Epiocheirata, Harvey, 1992
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/ 10.37828/em.2016.7.20 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E087DD-FFFB-FC49-7759-1BD2FB2BFE48 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Epiocheirata |
| status |
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Suborder Epiocheirata View in CoL
Fam. Chthoniidae present absent present present ( Holoscotolemon )
absent present present ( South Africa) present ( Japan, Korea)
present absent present Nepal, India absent Japan, India, Taiwan, absent present present present ( Japan, India) present absent present ( Mozambique) absent Seychelles absent present present present present present present Fam. Tridenchthoniidae present, India, Seychelles, Japan, Bhutan, Nepal, Fam. Pseudotyrannochthon. absent present Fam. Lechytiidae present present Fam. Feaellidae
present India
Suborder Iocheirata
Fam. Ideoroncidae present present present present Fam. Hyidae absent India, Fam. Gymnobisiidae present ( South Africa) present Fam. Neobisiidae present present
Fam. Syarinidae present present ..continued on the next page
Fam. Larcidae
Fam. Cheiridiidae absent present present present Fam. Pseudochiridiidae
Fam. Olpiidae present present
India, Nepal present Fam. Garypinidae
Fam. Menthidae
Fam. Sternophoridae
Fam. Withiidae present ( South Africa)
present ( Socotra)
present present present present ( Israel)
India present Fam. Cheliferidae present present Fam. Atemnidae present present Fam. Chernetidae present present Order Araneae present present Suborder Mesothelae
Fam. Liphistiidae absent absent present present
Suborder Orthothelae present
Infraorder Mygalomorphae present
Fam. Microstigmatidae present ( South Africa)
present present absent Fam. Hexathelidae (Macrothelinae)
Fam. Dipluridae (Euagrinae) present present present present Fam. Nemesiidae
Fam. Theraphosidae present (southern Africa)
present present present Fam. Atypidae
Fam. Antrodiaetidae present absent present present ( Japan) Fam. Cyrtaucheniidae present present Fam. Idiopidae present present Fam. Ctenizidae present (southern Africa) present Fam. Migidae
present absent
Infraorder Araneomorphae present Fam. Archaeidae present (southern Africa)
present absent Fam. Hypochilidae absent present Fam. Austrochilidae present (southern Africa) absent Fam. Filistatidae present present Fam. Drymusidae present ( South Africa) absent Fam. Scytodidae present present Fam. Sicariidae present present Fam. Leptonetidae absent present Fam. Ochyroceratidae present? present ( China) Fam. Telemidae present present
Fam. Pholcidae present present ..continued on the next page
Fam. Dysderidae present absent Fam. Oonopidae present present Fam. Orsolobidae
Fam. Segestriidae present (southern Africa)
present absent present Fam. Eresidae present present Fam. Hersiliidae present present Fam. Oecobiidae
Fam. Palpimanidae present present present present Fam. Mimetidae present present Fam. Deinopidae present present Fam. Uloboridae
Fam. Anapidae present present present present Fam. Araneidae present present Fam. Cyatholipidae present present Fam. Linyphiidae
Fam. Sinopimoidae
Fam. Symphytognathidae present absent present present
China (doubtfull status)
present (1 sp. in Japan) Fam. Synaphridae absent (but pres. on Madagascar) present Fam. Tetragnathidae
Fam. Nephilidae present present present present Fam. Theridiidae present present Fam. Theridiosomatidae present present Fam. Ctenidae
Fam. Lycosidae present present present present Fam. Oxyopidae present present Fam. Pisauridae present present Fam. Psechridae absent present Fam. Trechaleidae absent present Fam. Zoridae present present Fam. Zorocratidae present absent Fam. Zoropsidae present ( South Africa) present Fam. Agelenidae present present Fam. Amaurobiidae present present Fam. Anyphaenidae present ( South Africa) present Fam. Cybaeidae absent present Fam. Desidae present present Fam. Dictynidae present present Fam. Hahniidae present present Fam. Sparassidae present present
Fam. Selenopidae present present ..continued on the next page
Fam. Clubionidae present present Fam. Miturgidae present present Fam. Phyxelididae
Fam. Titanoecidae present absent present present Fam. Ammoxenidae
Fam. Cithaeronidae present (southern Africa)
present absent present Fam. Gallieniellidae
Fam. Gnaphosidae present present absent present Fam. Prodidomidae present present Fam. Trochanteriidae present present Fam. Philodromidae
Fam. Thomisidae present present present present Fam. Salticidae present present Fam. Corinnidae present present Fam. Liocranidae present present Order Opilioacarida present present Fam. Opilioacaridae present present Order Holothyrida
Order Ixodida
Fam. Argasidae absent (only Seychelles)
present present absent present present Fam. Ixodidae present present Fam. Nuttalliellidae
present (southern Africa) absent
Order Mesostigmata present present
Order Sarcoptiformes present present
Order Trombidiformes present present
Analysis and comments`
The Afrotropical Region is bordering only the western part of the huge Palearctic Region (Saharo-Sindian Province). For many higher taxa is marked ―present‖ for both Regions, but actually they may be distributed in tropical Africa and, say, Japan or Korea. Sometime inbetween there is a gap of thousands kilometers and the difference between the arachnofauna of tropical Africa and Europe is much bigger.
Some comments on the distributions of the various taxa are needed.
General Arachnology and Arachnogeography
The northern boundaries of several orders cross the described area. Uropygi do not live in W. Palearctic (one sp. in West Africa). The northern limit of Amblypygi is Morocco, Egypt, Israel, south Asia Minor, and the islands Rhodes and Cos. The scorpions barely leave the Mediterranean climate in Europe. Schizomida and Ricinulei are missing in the whole Palearctic. Solifugae (3 fam.) are limited to the south of Balkan peninsula, in Iberian Peninsula and Sicily. In Europe Opilioacarida are represented only in the southernmost areas of Italy and Greece and some islands. Palpigradi are distributed up to France, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary and Romania. The opilions Laniatores in Europe live mostly in the southern caves (considered by some as relicts). Similar is the situation of another suborder of Opiliones – Cyphophthalmi , well represented in Iberian and Balkan peninsulas, but almost entirely missing in the North (one species in Poland). The other orders ( Araneae, Pseudoscorpions , Opiliones ―Palpatores‖, Acariformes and Parasitiformes ) are better represended in Northern Europe, but many families are missing. Entirely lacking in Palearctic and in continental Africa is the order Holothyrida (Parasitiformes) ( Beron, 2000, 2008b, Griffin, 1998, 2000, Haddad, 2004, Harvey, 2003, Newlands, 1978), Vachon, 1950).
All orders of Arachnida are represented in tropical Africa, some of them by endemic families and even suborders, like Paleoamblypygi – one sp., considered a ―living fossil‖). Between 20 o N and Kunene-Zambezi live six families of Solifugae , three fam. of Amblypygi (one endemic), Uropygi are represented by one endemic genus ( Etienneus ) in West Africa, in the whole of Africa there are four genera of one family of Schizomida (in one family; one subfamily endemic for southern Africa), 71 families of spiders, 15 fam. of Opiliones , 20 fam. of Pseudoscorpiones , 3 end. genera of Opilioacarida , numerous mites and ticks (Acaridida, Oribatida, Prostigmata, Mesostigmata , Ixodida ). There are 8 described species of Palpigradi , one genus ( Allokoenenia Silv. ) is endemic. Lacking are the suborders Dyspnoi ( Opiliones ), Mesothelae ( Araneae )
Special attention should be paid to the cave and high mountain Arachnids. The numerous caves of Europe, Caucasus, Lebanon and Asia Minor harbour many endemic genera and species of Arachnida (mostly Araneae , Pseudoscorpiones , Opiliones ). North of the Alps the caves fauna is much poorer and the troblobites are almost non existing (presumably due to the glaciations). Some cave Arachnida are known also from Morocco and Algeria.
In Europe (including Madeira) are registered 28 species of Palpigradi , all belonging to one genus – Eukoenenia Börner (fam. Eukoeneniidae ). They are recorded (without counting the subspecies) from France (9), Italy (12), Greece (3), Bulgaria (1), Hungary (1), Austria (2), Bosna and Herzegovina (1), Croatia (2), Malta (2), Portugal (2), Romania (4), Slovakia (1), Slovenia (1), Spain (4) – 14 countries ( Bertrand, 1980, Christian, 1998, Condé, 1951, 1956, 1979a, 1979 b, 1980, 1990, 1996, Hansen, 1926, Mayoral & Barranco, 2002b, Peyerimhoff, 1902, 1908, Remy, 1948, 1952, 1957, Rowland & Sissom, 1980).
Christian et al. (2014) described two species from Italy ( Eukoenenia lanai Christian and E. roscia Christian ) and concluded that ―Our area [the Alps of SW Piedmont] is part of the most prominent Pleistocene refugium of the SW Alps…. It lies south of the Holdhaus line, which roughly marks the northern range boundaries of troglobiotic beetles and other subterranean arthropods with similarly limited means of dispersal… Though the area overlaps the border of maximum Würm glaciation (Casazza et al. 2008), subterranean habitats for palpigrades may have existed continuously since late Neogene times‖. Christian (2014) described also the new troglobite species Eukoenenia vargowitshi from Abhazia.
In Iberian Peninsula (all from Spain and from the two slopes of the Pyrenees) have been recorded Eukoenenia bouilloni Condé, 1980 , E. brolemanni ( Hansen, 1926) , E. draco zariquieyi ( Condé, 1951) , E. hispanica (Peyerimhoff, 1908) , E. pyrenaella Condé, 1990 , E. pyrenaica ( Hansen, 1926) , E. gadorensis Mayoral et Barranco, 2002 , E. mirabilis (Grassi et Calandruccio, 1885)( Barranco & Mayoral, 2007) .
Remy (1949) reported from Corsica Eukoenenia mirabilis and E. berlesei . Eukoenenia patrizii Condé, 1956 (endemic) was described from Sardinia, E. mirabilis was recorded from Sardinia by Roewer (1953).
From Sardinia Condé & Heurtault (1995) described a second troglobitic (endemic?) species – E. grafittii . The first known species of the order E. mirabilis (Grassi et Calandruccio, 1885) is known from Sicily.
As a whole, six species of Palpigradi have been recorded from seven islands of the Mediterranean: Sicily, Sardinia, Majorca, Iraklia nr. Naxos, Kithira, Corfu and Malta.
The only species known from Malta is Eukoenenia christiani Condé from a cave ( Condé, 1988).
Barranco & Mayoral (2007) described from the cave of Kef Aziza in Morocco the new species Eukoenenia maroccana – the third Moroccan Palpigradi , after E. mirabilis (Grassi et Calandruccio, 1885) and E. hanseni ( Silvestri, 1913) .
Very few Palpigradi have been described from tropical Africa: Eukoenenia pauli Condé, 1979 ( Gabon), E. angolensis (Remy, 1956) , E. machadoi ( Remy, 1950) ( Angola), E. hesperia ( Remy, 1953) ( Ivory Coast), E. kenyana Condé, 1979 ( Kenya), Koeneniodes notabilis Silvestri, 1913 , Leptokoenenia scurra Monniot, 1966 ( Congo), and Allokoenenia afra Silvestri, 1913 ( Guinea) ( Remy, 1950, 1953, 1956, Monniot, 1966, Condé, 1979, Silvestri, 1913). The genus Allokoenenia is endemic for tropical Africa. This number does not reflect the real picture of the distribution of Palpigradi between 20 o N and Kunene-Zambezi. These tiny and fragile creatures are rarely collected, mostly by the few specialists on them in person.
Eukoenenia lawrencei Remy, 1957 is the only species of this order, known from Southern Africa.
The list of European Solifugae of Blick (2004) contains 18 sp., but geographically half of them live on territories outside Europe ( Rhodes , Asiatic Turkey, Cyprus, Canaries) .
On the Balkan Peninsula (continental part, mostly in Greece), are recorded members of three families of Solifugae (Alexiou, 2014) :
Fam. Galeodidae – Galeodes Olivier : G. graecus C.L. Koch ( Greece, Bulgaria), G. elegans Roewer
(Rep. Macedonia), G. hellenicus Roewer ( Greece).
Fam. Karschiidae – Barrussus furcichelis Roewer , Eusimonia nigrescens Kraepelin ( Greece).
Fam. Daesiidae – Biton ehrenbergi Karsch ( Greece).
The northern boundary of Solifugae in eastern Europe ( Galeodes graecus C.L. Koch, G. araneoides Pallas ) runs through SW Bulgaria ( G. graecus C.L. Koch ), Rep. Macedonia ( G. elegans Roewer ) and Ukraine (Map 1).
On Iberian Peninsula is known Gluvia dorsalis (Latreille) ( Daesiidae )( Spain, Portugal). In the Canary Islands live Eusimonia wunderlichi Pieper ( Karschiidae ).
Only one species is known in Ukraine: Galeodes araneoides (Pallas) ( Galeodidae ).
From Mediterranean islands only on Sicily are known two species of Daesiidae ( Biton ehrenbergi Karsch and B. velox Simon ).
In North Africa are distributed Solifugae from 19 genera and the families Galeodidae , Karschiidae , Daesiidae , Solpugidae , and Rhagodidae . A numerous genus is Galeodes Olivier with 25 sp. in N. Africa.
Endemic genus of Solifugae for North Africa is Barrus Simon, 1880 – Egypt (1 sp.)
Tropical Africa
Non of the 6 families is endemic or typical for tropical Africa.
Endemic genera for this area:
Blossiana Roewer ( Ethiopia), Bitonota Roewer ( Ethiopia), Bitonupa Roewer ( Kenya), Solpugistella Turk ( Kenya), Rhagodalma Roewer ( Sudan), Rhagodippa Roewer (Djibuti) .
Benoit (1960) enumerated 29 species from the former Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi. They all live far from the dense tropical forest of Congo and are concentrated mainly in Katanga.
In tropical Africa (between 20 o N and the line Kunene – Zambezi) are recorded 41 genera of Solifugae of 6 families: Ceromidae , Daesiidae , Galeodidae , Rhagodidae , Hexisopodidae and Solpugidae . The richest countries are Somalia (48) and Ethiopia (46)( Harvey, 2013c).
Southern Africa ( South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, Botswana, Zimbabwe, southern part of Mozambique) is extremely rich in Solpugids. Here are represented six of the 12 families of Solifugae , incl. the endemic family Hexisopodidae and the endemic genera Hexisopus Karsch (15 sp.), Chelypus Purcell (9 sp.). With 127 sp. of Solifigae, 47 (37%) of which endemics and nine genera occurring only in Namibia, this country appears to be the richest in the world in Solifugae ( GRIFFIN, 1998) . Even more Solifugae (163 sp.) live in in South Africa. This makes their absence in Madagascar even more enigmatic.
Fam. Galeodidae
Fam. Rhagodidae
1 - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - 1
- - - - 1 - - -
+ - - + + + + +
5 1 - - 1 1 1 2
1 - - - - - - -
+ - + - - - - -
Rhagodalma Roewer 1 - - - - - - - Rhagodessa Roewer 3 - - - - - - -
Rhagodeya Roewer 1 - - - - - - - Rhagodolus Roewer - - 1 - - - - -
Rhagoduna Roewer 1 - - - - - - -
Fam. Solpugidae
Oparbella Roewer + - - + + - - +
- - - - - - - 1
Solpugassa Roewer 1 - - - - - - -
Zeria Simon 2 - - 1 2 - - - Zeriassa Pocock 1 - - - - - - -
Camero-
Countries Nigeria Togo Malawi Ruanda Kenya Tanzania
on
Number of species 4 9 2 4 1 37 33
Taxa
Fam. Ceromidae - - - + - + +
Ceroma Karsch - - - 2 - 1 4
Fam. Daesiidae - + - - - + +
Biton Karsch - 2 - - - 3 - Bitonupa Roewer - - - - - 1 - Blossia Simon - - - - - 2 3
Hemiblossia Roewer - - - - - 1 -
Fam. Galeodidae
Fam. Rhagodidae
+ + + - - + -
1 2 1 - - 1 -
+ - - - - + -
- - - - - - 2
Rhagodoca Roewer - - - - - 7 - Rhagodolus Roewer 1 - - - - - -
Fam. Solpugidae
+ + + + + + +
1 3 - - - - -
- 1 - - - - -
- - - - - 1 -
Solpugassa Roewer - - - - - - 1
Solpugella Roewer - - - - 1 - - ..continued on the next page Solpugistella Turk
Solpugylla Roewer
- - - - - 1 -
- - - - - - 4
1 1 1 2 - 11 15
Zeriassa Pocock - - - - - 7 3
DR Mozamb- Countries Congo Angola Zambia
Congo ique
Number of sp. 1 30 31 4 13
Taxa
Fam. Ceromidae - + + - -
Ceroma Karsch - 1 1 - -
Fam. Hexisopodidae - - + + -
Chelypus Purcell - - 1 1 -
Hexisopus Karsch - - 1 - -
An older, but most reliable source of information on the group is the check list of Lawrence (1955), listing from this area 181 species of 33 genera and 6 families. Wharton (1981) outlined the Solpugids of Namibia. Important papers on the subject, used for preparing the text, are ( Benoit, 1960, Birula, 1912, 1917, Borelli, 1924, Chemini, 1995, Dippenaar-Schoeman & González Reyes, 2006, Drensky, 1936, El-Hennawy, 1998, 2007, 2008, Hewitt, 1919, Kraepelin, 1899, Lawrence, 1955, 1960, 1966, Levy & Shulov, 1964, Panouse, 1957, Purcell, 1903, Roewer, 1934, 1941, Simonetta & Delle Cave, 1968, Werner, 1925).
The families Gyllipidae and Rhagodidae are shared with Asia, Solpugidae – only with the rest of Africa, Ceromidae – with southern part of tropical Africa and only Daesiidae is shared also with South America. Fossil Ceromid is recorded from Brazil.
Endemic genera of Solifugae south of Zambezi – Kunene:
Fam. Ceromidae – Ceromella Roewer , Toreus Purcell.
Fam. Gyllipidae – Bdellophaga Wharton , Trichotoma Lawrence.
Fam. Hexisopodidae – Hexisopus Karsch , Chelypus Purcell.
Fam. Daesiidae – Namibesia Lawrence.
Fam. Melanoblossiidae ( Melanoblossiinae endemic. in Southern Africa) – Daesiella Hewitt Lawrencega Roewer , Melanoblossia Purcell , Microblossia Roewer , Unguiblossia Roewer.
Fam. Solpugidae – Solpugiba Roewer , Solpugista Roewer , Solpugema Roewer , Prosolpuga Roewer , Solpuguna Roewer , Metasolpuga Roewer.
All Ricinulei in Africa are known only from West Africa (11 sp., all of genus Ricinoides Ewing ). The order is missing in Palearctic ( Hansen, 1921, Hansen & Soerensen, 1904, Judson & Hardy, 2001, Legg, 1976, 1978, Tuxen, 1974).
From Europe, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Malta and Caucasus are recorded Scorpions of the families Euscorpiidae ( Euscorpius Thorell ), Buthidae ( Buthus Leach , Mesobuthus Vachon ), Iuridae ( Iurus Thorell , Protoiurus Soleglad et al. , Calchas Birula , Neocalchas Yagmur et al. ).
Endemic genera for the area are:
Mauritanobuthus Qi et Lourenço, 2007 – Mauritania ( M. geniezi ).
Saharobuthus Lourenço et Duhem, 2009 – Western Sahara.
According to the lists of Vachon (1952) and Dupré (2013) (actualized), from the Northafrican countries are recorded scorpions of 24 genera and 4 families.
From Tassili n‘Ajjer Vachon (1958) identified 10 species of scorpions of 7 genres and the families Buthidae and Scorpionidae . According to this author, in the ―saharo- mountainious‖ region ( Tassili n‘Ajjer , Air, Adrar Iforas and Tibesti) is seen one altitudinal separation of species of Palearctic origin, having ―climbed‖ above 1000 m with the establishment of drought in North Africa, and species, widespread in Sahara.
This list has been completed by Lourenço (2009) with the description of Compsobuthus tassili .
From Tunisia Vachon (1951) identified 7 sp. of scorpions of the genera Euscorpius , Scorpio , Buthus , Androctonus , Buthacus and Buthiscus . Among the scorpions of Tunisia this author distinguishes two species of European origin (― Buthus” occitanus and Euscorpius sicanus ) and five Northafrican elements.
The scorpions of Egypt (12 sp.) have been listed as early as 1910 by E. Simon. Now the species in this country are 28. Graham et al. (2012) indicate that ―Molecular clock estimates suggest an ancient disjunction across the Mediterranean Sea‖(mean = 5.56 Mya, about the sudden refilling of the Mediterranean Sea after it had evaporated during the Messinian salinity crisis).
The list of Morrocan scorpions (50 sp.) is more recent – of Nickel, Hornung & Koch (2009 a, b).
Other important papers on the subject, used while preparing the text: El-Hennawy (1992a, 2009), Fet (1988), Fet, Sissom, Lowe & Braunwalder (2000), Kovařik (2001, 2003, 2009), Lamoral (1979), Lamoral & Reynders (1975), Levy & Amitai (1980), Lourenço (2003, 2007), Lourenço & Duhem (2007), Lourenço, Duhem & Cloudsley-Thompson (2010), Prendini (2011), Probst (1973), Qi Jian-Xin & Lourenço (2007), Simon (1910), Stockmann & Ythier (2010), Vachon (1941, 1966, 1968).
Endemic genus for the area is:
Mauritanobuthus Qi et Lourenço, 2007 – Mauritania ( M. geniezi ).
Iurus Thorell 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Neocalchas Yagmur et al. 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Protoiurus Soled.et al. 3 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Country Saudi
Turkm. Qatar UAE Bahrain Yemen Oman
Arabia
Number of sp. 7 29 6 14 4 37 39
. Buthidae
+ + + + + + +
Androctonus Ehr. - 4 1 1 1 2 2 Anomalobuthus
Kraepelin 1 - - - - - -
Apistobuthus Finn. - 1 1 1 - 1 1
Babycurus Karsch - - - - - 1 1 Buthacus Birula - 3 2 3 2 - 1 Butheolus Simon - 4 - 1 - 2 2 Buthus Leach - - - - - 1 -
Compsobuthus Vachon - 5 1 4 - 6 4
Femtobuthus Lowe - - - - - - 1
Hottentotta Birula - 2 - 2 - 4 4
Kraepelinia Vachon 1 - - - - - -
Leiurus Ehrenberg - 4 - - - 3 2
Liobuthus Birula 1 - - - - - -
Mesobuthus Vachon 1 - - - - - -
Microbuthus Kraep. - - - - - 1 3
Odontobuthus Vach. - - - - - - 2
Orthochiroides Kov. - - - - - 2 -
Orthochirus Karsch 2 2 - - - 1 4
Parabuthus Pocock - 1 - - - 1 -
Pectinibuthus Fet 1 - - - - - - Picobuthus Lowe - - - - - - 2
Vachoniolus Levy et al. - 1 - 1 - - 3
. Euscorpiidae - - - - - (+) -
Euscorpius Thorell - - - - - (+) -
. Hemiscorpiidae - + - + - + +
Hemiscorpius Peters - 1 - 1 - 3 3
. Scorpionidae - + + - - + +
Heteronebo Pocock - - - - - 2 -
Simon - - - - - 4 3 Pandinus Thorell - - - - - 1 -
Scorpio Linnaeus - 1 1 - - 1 -
Endemic genera for this area are:
Fam. Pseudochactidae
Pseudochactas Gromov, 1998 ( Turkmenistan, Afghanistan).
Fam. Buthidae
Neohemibuthus Lourenço, 1996 ( Iran).
Paraorthochirus Lourenço et Vachon, 1995 ( Iran).
Fam. Akravidae Akrav Levy, 2007 – Israel.
Fam. Buthidae + + + + + ..continued on the next page
1 1 - - -
Lam.
Babycurus Karsch 4 4 4 1 3
Congobuthus Lour. 1 - - - -
Darchenia Vachon - - 1 - -
Hottentotta Birula 2 1 1 2 1
Isometrus Ehrenb. 1 - - - -
Leiurus Ehrenberg - - - 1 -
Lychas C. L. Koch 2 2 - - 1
Parabuthus
Pocock - - - - 5
Uroplectes Peters - - 1 1 -
Fam.
+ + + + +
- - - - 5
Koch
Pandinus Thorell 2 3 1 1 -
The order is missing in the Palearctic. In Afrotropical Region are known four genera: Artacarus Cook, 1898 (1 sp.), endemic to West Africa ( Liberia and Ivory Coast), Lawrencezomus Armas (1 sp.)( Liberia), Kenyazomus Armas (1 sp.), endemic for Kenya, and Megaschizomus Lawrence, 1955 (Southern Africa, endemic subfamily Megaschizominae ) (Armas, 2010, Harvey, 2003, Lawrence, 1955, Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995).
From Turkey and the Near East there are known only six species of Amblypygi :
Fam. Charinidae
Charinus ioanniticus ( Kritscher, 1959) – Turkey, Israel, the Dodecanese islands Kos and Rhodes
(known also from Egypt).
Charinus omanensis Delle Cave, Gardner et Weygoldt, 2009 – Oman (cave).
Charinus dhofarensis Weygoldt, Pohl et Polák, 2002 ) – Oman.
Fam. Phrynichidae
Phrynichus dhofarensis Weygoldt, Pohl et Polák, 2002 – Oman.
Ph. jayakari Pocock, 1894 – Hadramaut.
These are among the species outlining the northern limit of Amblypygi in the Old World. Actually, Yemen, Oman and it‘s province Dhofar are part of the south of Arabian Peninsula, considered usually as part of the Afrotropical Region.
Musicodamon atlanteus Fage, 1939 ( Phrynichidae ) is endemic genus and species from Morocco and Algeria.
El-Hennawy & Hisham (2002) recorded from Egypt Charinus ioanniticus ( Charinidae ), known also from Turkey, Israel and the Greek islands Kos and Rhodes.
Charinidae and Phrynichidae are the only families of Amblypygi , known from the Palearctic Region.
The first list of African Amblypygi (Lawrence, 1969) contained 16 sp. Without the North African Musicodamon and the island Charinus spp. from Socotra, the Seychelles and Madagascar remain from tropical Africa 13 sp. Since several nomenclatorial changes took place. The new genus Euphrynichus Weigoldt, 1995 has been described, Titanodamon Pocock was synonymised with Damon C.L. Koch , Myodalis Simon – with Phrynichus Karsch. Paracharon caecus Hansen should be added to the list.
“ Hemiphrynus” machadoi Fage is now Xerophrynus Weigoldt, 1996 (endemic).
Now (2016) in tropical Africa are known 20 sp. of Amblypygi of 6 genera and 3 families ( Charinidae , Phrynichidae , Paracharontidae ).
Fam. Charinidae
Charinus Simon – widespread in the world, in tropical Africa known from Tanzania, Guinea, Ecuatorial Guinea, São Tome, and Somalia (6 sp.)
Fam. Phrynichidae
Damon C.L. Koch – widespread and endemic in tropical Africa (11 sp., 8 in tropical Africa north of Kunene - Zambezi).
Euphrynichus Weygoldt – Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Zimbabwe, 2 sp. ( E. amanica (Werner, 1916) , E. bacillifer (Gerstaecker, 1873) .
Phrynichus Karsch – Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, Cameroon, Rwanda, Tanzania, Congo (7 sp.).
Xerophrynus Weigoldt – Angola (1 sp. X. machadoi with unclear position), Namibia.
Fam. Paracharontidae
Paracharon Hansen - P. caecus Hansen, 1921 .
The most interesting Amblypygid in tropical Africa is Paracharon Hansen from Guinea - Bissau (1 sp.), only member of the family Paracharontidae and the suborder Paleoamblypygi (―living fossil‖) ( Delle Cave, 1986, Delle Cave, Gardner & Weygoldt, 2009, Fage, 1939, 1954, Hansen, 1921, Harvey, 2003, 2013c, Kovařík & Vlasta, 1996, Kritscher, 1959, Lawrence, 1958, Pocock, 1895, Prendini, Weygoldt & Wheeler, 2005, Weygoldt, 1995, 1996, 2000a, 2000b), Weygoldt, Pohl & Polák, 2002, Whittick, 1941).
The enigmatic Etienneus africanus ( Hentschel, 1899) from Senegal, Gambia, Guinea and Guinea-Bissau is now considered autochthonous and relict ( Huff & Prendini, 2009). Nowhere else in Africa live Uropygi . They are missing also in the Palearctic (Harvey, 2013, Cooke & Shadab, 1973, Hentschel, 1899, Heurtault, 1984).
The Pseudoscorpions of Europe have been summarized by Beier (1963), but many new species, genera and even families have been added since. According to Lissner (2014), in Europe are known 73 genera of Pseudoscorpiones , belonging to 14 families ( Chthoniidae , Neobisiidae , Bochicidae , Larcidae , Syarinidae , Olpiidae , Garypidae , Geogarypidae , Garypinidae , Atemnidae , Cheiridiidae , Cheliferidae , Chernetidae , Withiidae ) – nearly half of the Pseudoscorpiones families in the World. ―The European pseudoscorpion fauna counts to 861 species in 73 genera and 16 families‖ (Harvey 2013). These numbers include species and genera from Asian parts of Russia and Turkey (perhaps 20 species?). The fauna is much more diverse in the southern parts of Europe. The highest number of species is found in Italy (226) followed by Spain (196). Blick, Muster & Duchác (2004) list 102 pseudoscorpion species for Central Europe. Species number decline to about 20 in southern Scandinavia ( Beier, 1963). None, except a few introduced synanthropic species, are found at higher latitudes than ca. 65°N ( Beier, 1963)‖.
According to Dashdamirov & Schawaller (1992), in Caucasus have been recorded 66 sp. of Peudoscorpions, belonging to 29 genera and 10 families.
In Armenia are known 19 sp. of 12 genera and the families Chthoniidae , Neobisiidae , Garypidae , Cheiridiidae , Olpiidae , Cheliferidae , Chernetidae . In Georgia are known 46 sp.
In Azerbaidjan are known 48 sp. of 21 genera and 8 families ( Dashdamirov, 1990). In this paper is done a zoogeographical analysis with 11 zoogeographical complexes. Asia-Minor – Caucasian elements are 23.0% of species; endemic Caucasian complex includes 6 species (17.9%); Palearctic type of areal comprises 15.4%; Mediterranean elements are 10.3%, European complex – 10.3%. Two species are cosmopolytic. Some other important papers on the subject: Beier (1944, 1955, 1959, 1961, 1967, 1972, 1979), Callaini (1983c, 1988), Christophoryová, Štahlavský, Krumpál & Fedor (2012), ŠurŢiŠ (1974), ŠurŢiŠ, DimitrieviŠ & Legakis (2004), Daday (1889), El-Hennawy (1988), Gardini (1994, 2000), Harvey (1990, 1992, 2003, 2011, 2013a), Heurtault (1974, 1983, 1990), Leclerc (1989), Legg (1988), Legg & O‘Connor (1997), Lessert (1911), Mahnert (1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1983a, 1983b, 1985, 1988, 2004), Meinertz (1962), Petrov (1997), Rafalski (1967), Redikorzev (1924, 1926, 1930), Schawaller (1983), Schawaller & Dashdamirov (1988), Telnovs (2002a), Vachon (1954).
Endemic genera of Pseudoscorpiones in Europe:
Fam. Chthoniidae
Neobalkanella ŠurŢiŠ, 2013 - Serbia (1 sp.) .
Troglochthonius Beier, 1939 - Bosnia and Herzegovina, cave (1 sp.);? Sardinia.
Fam. Neobisiidae
Insulocreagris ŠurŢiŠ, 1987 – Croatia (Vis), Herzegovina (2 sp.)
Protoneobisium ŠurŢiŠ, 1988 – Croatia (1 sp.) .
Archeoroncus ŠurŢiŠ et Rada, 2012 – Croatia.
Ernstmayria ŠurŢiŠ et DmitrijeviŠ, 2006 – Crete (1 sp.) .
Fam. Syarinidae
Arcanobisium Zaragoza, 2010 – Spain ( A. comasi Zaragoza, 2010 ).
Hadoblothrus Beier, 1952 – Italy, Greece (2 sp.).
Pseudoblothrus Beier, 1931 – Italy, Crimea, France, Switzerland.
Microcreagrella Beier, 1961 – Azores, Madeira.
Fam. Bochicidae
Titanobochica Zaragoza et Reboleira 2010 – Portugal ( T. magna Zaragoza et Reboleira, 2010 ). Troglobisium Beier, 1939 – Spain [ T. racovitzai (Ellingsen, 1912) ].
From North Africa ( Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Mauritania and Tibesti in Northern Chad) are known 26 genera and 10 families ( Chthoniidae - Chthonius , Garypidae – Garypus , Garypinidae - Garypinus , Geogarypidae - Geogarypus , Neobisiidae – Neobisium , Roncus , Olpiidae – Minniza , Olpium , Serianus , Solinus , Atemnidae – Atemnus , Diplotemnus , Chernetidae – Allochernes , Chernes , Dendrochernes , Lamprochernes , Goniochernes , Pselaphochernes , Cheliferidae – Chelifer , Dactylochelifer , Hysterochelifer , Rhacochelifer , Mesochelifer , Lophochernes , Withiidae – Plesiowithius , Withius ). General papers of the pseudoscorpions have been published by Callaini on Algeria (1983) and Morocco (1988). Among these genera 21 live also in Europe and 18 - in Africa south of Sahara.
According to Harvey (online), the number of species known from these countries is: Egypt - 13; Libya - 15; Tunisia - 25; Algeria - 44; Morocco - 38; Mauritania - 2; Tibesti in N. Chad (after Heurtault, 1970 a,b,c, 1971).
Endemic species are:
Chthonius kabylicus Callaini, 1983 – Algeria.
Neobisium (Blothrus) peyerimhoffi Heurtault, 1990 – Algeria.
N. dumitrescoae Heurtault, 1990 – Algeria.
Roncus numidicus Callaini, 1983 – Algeria.
Roncus (Parablothrus) comasi Mahnert, 1983 – Tunisia.
Roncus (Parablothrus) gardinii Heurtault, 1990 – Algeria.
Rhacochelifer massylicus Callaini, 1983 – Algeria.
Geogarypus mirei Heurtault, 1970 – Chad (Borcou).
Goniochernes vachoni Heurtault, 1970 – Tibesti.
Endemic genus for this (mostly desert) area is only Plesiowithius Vachon, 1954 – Mauritania (1 sp.)( Withiidae )
In tropical Africa (the described area) have been recorded pseudoscorpions of genera and 16 families: Chthoniidae , Tridenchthoniidae , Feaellidae , Garypidae , Geogarypidae , Olpiidae , Ideoroncidae , Neobisiidae , Syarinidae , Cheiridiidae , Pseudochiridiidae , Sternophoridae , Chernetidae , Cheliferidae , Atemnidae , Withiidae . There are no endemic families in tropical Africa.
Endemic genera of pseudoscorpions are:
Fam. Chthoniidae
Congochthonius Beier, 1959 – DR Congo (1 sp.).
Fam. Neobisiidae
Afroroncus Mahnert, 1981 – Kenya (2 sp.).
Nannoroncus Beier, 1955 – Kenya, Uganda (1 sp.).
Fam. Withiidae
Aisthetowithius Beier, 1967 – Kenya, Tanzania (1 sp.).
Cryptowithius Beier, 1967 – Kenya (1 sp.).
Pogonowithius Beier, 1979 – DR Congo (1 sp.).
Trichotowithius Beier, 1944 – Ethiopia, Kenya (2 sp.).
Fam. Cheliferidae
Chamberlinarius Heurtault, 1983 – Ivory Coast (1 sp.).
Fam. Atemnidae
Synatemnus Beier, 1944 – Tanzania (2 sp.).
In Europe (incl. Caucasus) are known Opiliones from ten families: Sironidae - Cyphophthalmus , Cladonychiidae – Holoscotolemon , Phalangodidae – Lola , Ausobskya , Paralola , Scotolemon , Ptychosoma ; Travuniidae – Abasola , Arbasus, Buemarinoa , Dinaria, Kratochviliola , Travunia , Trojanella , Nemastomatidae – Carinostoma , Histricostoma , Mitostoma , Nemastoma , Paranemastoma , Trogulidae – Anarthrotarsus, Anelasmocephalus , Calathocratus , Trogulocratus , Trogulus , Dicranolasmatidae - Dicranolasma , Ischyropsalididae – Ischyropsalis , Phalangiidae – Odiellus , Opilio , Phalangium , etc. Sclerosomatidae – Astrobunus , Gyas , Leiobunum , Nelima .
In North Africa are registered Opiliones of four families: Phalangiidae – Amilenus , Dasylobus , Dicranopalpus , Egaenus , Lacinius , Lophopilio , Megabunus , Metaphalangium , Metaplatybunus , Mitopus , Odiellus , Oligolophus , Opilio , Phalangium , Platybunus , Rilaena, Zacheus ; Sclerosomatidae – Gyas ; Trogulidae – Trogulus, Anelasmocephalus , Calathocratus , Trogulocratus ; Phalangodidae – Ptychosoma .
In Egypt ( Cokendolpher, 1990) are known 6 sp. of Opiliones : Trogulidae – Trogulus gypseus ; Phalangiidae – Metaphalangium cirtanum , M. orientalis , Phalangium aegyptiacum , Ph. savignyi , Ph. copticum .
In Europe Cyphophthalmi ( Sironidae ) are represented mainly in the southern peninsulae (in Iberian Peninsula the genera Iberosiro , Odontosiro , Paramiopsalis , Parasiro ; in the Balkan Peninsula – Siro , Cyphophthalmus = ¿ Tranteeva ). Siro is known also from Turkey, Italy, Poland and Slovakia. The suborder is not known from North Africa.
Tropical Africa
From tropical Africa are known three genera: Ogovea Hansen et Soerensen, 1914 from the Gulf of Guinea ( Cameroon, Congo, Bioko, 3 sp.), Parogovia Hansen, 1921 – Bioko, Gabon, Sierra Leone (3 sp.), and the aberrant genus Marwe Shear, 1985 from Kenya (1 sp.). The family Ogoveidae (Ogovea Hansen et Soerensen) is endemic for the Gulf of Guinea. Fam. Neogoveidae has one genus in Africa ( Parogovia Hansen ), the other genera live in South America. Marwe belongs (?) to Sironidae .
Otherwise the Cyphophthami of Europe and tropical Africa belong to different families, without transition between them. The European taxa (Temperophthalmi) are closer to the Cyphophthalmi of North America.
According to the Catalogues of Staręga (1984, 1992, with suppl.), in tropical Africa are recorded Eupnoi from two families.
Fam. Phalangiidae ( Phalangiinae ) - Camerobunus Staręga et Snegovaya (1 sp.), Cristina Loman (13 sp.), Rhampsinitus Simon (47 sp.), Guruia Loman , Coptophalangium Staręga , Odontobunus Roewer , Dacnopilio Roewer , Megistobunus Hansen ,? Hindreus Kauri.
Fam. Sclerosomatidae
Endemic (known only from one country) are the genera:
Fam. Phalangiidae
Camerobunus Staręga et Snegovaya, 2008 – Cameroon.
Coptophalangium Staręga, 1984 – Ethiopia.
Dyspnoi – not recorded.
According to the Catalogues of Staręga (1984, 1992, with suppl.), in the described area are recorded Laniatores from 5 families.
Fam. Assamiidae – Aberdereca Goodnight et Goodnight (1 sp.), Bambereca Kauri (1), Bwitonatus Roewer (1), Comereca Roewer (1), Ereca Soerensen (23), Erecella Roewer (9), Erecula Roewer (7), Eusidama Roewer (1), Hypoxestus Loman (10), Metereca Roewer (= Leleupereca Roewer ), Lygippulus Roewer (5), Metarhagdopygus Roewer, Randilea Roewer (1), Sesostris Soerensen (5), Sesostrellus Roewer (3), Spinixestus Roewer (6)
Fam. Pyramidopidae – Guinea-Bissau, Gambia, Equatorial Guinea, DR Congo, Tanzania, Ghana, Togo, Ivory Coast, São Tomé and Príncipe, Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) (ca. 40 sp.) .
Fam. Podoctidae (incl. Erecananinae and Ibaloniinae ) – Erecanana Strand ; other genera on the Seychelles and in Mauritius.
Fam. Biantidae – Hinzuanius Karsch , Metabiantes Roewer , Monobiantes Lawrence , Proconomma Roewer.
Fam. Samoidae – Microconomma Roewer ( Cameroon), Tetebius Roewer ( Mozambique). Other genera on the Seychelles.
Other important papers used in the text: Bivort & Giribet (2010), Blick & Komposh (2004), Chemini (1995), Chevrizov (1979), Delfosse (2004), Delfosse & Iorio (2007), Farzalieva & Esyunin (2000), Giribet (2000), Giribet & Prieto (2003), Goodnight & Goodnight (1959), Hadži (1973), Hansen (1921), Hansen & Soerensen (1914), Kauri (1985), Komposch (2004), Komposch & Gruber (2005), Kury (2003, 2011a, 2011b), Kury & Cokendolpher (2000), Kury & Mendes (2007), Lawrence (1931), Legg (1990), Lotz (2009), Klimeš (2000), Martens (1978), Mheidze (1964), Novak (2004, 2005 a), Novak, Delakorda & Novak (2006), Ozimec (2000), Pack-Beresford (1926), Pinto-da-Rocha, Machado & Giribet (eds.)(2007), Prieto (2003, 2008), Rafalski (1960, 1961), Rafalski & Staręga (1997), Rambla (1967), Roewer (1923, 1927, 1951), Sankey & Savory (1974), Santos & Prieto (2010), Schönhofer (2013), Sharma, Prieto & Giribet (2011), Shear (1985), Staręga (1976a, 1976b, 1978, 1989, 2000), Staręga & Snegovaya (2008b), Stol (1993, 2007), Szalay (1968), Šilhavý (1956), Telnovs (2002b), Tumšs (1963), Vanhercke (1999), Wijnhoven (2005), Winiarska (2008).
In Europe (including Madeira and Azorean Islands) until the end of 2011 have been registered 4892 species and subspecies of spiders (van Helsdingen, 2012). They include 4491 ―true‖ indigenous spiders, 99 introduced species and 302 nomina dubia. The category of unique records /endemics contains 2041 species (45.4%). These spiders belong to the families Atypidae , Ctenizidae , Nemesiidae , Filistatidae , Sicaridae, Scytoditidae, Leptonetidae , Pholcidae , Dysderidae , Segestriidae , Oonopidae , Palpimanidae , Mimetidae , Eresidae , Oecobiidae , Uloboridae , Nesticidae , Theridiosomatidae , Anapidae , Mysmenidae , Araneidae , Linyphiidae , Tetragnathidae , Theridiidae , Lycosidae , Agelenidae , Pisauridae , Oxyopidae , Zoropsidae , Cybaeidae , Argyronetidae , Desidae , Hahniidae , Amaurobiidae , Dictynidae , Titanoecidae , Anyphoenidae, Clubionidae , Liocranidae , Gnaphosidae , Philodromidae , Thomisidae , Salticidae , Corinnidae , Zodariidae , Prodidomidae , Zoridae , Sparassidae and others. The most numerous families (figures of 2011) are Linyphiidae (1366), Gnaphosidae (480), Salticidae (400), Dysderidae (331), Lycosidae (303), Theridiidae (258), Agelenidae (200), Thomisidae (193), Araneidae (150), Zodariidae (111), Philodromidae (106). The best represented what concerns the endemics are Linyphiidae (534, 42.4%), Agelenidae (93, 50%) and most of all Dysderidae (227, 70.5%). Since 2011 the number of spider species in Europe is more than 4500. The actualized checklist of all Turkish spiders ( Bayram, Kunt & Danisman, 2014), on line, contains 1013 sp. of 330 genera and 53 families.
The Araneae of Northern Africa, well studied, especially in Morocco, seems very similar in families and genera to the Southeuropean.
According to Scharff (1990), in Africa south of Sahara are considered valid 365 species of Linyphiidae of 67 genera.
Some other important papers on Araneae , used in this text: Aakra & Hange (2000), Agnarsson (1996), Blick, Bosmans et al. (2004), Benoit (1960), Bosmans (2009), Bosmans & Vanytven (Internet), Buchar & RužiŢka (2002), Cardoso & Crespo (2008), Cardoso & Morano (2010), Denis (1961, 1968), El-Hennawy (1987, 1990, 1992b, 2000, 2002, 2006), Eskov (1994), Gajdos, Svaton & Sloboda (1999), Griswold (1991), Holm (1962), Huber (2012), Huber & Warui (2012), Komposch (2011), Koponen (2005), Koponen & Fritzén (2013), Kronestedt (Version 2001), Larsen & Scharff (2003), Le Peru (2007), Marinu & Verneau (2002), Merrett, Locket & Millidge (1985), Merrett & Millidge (1992), Merrett & Murphy (2000), Mikhailov (1997, 1998, 1999, 2000), MiloševiŠ (2002), Roberts (1995), Thaler (1976, 1980, 1988), Thaler & Buchar (1994, 1996), Nentwig, Blick, Gloor, Hänggi & Kropf (2013), Newlands (1978), Platnick (2014), Proszynski & Staręga (1971), Samu, Szinetar (1999), Scharff (1992), Topcu, Demir & Seyyar (2005), Van Helsdingen (2012), Varol (2003), Vilkas (1992), Weiss & Urak (2000).
In southern Africa are recorded spiders of 64 families.
Endemic spider supraspecific taxa in Southern Africa:
Fam. Chummidae – endemic family – Chumma Jocqué.
Fam. Microstigmatidae – Microstigmata Strand (the other genera are known from South America).
Fam. Gallienellidae – Austrachelas Lawrence , Drassodella Hewitt.
Fam. Orsolabidae – Afrilobus Griswold et Platnick , Azanialobus Griswold et Platnick.
Fam. Nemesiidae – Lepthercus Purcell , Pionothele Purcell.
The small order Opilioacarida (37 sp., Beron, 2014, with suppl.) is represented in Western Palearctic only by two species of genus Opilioacarus With , described from South Europe ( Italy, Greece) and Algeria and endemic for Western Palearctic. In the Afrotropical Region are known Adenacarus Van der Hammen ( Yemen), Panchaetes Naudo ( Angola, Ivory Coast), Phalangiacarus Coineau et Van der Hammen ( Gabon) and Salfacarus Van der Hammen ( South Africa, Tanzania, Madagascar). The first three genera are endemic for the Afrotropical Region, Salfacarus is shared with Madagascar (Van der Hammen, 1966, 1977, Coineau & Van der Hammen, 1979, Naudo, 1963, Vásquez & Klompen, 2010).
Holothyrids do not exist in Palearctic Region and on the African continent. They are known from Seychelles and Mascarene Islands (Beron, 2014).
Prostigmata
Fam. Erythraeidae
Lomeustium Haitlinger, 2006 – 1 sp. ( Togo, Ghana, Benin)(larval, end. genus).
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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