Cyptophania pakaratii, Mockford, Edward L. & Wynne, J. Judson, 2013

Mockford, Edward L. & Wynne, J. Judson, 2013, Genus Cyptophania Banks (Psocodea: ‘ Psocoptera’: Lepidopsocidae): unique features, augmented description of the generotype, and descriptions of three new species, Zootaxa 3702 (5), pp. 437-449 : 445-446

Cyptophania pakaratii n.sp.

Diagnosis. Antenna with distinct whorls of microtriches on flagellomeres beyond f1 ( Fig. 15 ). Ctenidia absent on hind t1. Two tergites sclerotized and pigmented before clunium ( Fig. 3 ). See also Key.

Male color (in alcohol 4 years). Compound eyes black. Rest of head, thorax, and appendages beige. Fore wings beige, darker along anterior margin and tip region, mottled with distinct colorless areas in basal and in distal one-third ( Fig. 16 ). Preclunial abdominal segments colorless with white internal tissues showing through; persistent scales on sides brown. Terminal abdominal segments beige.

Male structural characters. Habitus ( Fig. 1 ). Antenna with up to 42 flagellomeres, with distinct whorls of microtriches from f2 presumably to tip (but slide-mounted specimens with antennae missing beyond f17); with a subapical whorl of long setae, some as long as their segment, on each flagellomere. Lacinial tip ( Fig. 17 ): lateral tine with double outer denticle, one part shorter than the other, inner denticle short and blunt; median tine simple. Fore wing venation not visible. Hind coxal rasp as in female ( Fig. 18 ). Sub-basal and sub-distal hind tibial trichobothrium-like setae present (as in Fig. 30 ). Spurs of hind tibia striated. Ctenidia absent on hind t1. Two abdominal tergites before clunium sclerotized and pigmented (as in Fig. 3 ). Hypandrium with straight posterior margin, rounded sides, bearing scattered setae on outer surface. Phallosome ( Figs 19, 20 ): basal struts straight, about 2⅓X length of external parameres, each bending slightly inward distally to join base of external paramere; internal parameres not visible as distinct regions, probably fused to externals, the region of probable fusion (no. 1+2 on Fig. 20 ) bearing pores medio-distally; external endophallic rami (no. 3 on Fig. 20 ) (nomenclature of Mockford (2005)) broadened near their bases, terminating anteriorly and posteriorly in a slender filament; internal endophallic rami (no. 4 on Fig. 20 ) each forming a well-sclerotized curved surface along inner margin of base of external ramus and terminating apically in a slender filament; membrane between internal rami bearing two longitudinal sets of spinules. Telson lobes as described for the genus.

Male measurements (µm). BL = 1954, FW = 889, F = 603, T = 848, t1 = 350, t2 = 62, t3 = 66, f1 = 44, f2 = 45, f3 = 46, f4 = 53, IO = 448.6, d = 112.2, D = 205.4, IO/d = 4.00, IO/D = 2.184.

Female color (in alcohol 3 years). Compound eyes black. Rest of head, thorax, appendages, and terminal abdominal segments medium brown. Fore wings and preclunial abdominal segments as described for male.

Female structural characters. Habitus ( Fig. 3 , wings removed, appendages and persistent scales not shown). Antenna as described for male (missing beyond f13). Lacinial tip as described for male. Fore wing venation vaguely visible at low power (40X), basal cell absent ( Fig. 21 ). Hind wings developed as small, rounded lateral swellings on metanotum. Hind coxal rasp relatively short and slender ( Fig. 18 ). Basal tubercles of sub-basal and sub-distal hind tibial trichobothrium-like setae present (the setae missing). Spurs of hind tibia striated ( Fig. 22 ). Ctenidia absent on hind t1. Sclerotization of abdominal terga as described for male. Collar of spermathecal duct ( Figs 23, 24 ) with orifice in middle or slightly distal to middle, distal appendage a beak-like structure pointed apically. Cutter of spermathecal sac ( Fig. 25 ) slender, sword-shaped, slightly over half as long as width (shorter diameter) of the sac in slide preparation. Spermathecal gland spongiform ( Fig. 25 ). Ovipositor valvulae ( Fig. 26 ) typical of the genus; v1 relatively weakly sclerotized beyond its base. Telson lobes as described for the genus.

Female measurements (µm). BL = 2246, FW = 1329, F = 671, T = 951, hind tarsi missing, f1 = 44, f2 = 38, f3 = 50, f4 = 44, IO = 467, d = 112, D = 201, IO/d = 4.18, IO/D = 2.32.

Material examined. Chile: Rapa Nui, five lava tube caves of the Roiho Lava Flow approximately 5 km north of Hanga Roa Village, Materials were collected using timed searches of fern and moss gardens within collapsed pit entrances of the caves (cave codes Q15-056, Q15-067, Q15-070, Q15-076-078, Q15-074) from 30 June–13 July 2009 and bait sampling using locally occurring tree branches and sweet potato within the deep zone (see Howarth 1980; 1982) of cave Q15-074 from 02–06 August 2011. All collections by JJW and associates (see Acknowledgments), holotype female (on slide and in alcohol), 7 male and 7 female paratypes (one male the allotype on slide and in alcohol) and 3 nymphs (holotype and allotype plus 4 male, 4 female paratypes and 2 nymphs to INHS, 2 male, 2 female paratypes and 1 nymph to ELM).

Etymology. The species is named for Lázaro Pakarati, a spiritual leader and principal cave explorer in Rapa Nui.

Note (distribution and conservation). Cyptophania pakaratii n. sp. represents the second new species described from caves of the Roiho Lava Flow. The first, Coecobrya kennethi Jordana & Baquero (2008) , was a new species of Collembola . Both are currently known only from these caves. A surface pitfall trapping effort in 2009 (by JJW) (two sampling grids of 20 pitfall traps deployed on either side of the Roiho Flow) did not detect C. pakaratii (J.J. Wynne, unpublished data). Additionally, this animal was not detected during any previous entomological investigations on Rapa Nui, nor did Mockford (1972) find this psocid in materials he identified from the island. Currently, C. pakaratii’s distribution appears to be limited to the fern-moss gardens within the cave entrances. In two regions of western United States, moss gardens within cave entrances have been identified as relict habitats of the last glacial maximum (LGM) and support species now restricted to these habitats (see Benedict (1979), Northup & Welbourn (1997), Wynne (2013)). On Rapa Nui, we suggest that this habitat and some of the species supported within it may represent relicts of a pre-disturbance ecosystem that existed prior to the arrival of the Polynesians. To best protect this animal and the fern-moss garden habitat, we recommend roping off these areas to restrict tourist access (see Northup & Welbourn (1997) for details). Also, we recommend conducting additional surveys in other caves on the island to gain further understanding of the distribution of this animal on the island.

Figures

FIGURES 15 – 25. Structures of Cyptophania pakaratii n. sp. (15) flagellomeres f 2 and f 3 showing distinct whorls of microtriches and distal whorls of setae; (16) female, fore wing showing color pattern; (17) female, lacinial tip; (18) female, inner edge of hind coxa showing coxal rasp; (19) male, phallosome; (20) male, distal end of phallosome, enlarged (see text for interpretation of labels); (21) female, fore wing showing venation; (22) female, hind tibial spurs; (23 – 24) female, collars of spermathecal duct; (25) female, spermathecal sac (outline of spongiform gland in dashed lines). Scale bars = 0.1 mm unless indicated otherwise.

FIGURES 3 – 14. Structures of Cyptophania spp. (3) C. pakaratii n. sp. head and body with fore wings removed, dorsal view (hw = hind wing); (4) C. hirsuta Banks, hind wing; (5) C. costalis n. sp., maxillary palpus (setae not shown); (6) C. pakaratii n. sp., pretarsal claw; (7) C. pakaratii n. sp., female, right paraproct; Figs 8 – 14: C. hirsuta Banks, female. (8) lacinial tip; (9) fore wing; (10) inner edge of hind coxa showing coxal rasp; (11) ctenidia of hind t 1; (12) ovipositor valvulae; (13) collar of spermathecal duct; (14) spermathecal sac (C = cutter). Scale bars = 0.1 mm unless indicated otherwise.

FIGURES 1 – 2. (1) Cyptophania pakaratii n. sp., male, habitus; (2) Cyptophania pakaratii n. sp., female, with spermatophore (arrow) protruding from genital chamber.

FIGURES 26 – 35. Structures of Cyptophania spp. (26) C. pakaratii n. sp., female, ovipositor valvulae. Figs 27 – 34: C. australica n. sp., female. (27) fore wing; (28) lacinial tip; (29) Inner edge of hind coxa showing coxal rasp; (30) hind tibia showing sub-basal and sub-distal trichobothrium-like setae; (31) hind tibial spurs; (32) ovipositor valvulae; (33) collar of spermathecal duct (P = ‘ pen’); (34) spermathecal sac; (35) C. costalis n. sp., female, fore wing (Florida specimen). Scale bars = 0.1 mm unless indicated otherwise.