morphological disparity is reflected by the description of numerous species, subspecies and varieties and also by the establishment of several taxa on subgenus rank (e.g. Kolesnikov 1935, 1939; Jekelius 1944; Anistratenko & Anistratenko 2007; Sladkovskaya 2017). Especially the taxa introduced by Kolesnikov (1939) are problematic, as the “diagnoses” are very brief. Sladkovskaya (2017) doubted that they fulfilled the requirements of Article 13.1.1. of the ICZN 1999. In our opinion, the notes provided by Kolesnikov (1939), though unsatisfactorily, are in accordance with Article 13.1.1., and are therefore available. Similarly, Korobkov (1955), Knight at al. (1960) and Papp (1974) accepted Kolesnikov’s taxa and partly added brief descriptions. A revision of this complex group is beyond the scope of this paper and therefore the taxonomic opinions of Kojumdgieva (1969) and Sladkovskaya (2017) concerning species-level synonyms are followed herein largely.

Sarmatian “ Calliostoma ”: several Sarmatian trochid species have been placed by various authors in Calliostoma . All SEM studies of protoconchs of Sarmatian trochids revealed smooth and simple protoconchs, whereas the hexagonal honeycomb pattern, typical for Calliostoma , has not been detected so far ( Harzhauser & Kowalke 2002; Sladkovskaya 2017). Therefore, the Calliostoma -like morphologies of some Sarmatian trochids might represent convergent evolution. The respective species are listed herein as Gibbula s.l.

Sarmatian “ Jujubinus ”: several Sarmatian species have been placed by Sladkovskaya (2017) in Jujubinus . Despite some morphologic similarity of some few species (e.g. Calliostoma planata Friedberg, 1928 , Calliostoma gradespirum Švagrovský, 1957 ), the Sarmatian “ Jujubinus -like species differ either in the gradate spire, the inflated last whorl, the absence of the characteristic prosocline growth lines and/or the presence of a narrow umbilical chink. Therefore, these species should not be placed in Jujubinus and are listed herein under “ Gibbula s.l. ” The only Jujubinus documented from Sarmatian strata is Jujubinus turricula ( Eichwald, 1830) from the Central Paratethys ( Harzhauser & Kowalke 2002), which persisted from the Badenian into the Sarmatian (listed under Jujubinus ).

The enormous morphological plasticity of Sarmatian Paratethyan Trochidae makes a clear and unambiguous definition of genera and subgenera difficult and many species do not fit completely in a certain supraspecific taxon. The following generic and subgeneric assignment of species is tentative and problematic species are treated as Gibbula s.l.