Frontonia tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970

Long, Hongan, Song, Weibo, Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. & Wang, Yangang, 2008, Taxonomic studies on three marine species of Frontonia from northern China: F. didieri n. sp., F. multinucleata n. sp. and F. tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970 (Ciliophora: Peniculida), Zootaxa 1687, pp. 35-50 : 41-48

Frontonia tchibisovae Burkovsky, 1970

( Figs. 7–9 ; Table 1 )

Neither details of living morphology, nor a clearly-outlined diagnosis of this species was given ( Burkovsky 1970a). Hence a redescription and a redefined diagnosis based on both previous and present studies are supplied here.

Improved diagnosis: Marine Frontonia , in vivo ca. 130–250 × 80–190 µm, outline elliptical, dorsoventrally slightly flattened. 110–149 somatic, mostly 3 vestibular and 5–7 postoral kineties. Peniculus 1–3 each with 4 rows. One oval macronucleus. Single contractile vacuole centrally-located.

Sampling site: A scallop-larvae-rearing pond near Yantai, China, salinity ca. 27‰.

Voucher slides: One voucher slide with silver nitrate impregnated specimens (slide number: 2007:5:17:3) is deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, UK.

Description: Size highly variable, ca. 130–250 × 80–190 µm in vivo, but mostly about 200 × 140 µm. Body shape rather consistent, asymmetrical when viewed ventrally, slender elliptical in outline with narrowed posterior end; dorsoventrally slightly flattened ( Figs. 7 A; 8A, 8B). Somatic cilia ca. 8 µm long. Buccal cavity triangular in shape, about 1/5–1/6 of body length, positioned in anterior 1/3 of cell length ( Figs. 7 A; 8A, 8C, 8G; 9D). Cytoplasm hyaline and colourless, often with numerous tiny granules (<6 µm long), especially in frontal or caudal portion ( Figs. 7 A; 8A, 8B). Macronucleus ellipsoid ( Fig. 7 A). Extrusomes spindle-like, 5 µm long, densely distributing in the cortex ( Figs. 7 A; 8A, 8C–E, 8G, 8H). Food vacuoles large, mainly containing algae and organic debris ( Figs. 7 A; 8F).

Movement by rotating about the long axis of the cell, slightly thigmotactic, sometimes attaching to the bottom of the Petri dish and circling.

Infraciliature as shown in Figs. 7 C, 7D, 7G and 9H. 127–149 somatic kineties ( Figs. 7 C, 7G; 9E, 9H). Anterior and postoral sutures conspicuous ( Figs. 7 B, 7C, 7G; 9A). 5–7 postoral kineties located posterior to the buccal apparatus and ending successively beside the cytopyge ( Fig. 7 F).

Buccal apparatus typical of the genus. Mostly 3 vestibular kineties (at least two cells found with 4 VK, see Table 1 ) relatively short, starting from the anterior level of buccal cavity and ending before mid body level ( Figs. 7 E, 7F; 9C, 9H). Peniculus 1 and 2 each with 4 (about equally long) rows of kinetosomes; P3 slightly shorter, also composed of 4 rows, with their length gradually lengthened from left to right ( Figs. 7 F; 9B). Paroral membrane with an argentophilic line beside ( Figs. 7 C, 7F; 9I).

Silverline system typical of the genus ( Fig. 9 J). 1–3, on average two CVP-like pore(s) right mid-dorsally located, near right margin of the cell (n=23; Figs. 2 E–H; 9F, 9G).

Remarks: With reference to the morphology of living cells, size, especially the features of the somatic and buccal ciliature, the Qingdao isolate corresponds very well with the original report by Burkovsky (1970a) ( Fig. 7 D, 7E). The only difference, as indicated originally, is the number of kineties in P3 (3 vs. 4 in the Qingdao population). This difference could be, in our opinion, a population-dependent diverse feature. Hence, we believe that the identification of our isolate is correct.

(B, D–F) and silver carbonate (C, G) impregnations. (A) Ventral view of a typical specimen. (B) To show the position of the CVP. (C, G) Ventral and dorsal sides of the infraciliature. (D, E) General view of the ventral side and the oral apparatus (after Burkovsky 1970a). (F) Detail of the oral apparatus, note the 3 vestibular kineties (VK), of which the anterior part consists of monokinetids. AL = argentophilic line; AS = anterior suture; Cs = cytostome; Cyp = cytopyge; P1–3 = peniculus 1–3; PK = postoral kinety; PM = paroral membrane; PS = postoral suture. Scale bars in (D) = 30 µm; in (A, C) = 60 µm.

The dorsally-located CVP-like pore(s) may probably derive from the CVP, as their location corresponds well with that of other known Frontonia species, or they are just structures, which were created by over staining.

With reference to the general morphology and the marine habitat, Frontonia tchibisovae is similar to the following morphospecies: F. elongata Burkovsky, 1970 , F. frigida Petz et al., 1995 , F. lynni , F. marina Fabre- Domergue, 1891 and. F. marisalbi Burkovsky, 1970 .

Frontonia elongata differs from F. t c h i b i s o v a e in having fewer somatic kineties (45–50 vs. 110–149 in the latter) and a smaller buccal cavity (1/14–1/11 of body length vs. 1/7–1/5) ( Fig. 10 E, 10F; Table 2). F. m a r i n a has more vestibular kineties (6 vs. 3–4), kinety rows in P1 (6 vs. 4) and P2 (5 vs. 4), hence it can be clearly distinguished from F. tchibisovae ( Fig. 10 K, 10L; Table 2).

Compared with Frontonia tchibisovae , F. frigida has a different cell shape (lanceolate with both ends conspicuously narrowed vs. elliptical with wide ends in F. t c h i b i s o v a e), more vestibular kineties (5 vs. 3–4 in F. tchibisovae ) and a smaller buccal cavity (1/10–1/7 vs. 1/7–1/ 5 in F. t c h i b i s o v a e) ( Fig. 10 G, 10H; Table 2) ( Petz et al. 1995). F. marisalbi can be easily distinguished from F. t c h i b i s o v a e by its reniform body shape (vs. elliptical in the latter) and fewer rows in P3 (3 vs. 4 in the Qingdao population) ( Fig. 10 M, 10N; Table 2) ( Burkovsky 1970a).

After rechecking the silver-nitrate impregnated specimens, it is confirmed that the P3 structure of Frontonia lynni was previously misinterpreted ( Long et al. 2005): there should be 4 kineties in P3 rather than 5 as described in the original report, of which the rightmost “kinety” is in fact not composed of kinetosomes, but argentophilic dots along the right-most kinety ( Fig. 10 J, arrowhead). F. tchibisovae differs from F. l y n n i in having much more somatic kineties (110–149 vs. 71–83; Table 2). Besides, the dissimilarity of the two forms is firmly supported by 18S rRNA gene sequence data as the sequence of F. lynni differs in 30 nucleotides from that of F. t c h i b i s o v a e (structural similarity 98.3%) ( Fig. 11 ).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Dorsal-lateral views of Frontonia didieri n. sp. (A – D) and F. t c h i b i s o v a e (E – H) (after silver nitrate impregnation), to show the CVP (arrowheads).

FIGURE 7. The Chinese population (except D and E) of Frontonia tchibisovae from living cells (A), after silver nitrate

FIGURE 8. The Chinese population of Frontonia tchibisovae from life (A – H). (A, B) Ventral views of two typical specimens. (C – E, G, H) To show the densely-arranged extrusomes (arrowheads). Arrows in C, G mark the buccal field. (F) Arrow indicates an ingested large alga in the cytoplasm. Scale bars in (A) = 65 µm; in (B) = 80 µm.

FIGURE 9. The population of Frontonia tchibisovae in China after silver carbonate (A, E) and silver nitrate (B – D, F – J) impregnations. (A, F, G) Dorsal views, to show the CVP (arrowheads). (B, C) Buccal area, to show the oral apparatus, arrowheads in B mark the vestibular kineties. (D) Ventral view of a cell ingesting food. (E, J) Pellicle and silverline system structure. (H) Ventral view of a whole cell. (I) To show the paroral membrane (arrow) and the argentophilic line (arrowhead). Scale bars in (A) = 60 µm; in (H) = 80 µm.

FIGURE 10. Frontonia species from living cells (C, D, G, I, K, O, Q) and after silver nitrate impregnations (B, E, F, H, J, L, N, P). (A, B) F. azerbaijanica Alekperov, 2005 (after Alekperov 2005). (C) F. bullingtoni Dragesco, 1960 (after Dragesco 1960). (D) F. c a n e t i Dragesco, 1960 (after Dragesco 1960). (E, F) F. elongata Burkovsky, 1970 (after Burkovsky 1970 b). (G, H) F. frigida Petz et al., 1995 (after Petz et al. 1995). (I, J) F. l y n n i Long et al. 2005 (after Long et al. 2005). (K, L) F. m a r i n a Fabre-Domergue, 1891 (K after Dragesco 1960; L after Roque 1961). (M, N) F. m a r i s a l b i Burkovsky, 1970 (after Burkovsky 1970 a). (O, P) F. s a l m a s t r a Dragesco and Dragesco-Kernéis, 1986 (after Dragesco & Dragesco-Kernéis 1986). (Q) F. vacuolata Dragesco, 1960 (after Dragesco 1960). (R) F. vernalis Bullington, 1939 (after Bullington 1939). (S) F. canadensis Roque and Puytorac, 1972 (after Roque & Puytorac 1972). Scale bars in (C) = 25 µm; in (M) = 30 µm; in (S) = 50 µm; in (E) = 60 µm; in (G) = 90 µm; in (D, K, Q, R) = 100 µm; in (A) = 150 µm.

FIGURE 11. Small subunit rRNA gene sequence of Frontonia lynni (F. l y n n i) aligned with the sequence of F. d i d i e r i (F. didieri) and F. tchibisovae (F. t c h i b i s o.). Numbers at the end of lines indicate the number of nucleotides. The differences in sequence length were compensated for by introducing alignment gaps (-) in the sequences. Matched sites are marked with dots.