Cosmoderus femoralis Sjöstedt, 1901

Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Chobanov, Dragan, Warchałowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta & Hemp, Claudia, 2022, Review of song patterns and sound production in armoured ground crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Hetrodini) with karyological data and taxonomic notes, Zootaxa 5120 (4), pp. 451-481 : 464

Cosmoderus femoralis Sjöstedt, 1901

Material examined: 3 males [CH8626 (SR, TI, CHR), CH 8627 (SF, TI, CHR), CH8628 ( CHR)], CAMEROON, 2018, obtained alive from P. Grabowitz, Cologne .

Bioacoustics. The tegmina of Cosmoderus femoralis males show the typical Hetrodini shape ( Fig. 2 ). The left file carries 65 relatively small teeth ( Table 1 ; Fig. 4 ), much more than in the species described above. The recorded male produced its calling song only at night. In the beginning it made crescendoing series of syllables lasting a few seconds, but these sequences quickly became longer ending in very long trills ( Fig. 5A , 8A ; longest recorded uninterrupted songs 46 and 66 minutes). The spectrum of the song is typical for Hetrodini with the peak at 16 kHz ( Fig. 6 ).

Genitalia. The genitalic sclerites consist of a large, central, triangular, basal part (titillator) with a very short rectangularly-bent tip and two smaller lateral elements ( Fig. 9A ).

Chromosomes: 2n = 25 (24 + X0), FN = 29; pairs 1 and 2 submetacentric (= bi-armed), 3–12 and X chromosome acrocentric (3 males); thin C-positive paracentromeric bands in all of the chromosomes and an interstitial one in the first pair of autosome ( Fig. 12A ).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Left and right male tegmina of A Cosmoderus femoralis (CH8627), B Enyaliopsis bloyeti (CH8853), C Eugaster guyoni (CH0656), D Spalacomimus spec. near verruciferus (CH7898). Scale 5 mm.

FIGURE 4. Stridulatory files on the underside of the left tegmen (wing articulation at the right) of A Acanthoplus discoidalis (CH8946), B Cosmoderus femoralis (CH8627), C Eugasteroides loricatus (CH7352), D Spalacomimus talpa (CH7354). Scale 1 mm.

FIGURE 5. Oscillograms of song types in Hetrodini. Song consisting A of long trills (Cosmoderus femoralis CH8627), B of broken trills (including transitions to long echemes; B1 Spalacomimus talpa, B2 Enyaliopsis jennae, B3 Enyaliopsis ephippiatus) or C of regularly repeated echemes (C1 Spalacomimus spec. near verruciferus, C2 Eugaster guyoni). 1-min-sections.

FIGURE 6. Power spectra of male calling songs in Hetrodini species

FIGURE 8. Oscillograms of the calling songs in the genera Cosmoderus and Enyaliopsis (figures of E. iaculator based on figures and data from literature; see text). A Cosmoderus femoratus, B Enyaliopsis bloyeti. C Enyaliopsis carolinus, D Enyaliopsis ephippiatus, song type A, E Enyaliopsis spec. 1 (near ephippiatus), song type B, F Enyaliopsis iaculator, G Enyaliopsis jennae, H Enyaliopsis spec. 2 Mpwapwa. Left column overview (5-s-section), right column detail (250-ms-section).

FIGURE 9. Titillator and genitalic sclerites in Hetrodini, Enyaliopsina. First row A Cosmoderus femoralis (CH8627), B Enyaliopsis bloyeti (Kazimzumbwi), C Enyaliopsis carolinus (Minziro), D Enyaliopsis ephippiatus (Rau Forest); second row E Enyaliopsis spec. 1 near ephippiatus (Mwala), F Enyaliopsis jennae (Uluguru), G Enyaliopsis spec. 2 (Mpwapwa), H Enyaliopsis spec. 3 (East Chenene); third row I Gymnoproctus rammei (Puge Simbo), J Gymnoproctus spec. (East Chenene).

FIGURE 12. Examples of chromosome number and heterochromatin C-banding of mitotic male (A–C, G–K) and mitotic female complements (D), as well as diplotene/diakinesis (C, E, I on the right), and metaphase I (F) for the following Hetrodini taxa: A Cosmoderus femoralis, 2n = 24 + X0 (CH8626), B Enyaliopsis bloyeti, 2n = 28 + X0 (HE114), C Enyaliopsis carolinus, 2n =24 + neo-XY (CH8625), D Enyaliopsis ephippiatus, 2n = 26 + XX (female CH7849), E Enyaliopsis jennae, 2n = 26 + neo- XY (HE87), F Enyaliopsis spec. 2 Mpwapwa, 2n = 26 + X0 (CH8353), G Gymnoproctus rammei, 2n = 26 + X0 (CH8763), H Gymnoproctus spec., 2n = 26 + X0 (CH7953), I Spalacomimus magnus, 2n = 16 + X0 (CH7945), J Spalacomimus verruciferus, 2n = 22 + neo-XY (CH7897), K Spalacomimus spec. near verruciferus, 2n = 22 + neo-XY (CH7899). Bi-armed chromosomes (meta/submeta/subacrocentric) are marked with numbers (A, C, D, F–I); in the neo-XY system, sex chromosomes form association in diplotene (C) and metaphase I (I); arrowheads indicate interstitial C-bands in 1 (A, E, J, K) and 2 (I) pairs; asterisks (*) marked distal C-bands in 3, 4, 5 (C), 3, 4 (D), 2-heteromorphic (G, H) pair; X = neo-X and Y = neo-Y sex chromosomes. Scale bar = 10 µm.