Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958

Domingues, Marcus V. & Boeger, Walter A., 2008, Phylogeny and revision of Diplectanidae Monticelli, 1903 (Platyhelminthes: Monogenoidea), Zootaxa 1698, pp. 1-40 : 30-32

Pseudorhabdosynochus Yamaguti, 1958

Synonymy: Cycloplectanum Oliver, 1968 .

Diagnosis: Tegument smooth or scaled. Genital pore opening posterior to male copulatory organ (MCO). Genital atrium muscular. Vas deferens apparently intercaecal. MCO tubular, composed of 2 nested tubes; external tube uniform; MCO with distal tube enclosing eversible cirrus; base of the male copulatory organ expanded. Quadriloculate male copulatory organ [68]. Accessory piece absent. Prostatic reservoir simple. Accessory copulatory organ absent. Vaginal atrium sclerotized [66]. Vaginal aperture marginal. Squamodiscs, ventral, dorsal; anterior rows of rodlets with closed rings [67] (exceptionally open rings in P. vagampullum ). Superficial root of ventral anchor developed. Parasites of marine perciform fishes ( Serranidae , Chaetodontidae , Polyprionidae , Sparidae ) and freshwater cyprinodontiform ( Rivulidae ) and characiforms ( Characidae ).

Type species: P. epinepheli Yamaguti, 1958 from Epinephelus bruneus Bloch (Serranidae) , Epinephelus akaara (type host), and Epinephelus awoara .

Other species: P. americanus ( Price, 1937) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire) , Epinephelus itajara ( Lichtenstein) , Rivulus hartii (Boulenger) (Rivulidae) , Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus) (Characidae) , and Stereolepis gigas Ayres (Polyprionidae) ; P. amplidiscatus (Bravo- Hollis, 1954) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Steindachner) (Serranidae) ; P. argus Justine, 2007 c from Cephalopholis argus Bloch & Schneider (Serranidae) ; P. auitoe Justine, 2007 b from Epinephelus maculatus ; P. bacchus Sigura, Chauvet & Justine, 2007 from Epinephelus coeruleopunctatus (Bloch) ; P. beverleyburtonae (Oliver, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe) ; P. bocquetae ( Oliver & Paperna, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus adscensionis (Osbeck) ; P. bouaini Neifar & Euzet, 2007 from Epinephelus costae (Steindachner) ; P. buitoe Justine, 2007 b from Epinephelus maculatus ; P. caballeroi (Oliver, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus marginatus ; P. calathus Hinsinger & Justine, 2006 b from Epinephelus rivulatus (Valenciennes) ; P. caledonicus Justine, 2005 a from Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål) ; P. capurroi Vidal-Martinez & Mendoza-Franco, 1998 from Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey) (Serranidae) ; P. chinensis Zhang, Yang & Liu, 2001 from Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål) ; P. coioidesis Bu, Leong, Wong, Woo & Foo, 1999 from Epinephelus areolatus , Epinephelus coioides , and Epinephelus malabaricus ; P. c u i t o e Justine, 2007b from Epinephelus maculatus ; P. cupatus ( Young, 1969) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus merra Bloch , and Epinephelus fasciatus ; P. c y a t h u s Hinsinger & Justine, 2006b from Epinephelus howlandi (Günther) ; P. dolicocolpos Neifar & Euzet, 2007 from Epinephelus costae ; P. duitoe Justine, 2007b from Epinephelus maculatus ; P.e n i t s u j i Neifar & Euzet, 2007 from Epinephelus costae ; P. e u i t o e Justine, 2007b from Epinephelus maculatus ; P. f u i t o e Justine, 2007b from Epinephelus maculatus ; P. guitoe Justine, 2007 b from Epinephelus maculatus ; P. hirundineus Justine, 2005 b from Variola louti (Forsskål) (Serranidae) , and Va r io la albimarginata Baissac; P. huitoe Justine, 2007 b from Epinephelus maculatus ; P. j u s t i n e i Zeng & Yang, 2007 from Epinephelus quoyanus (Valenciennes) ; P. kritskyi Dyer, Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1995 from Mycteroperca microlepis (Goode & Bean) ; P. lantauensis ( Beverley-Burton & Suriano, 1981) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus akaara , Epinephelus areolatus , Epinephelus awoara , Epinephelus bruneus , Epinephelus coioides , Epinephelus longispinis (Kner) , and Pagrus major (Sparidae) , P. maaensis Justine & Sigura, 2007 from Epinephelus malabaricus ; P. magni squamodiscum ( Aljoshkina, 1984) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Chaetodon hoefleri Steindachner (Chaetodontidae) ; P. malabaricus Justine & Sigura, 2007 from Epinephelus malabaricus ; P. m a n i f e s t u s Justine & Sigura, 2007 from Epinephelus malabaricus ; P. manipulus Justine & Sigura, 2007 from Epinephelus malabaricus ; P. marcellus Justine & Sigura, 2007 from Epinephelus malabaricus ; P. maternus Justine & Sigura, 2007 from Epinephelus malabaricus ; P. melanesiensis ( Laird, 1958) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus merra ; P. minutus Justine, 2007 c from Cephalopholis sonnerati ; P. monaensis Dyer, Williams & Bunkley-Williams, 1994 from Epinephelus adscensionis ; P. querni ( Yamaguti, 1968) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus quernus Seali ; P. riouxi (Oliver, 1986) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus marginatus ; P. serrani ( Yamaguti, 1953) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus coioides , and Serranus sp.; P. s h e n - zhenensis Yang, Zeng & Gibson, 2005 from Epinephelus coioides ; P. sinediscus Neifar & Euzet, 2007 from Epinephelus costae ; P. s o s i a Neifar & Euzet, 2007 from Epinephelus costae ; P. sulamericanus Santos, Buchmann & Gibson, 2000 from Epinephelus niveatus (Valenciennes) ; P. summanae ( Young, 1969) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus summana (Forsskål) ; P. summanoides Yang, Gibson & Zeng 2005 from Epinephelus coioides ; P. vagampullum ( Young, 1969) Kritsky & Beverley-Burton, 1986 from Epinephelus longispinis , and Epinephelus merra ; P. venus Hinsinger & Justine, 2006 a from Epinephelus howlandi ; P. yucatanensis Vidal-Martinez,Aguirre-Macedo & Mendoza-Franco,1997 from Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes) .

Remarks: Ten years after its proposal, Pseudorhabdosynochus was synonymized with Cycloplectanum . Oliver (1968) considered the presence of squamodiscs with inner rows forming a closed circle a diagnostic feature of Cycloplectanum and indicated C. americanum as type species. However, Beverley-Burton and Suriano (1981), and Kritsky and Beverley-Burton (1986) did not accept Oliver’s (1968) opinion. Kritsky and Beverley-Burton (1986) indicated that the proposal of Cycloplectanum represents an erroneous interpretation of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), because Oliver’s (1968) decision did not invalidate the status of Pseudorhabdosynochus . Justine and Euzet (2006) also did not accept Cycloplectanum and considered that all species attributed by Oliver (1968) to Cycloplectanum s hould be included in Diplectanum , Pseudorhabdosynochus , or Echinoplectanum Justine & Euzet, 2006 .

Pseudorhabdosynochus is unique among Diplectanidae by having quadriloculate male copulatory organ and the anterior rows of rodlets with closed rings. However, Neifar and Justine (2007) described Pseudorhabdosynochus sinediscus Neifar & Justine, 2007 that is characterized by lacking squamodiscs. Other diplectanid genera also have species in which the AAO are absent (see comments for Lobotrema , Rhabdosynochus , Murraytrema , Murraytrematoides , Rhamnocercus , Rhamnocercoides and Anoplectanum ). The absence of an AAO within species of Pseudorhabdosynochus is, however, likely to be secondary for P. sinediscus and represents an independent event within the evolutionary history of the family.