Cremastosperma microcarpum R.E.Fr.

Pirie, Michael D., Chatrou, Lars W. & Maas, Paul J. M., 2018, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Cremastosperma (Annonaceae), including five new species, PhytoKeys 112, pp. 1-141 : 1

20. Cremastosperma microcarpum R.E.Fr. Figs 1a,g , 2c , 23 , 29 , Map 7

Cremastosperma microcarpum R.E.Fr., Acta Horti Bergiani 12: 559. 1939.

Type.

BRAZIL, Amazonas: Mun. Humaitá, Rio Madeira, near Tres Casas, 18 Sep 1934, Krukoff, B.A. 6151 (holotype: S! [S-R-6964]; isotypes: A! [00039263], F! [V0054581F], G! [G00237254], GB! [GB-0047034], K! [K000485529], MICH! [MICH1286075], MO! [MO-047716], NY! [NY00025862], U! [U0000248], US! [US00811272, US00901600]).

Description.

Tree or shrub 2-20 m tall, 2.5-18.5 cm diam.; young twigs and petioles glabrous to rather densely covered with appressed and/or erect white or golden hairs 0.3-0.4 mm long. Leaves: petioles 2-12 by 1.5-3 mm; lamina narrowly elliptic to elliptic or narrowly obovate, 13-31 by 4-12 cm (index 1.8 –3.8(– 4.8)), chartaceous, green, greyish- or brownish-green or brown on both sides, shiny above, venation below often yellowish, glabrous above, glabrous to rather densely covered with appressed or erect white hairs to 0.2 mm long at the base and on primary and secondary veins below, base acute to obtuse, rarely rounded or narrowly cuneate, apex acuminate (acumen 10-40 mm long), primary vein 1-2 mm wide at widest point, more or less verrucose on both sides, lightly grooved for around half of length, secondary veins 7-15, often 1-4 intersecondary veins, distance between from ca. 5 mm at the base to ca. 20 mm closer to the apex, angles with primary vein mostly from 45-60° at the base to 60-80° closer to the apex, not branching, forming distinct loops, smallest distance between loops and margin 2-7 mm, tertiary veins percurrent. Inflorescence of single flowers, solitary or clustered in groups of up to 3, on leafy or leafless twigs; peduncles (3 –)5– 15 by ca. 1 mm (in flower), 4-15 by 1-2 mm (in fruit); pedicels (5 –)12– 24 by ca. 1 mm at the base (in flower), 10-25 by 1-2 mm (in fruit), peduncles and pedicels sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed or erect whitish hairs to 0.3 mm long; 1 to several lower bract(s), the basal-most small and scale-like, those more apical mostly (long) elliptic, occasionally leaf-like, 2 –6(– 60) by ca. 1 mm, acute, soon falling off, rather densely covered with appressed white hairs to 0.3 mm long; upper bract attached mostly on the basal half of the pedicel, ovate to deltate, 1.5-2.5 by 1-1.5 mm, obtuse or acute, sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed or erect golden hairs to 0.3 mm long; closed flower buds very broadly to depressed ovoid, opening loosely in development; flowers green, maturing to brown, (pale) yellow, cream or white outside, cream or yellow inside, sepals green or dark brown outside, green with a pink base inside in vivo, pale (orange-) brown or brown with dark or reddish-brown base in sicco, sepals and petals rather densely to densely covered with appressed or erect golden hairs (whitish close to the edges) to 0.3 mm long; sepals free or connate for 0.5 mm, broadly ovate to deltate, not reflexed, 3-4[-6] by 2.5-4[-6] mm, obtuse, soon falling off; outer petals ovate to very broadly ovate, rounded, 11-18[-19] by 10-17 mm, inner petals elliptic to (narrowly) obovate, obtuse, 10-16[-22] by 5-8[-10] mm; androecium ca. 7 mm diam., stamens 1.3-1.5 mm long, connective appendage 0.6-0.8 mm wide; gynoecium ca. 1 mm diam., carpels 2-2.5[-2.9] long, sparsely covered with erect whitish hairs to 0.1 mm long. Monocarps (8-)17-33, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, asymmetrical, 8-11 by 6-8 mm, often with an oblique longitudinal groove corresponding to the seed raphe, green maturing to pink or orange through purple or brownish-red, brown and black in vivo, dark or reddish-brown in sicco, with an excentric apicule, monocarps, stipes and receptacle sparsely to rather densely covered with erect whitish hairs ca. 0.1 mm long; stipes 8-16 by 1 mm; fruiting receptacle 4-8 mm diam. Seeds broadly ellipsoid, orange brown, pitted, 6-8 by 5-6 mm, raphe sunken, somewhat irregular.

Distribution.

Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas), Ecuador (Morona-Santiago), Peru (Amazonas, Loreto) and Brazil (Amazonas).

Habitat and ecology.

Forest inundated by white ( várzea) or black (tahuampa) water, on yellowish, lateritic soil. At elevations of 80-200 m. Flowering: March, July and September; fruiting: throughout the year.

Vernacular names.

Peru: Bara (McDaniel et al. 17020), Barra caspi (McDaniel et al. 20677), churú yais (F. Dominguez 52, 59), Hicojilla (Schunke V. 6412), Icoja (M.E. Mathias et al. 5510), Yais (Huambisa; Huashikat 321, 493), Zorro Caspi Blanco (Freitas 8).

Notes.

Cremastosperma microcarpum resembles most closely C. gracilipes , from which it differs in the denser, longer hairs on the flowers and the generally acuminate as opposed to caudate leaf apex (but see discussion under that species). The hairy flower resembles somewhat those of C. cauliflorum , but which cannot be confused as C. microcarpum never exhibits a branching inflorescence. In addition, the monocarps of C. cauliflorum are larger than those of C. microcarpum and characteristically globose to transversely broadly ellipsoid as opposed to ellipsoid.

Preliminary conservation status.

Cremastosperma microcarpum is one of the more widespread and abundant species of the genus, including occurrences in protected areas in Colombia. Least concern [LC] (Table 1 ).

Selected specimens examined.

BRAZIL. Amazonas: Rio Embira, 7°30'S, 70°15'W, 10 Jun 1933, Krukoff 4748 (F, G, K, MICH, MO, NY, S, U). COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Parque Nacional Amacayacu, 3°01'S, 70°02'W, 100 m a.s.l., 21 Jun 1991, Rudas et al. 2260 (MO). ECUADOR. Morona-Santiago: Santiago-Río Morona road, E of Santiago, 2°58'24"S, 77°49'36"W, 322 m a.s.l., 10 Jul 2004, Croat 90749 (MO, U). PERU. Amazonas: Río Santiago valley, Quebrada Caterpiza, 4°00'S, 77°00'W, 200 m a.s.l., 3 Sep 1979, Huashikat 321 (MO). Loreto: Yanamono Explorama Reserve, 3°27'S, 72°51'W, 100-150 m a.s.l., 30 Dec 1998, Chatrou et al. 208 (MOL, U); Nauta-Parimari, 5°00'S, 74°15'W, 90 m a.s.l., 1993, Del Carpio 2213 (MO); Jenaro Herrera, 4°55'S, 73°40'W, 125 m a.s.l., 26 Oct 1988, Freitas 8 (U); Mishana, Río Nanay, 3°50'S, 73°30'W, 130 m a.s.l., 26 Feb 1979, Gentry & Aronson 25111 (U, USM); Quistacocha, near Iquitos, 3°45'S, 73°20'W, 140 m a.s.l., 13 Mar 1981, Gentry et al. 32153 (MO, NY, U, USM); Río Samiria, Flor de Yarina, 5°02'S, 74°30'W, 140-160 m a.s.l., 4 Aug 1982, Gentry et al. 38085 (MO, U); Reserva Nacional Pacaya-Samiria, 3°18'S, 74°50'W, 130 m a.s.l., 22 Oct 1990, Grández & N. Jaramillo 2032 (MO); Braga, near Caño Supay, Río Ucayali, 4°55'S, 73°44'W, 110 m a.s.l., 27 Oct 1994, Maas et al. 8222 (L, U, USM, WU); Mishana, Río Nanay, Quebreda San Pedro, 3°55'S, 73°35'W, 130 m a.s.l., 26 Sep 1986, Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 8010 (MO, U); Mariscal Castilla, Caballo cocha, 3°55'S, 70°30'W, 106 m a.s.l., 14 Jul 1987, Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 9350 (F, MO, U, USM); Sapuena, Jenaro Herrera, 4°50'S, 73°45'W, 170 m a.s.l., 17 Nov 1987, Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 10088 (MO, U, USM).

Figures

Figure 1. Flowers of Cremastosperma. Fig. 11 from van Heusden (1992). a C. microcarpum: longitudinal section b C. oblongum R. E. Fr.: longitudinal section c C. monospermum (Rusby) R. E. Fr.: bud d C. gracilipes R. E. Fr.: flower e, f C. cauliflorum R. E. Fr.: longitudinal section (e) and stamen (f) g C. microcarpum: carpel (a Maas et al. 6281 b Maas et al. 4592 c Nelson 763 d Luteyn et al. 4890 e, f Holm-Nielsen et al. 21501 g Prance et al. 3527).

Figure 2. Fruits and seeds of Cremastosperma. Adapted from plate 8 from van Setten & Koek-Noorman (1992). a Cremastosperma megalophyllum R. E. Fr. b, e C. cauliflorum R. E. Fr. c C. microcarpum R. E. Fr. d C. macrocarpum Maas f C. monospermum (Rusby) R. E. Fr. (a Brandbyge & Asanza C. 30017 b, e Prance et al. 24094 c Gentry et al. 32153 d Wingfield & van der Werff 6751 f Sperling et al. 6198).

Map 7. Distribution of Cremastosperma megalophyllum R. E. Fr.; C. microcarpum R. E. Fr.; C. pedunculatum (Diels) R. E. Fr.; and C. peruvianum R. E. Fr.

Figure 23. a, b Cremastosperma leiophyllum R. E. Fr. a flower b fruit (Pirie et al. 2; photo LWC) c, d Cremastosperma megalophyllum R. E. Fr. c habit (Maas et al. 8577, photo: PJMM), fruit (Maas et al. 8595, photo PJMM) e-g C. microcarpum R. E. Fr. e fruit (Maas et al. 6281; photo PJMM) f, g flower (Maas et al 8222; photo PJMM) h-j C. monospermum (Rusby) R. E. Fr. h habit i leaves j flower bud (Pirie et al. 5; photos LWC) k, l C. oblongum R. E. Fr. k flower l fruit (Maas et al. 9148; photos PJMM) m-o C. osicola. m fruit n flower o leaf and flower with scale bar (photos Reinaldo Aguilar).

Figure 29. Cremastosperma microcarpum R. E. Fr. a leaves b flowers and flower buds c fruit (a, b Maas et al. 6281 c Vasquez & Jaramillo 9350).