Chilecicada trifasciunca, Sanborn & Cole & Stukel & Łukasik & Veloso & Gonzalez & Karkar & Simon, 2021

Sanborn, Allen F., Cole, Jeffrey A., Stukel, Mark, Łukasik, Piotr, Veloso, Claudio, Gonzalez, Valorie A., Karkar, Jessica B. & Simon, Chris, 2021, Thirteen new species of Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae: Tibicininae) expand the highly endemic cicada fauna of Chile, Zootaxa 5078 (1), pp. 1-70 : 53-57

Chilecicada trifasciunca n. sp. Sanborn and Cole

Fig. 13 (morphology), Plate 1 (live habitus), Plate 3 (song), Plate 4 (wing flick), Plate 5 (distribution)

Chilecicada occidentis (in part) non Walker: 345.

Type material. Holotype. “14.CL. RM.CEY.517.2 / -33.78776, -70.181615 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” ♂ ( UCMS) . Paratypes. “14.CL. RM.CAV.512.1/ -33.8233, -70.1220 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( UCMS); “14. CL. RM.CAV.512.2/ -33.8233, -70.1220 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( UCMS); “14.CL. RM.CAV.511/ -33.8233, -70.1220 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♀ ( AFSC); “14.CL. RM.CAV.512.2/ -33.8233, -70.1220 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( AFSC); “14.CL. RM.CEY.515 / -33.7878, -70.1816 / 16.XII.2014 Piotr Lukasik” 1♂ ( MNNC); “15. CL. ML.LMT.723 / -34.9691, -70.9461 / 19.XII.2015 C. V., K.N., P.L. // Seq.” 1♂ ( UCMS); “15.CL. RM. CDM.600 / -33.8192, -70.1322 / 5.XII.2015 Piotr Lukasik ” 1♂ ( UCMS); “ CHILE: R. Colorado / 40 Km. E. Santiago / 2 Jan. 1983 / R. L. Brown ” 2♂ ( AFSC). The code 14.CL. RM . CEY refers to Cajón del Maipo, Camino Embalse el Yeso 2 (sitio alto), Región Metropolitana, Chile and is the type locality for the species. The code 14.CL. RM . CAV refers the side of the road Camino Al Volcán, 3.5 km E from the village El Volcan, Cajón del Maipo, Metropolitan Region, Chile. The code 15.CL. RM . CDM refers to the side of the road Camino Al Volcán, 3.5 km E from the village of El Volcán, Cajón del Maipo, -33.8233, -70.1220, Metropolitan Region, Chile. The GPS data on the label are incorrect. Finally , the code 15.CL. ML . LMT refers to the view point near the village of La Montana, Maule Region, Chile collected by Claudio Veloso, Katherine Nazario and Piotr Łukasik.

Etymology. The name is a combination of tri - (L. tri-, thrice) and - fasci - (L. fascia, band, stripe) and - unca (L. uncus, hook) in reference to the three ground color stripes characteristic of the male uncus of this species.

Description. Ground color testaceous heavily marked with piceous, ochraceous costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing, tinged with green in some paratypes. Costal margin, radius & subcostal vein and basal veins of fore wing probably faded from green to ochraceous due to ethanol exposure in type series. Body covered with silvery pile.

Head. Head slightly wider than mesonotum, dorsal head piceous except ground color supra-antennal plate anterior margin, mark extending along anteromedial and anterolateral margin in holotype and some paratypes, anteromedial corner of vertex and medioposterior head with mark extending laterally to posterior epicranial suture angled anterolaterally to anterior of piceous posterior cranial depressions forming spots in mark where it bends posterolaterally to terminate on posterior dorsolateral head, mark reduced so posterior cranial depressions not surrounded by ground color in some paratypes, short silvery pile on dorsal head, denser long silvery pile posterior to eye. Ocelli rosaceous, ochraceous in some paratypes, eyes dark castaneous margined proximally with ground color. Gena piceous centrally margined by ground color on medial, anterior and posteromedial margins along lorum, lorum piceous with ground color lateral margin and central fascia splitting piceous into two large spots, central fascia absent in some paratypes, short white pile and radiating long white pile on lorum and gena. Postclypeus ground color with piceous transverse grooves and central sulcus, mark in central sulcus extending to posterior margin in some paratypes, 12 transverse grooves, dorsum piceous posterior to transverse grooves, long silvery pile radiating from postclypeus, short white pile along lateral margin. Anteclypeus with ground color carina, anterior, lateral and posterior margins, piceous laterally with piceous extending across anterior carina in some paratypes, covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile. Mentum ground color with lateral U-shaped castaneous fascia pointing distally, expanding to cover most of mentum in some paratypes, labium piceous, rostrum radiating long silvery pile, reaching to posterior coxae. Scape ground color, remaining antennal segments piceous.

Thorax. Pronotum ground color, piceous fasciae on either side of midline between anterior fissure and pronotal collar, expanding laterally into triangular mark along anterior and posterior fissures, fissures piceous, irregular longitudinal mark extending onto disk between paramedian and lateral fissures but not reaching lateral fissure, small piceous spots on disk just posterior to central paramedian fissure and anterior and posterior to middle of lateral fissure, spots expanded or reduced in some paratypes, mark extending from ambient fissure forming fascia on lateral disk, expanding along lateral fissure in some paratypes. Pronotal collar ground color with piceous margin along ambient fissure, anterior half of lateral angle of pronotal collar piceous, reduced to angled piceous fascia from lateral ambient fissure along anterior margin of pronotal collar lateral angle and may extend to posterolateral corner of lateral angle in some paratypes. Pronotum with short silvery pile in fissures in some paratypes. Mesonotum ground color, submedian sigilla piceous, piceous fused anteromedially, lateral sigilla piceous with slightly mottled posterior region anteriorly fusing with submedial sigilla, small longitudinal piceous mark lateral to lateral sigilla, larger and fusing with lateral sigilla in some paratypes, anchor-shaped piceous mark on central disk posterior to submedian sigilla, expanding posteriorly to include scutal depressions and area between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, mark extends as castaneous triangle on anterior midline of cruciform elevation margin, anterior half of lateral cruciform elevation and anterior side of base of posterior arm piceous, mark on anterior to posterior arm absent in some paratypes, wing groove ground color with piceous fasciae anteromedially and anterolaterally connected anteriorly by transverse fascia. Metanotum ground color with piceous spot on anterior midline, piceous anterolateral, mediolateral and posterolateral fasciae, smoothly curved concavity in dorsal posterior margin. Dorsum with silvery pile between anterior arms of cruciform elevation, between anterior and posterior arms of cruciform elevation, and long silvery pile in wing groove. Ventral thoracic segments ground color except piceous on basisternum 2, posterior katepisternum 2, medial anepisternum 2, lateral spot on trochantin 2, anterior margin and lateral meron 2, basisternum 3, transverse fascia on posterior episternum 3 and medial spot on trochantin 3, piceous reduced in some paratypes. Ventral segments covered with short white pile and radiating long white pile.

Wings. Fore wings and hind wings hyaline with eight and six apical cells respectively. Venation ochraceous, tinged with green in some paratypes, proximally, becoming piceous distally, piceous fascia along anterior basal cell, piceous fascia on anterior costal margin slightly longer than basal cell, costal margin and radius & subcostal vein separated by piceous fascia proximally or as far as node in some paratypes, cubitus posterior piceous, distal posterior of anal vein 2 + 3 piceous, entire anal vein 2 + 3 piceous in some paratypes, piceous spot on wing base. Basal cell about 3.88 times longer than broad. Pterostigma present. Basal membrane of fore wing gray mottled with orange with darker posterior margin. Hind wing venation similarly colored except piceous median vein and castaneous anal vein 2 and anal vein 3, piceous spot on wing base. Basal plaga, anal cell 3 along anal vein 3 to terminal curve, anal cell 2 along anal veins 2 and 3 to terminal curve, proximal anal cell 1, proximal medial cell and proximal costal cell with gray mottled with orange, infuscation in anal cell 3 and anal cell 2 bordering gray and orange area and base of cubital cell 1 and cubital cell 2.

Legs. Legs ground color, coxae, trochanters and femora striped with piceous, tibiae with piceous spot proximally, fore tibiae thickly striped with piceous anteriorly and piceous distally, middle tibiae with thinner fasciae and lesser amount of terminus piceous, hind tibiae with shorter distal fascia and lacking terminal mark, tibial spurs and tibial combs ground color with castaneous tips, tarsi piceous except ground color lateral mesotarsus and proximolateral pretarsus, pretarsal mark extending across dorsal surface in hind tarsi, pretarsal claws castaneous with piceous tips. Fore femora with primary spine angled to femur, secondary spine upright with curving proximal base, longest, and small tertiary spine, all spines piceous. Proximal segments with short white pile, all segments radiating long silvery pile. Male meracanthus ground color with piceous spot on base, elongated, with parallel sides proximally becoming triangular distally, reaching beyond operculum posterior margin but not reaching posterior of sternite I. Female meracanthus similarly shaped and colored, reaching to anterior of sternite III.

Opercula. Male opercula ground color with piceous spot on lateral base, lateral margin straight, obtusely angled posterolateral margin, posterior margin straight, obtusely angled posteromedially, medial margin rounded, anteromedial margin obliquely angled to base, not reaching to anterior of sternite II posteriorly, well separated medially not reaching lateral base of meracanthus, covered with short white pile, long silvery pile radiating from operculum margin. Female operculum similarly colored and shaped but only reaching just past half the length of the meracanthus to the posterior of sternite II.

Abdomen. Abdominal tergite 1 with ground color anterior margin, anterolateral and posterolateral corners, with transverse piceous fascia narrowing laterally and dark ground color dorsoposterior margin, tergite 2 piceous anterodorsally between timbal cavity medial margins, piceous within timbal cavity and small spot on lateral margin, remainder of tergite ground color, tergites 3–8 piceous bordered posteriorly with dark ground color, ground color proportion increasing in posterior tergites until becoming half of tergite 8, tergites covered with sparse, short silvery pile, longer pile radiating from lateral tergites 5–8. Timbal cover a thickened rim, timbal completely exposed with 13 long ribs and 11 intercalary ribs. Male sternite I ground color, sternite II testaceous with ground color anterolateral margin, small transverse piceous fascia on either side of midline and along anteromedial margin posterior to tympanal cavity and small spot on piceous auditory capsule, sternite III dark ground color with piceous anterior margin, piceous expanding medially, sternites IV–VII dark ground color. Epipleurites dark ground color. Sternite VIII ground color, dorsal margin with curve near base forming a slightly obtuse angle, V-shaped when viewed from posterior. Sternites and epipleurites with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile, longer on medial sternites I and II and on sternites VII and VIII. Female sternite VII dark ground color with large anterolateral piceous spots, single, deep, V-shaped notch almost reaching anterior margin, posterolateral margin on either side of notch semicircular connecting to straight lateral margin. Female abdominal segment 9 ground color ventrally, piceous dorsally, dorsoanteriorly, dorsolaterally, on stigma, dorsal beak piceous, covered with short silvery pile and radiating long silvery pile ventrally. Dorsal beak not as long as castaneous margined with ground color anal styles. Posterior margin of abdominal segment 9 straight.

Genitalia. Male pygofer ground color ventral and posterior margins, ground color dorsal midline in some paratypes, piceous dorsally and dorsolaterally, piceous spot on ventral base posterior to distal terminus of basal pygofer lobe, and piceous anteroventral margin, distal shoulder undeveloped, smoothly curved, not reaching to distal anal tube, dorsal beak absent, pygofer with short silvery pile on dorsolateral posterior. Upper pygofer lobe absent, pygofer basal lobes elongated, adpressed to lateral pygofer, flattened, curving dorsally at slightly oblique angle, extending more than half pygofer length, expanding distal to bend to spoon-shaped terminus, apex against lateral pygofer margin.Anal styles piceous with ground color margins, radiating short silvery pile, anal tube piceous with ground color posterior margin. Median uncus lobe with piceous base, castaneous dorsolateral fascia almost reaching terminus, ground color lateral margin distal to base and ground color dorsal ridge, uncus elongated, undivided, angled posteriorly from base, distal quarter of ventral surface angled toward sternite VIII, dorsal surface sinuate when viewed from the side, widening laterally from base before tapering to pointed posterior margin, ventral surface slightly recurved, almost meeting along midline except for small hole near distal terminus for extension of aedeagus, radiating long golden pile. Aedeagus castaneous with darker lateral fascia with a pair of small terminal spines extending from ochraceous lateral lobes, basal aedeagus tubular, dark castaneous.

Female gonocoxite IX piceous with ground color ventral margin, gonapophysis IX castaneous, gonapophysis X piceous. Ovipositor sheath reaching slightly beyond dorsal beak to middle of anal styles. Long golden pile radiating from ovipositor sheath.

Measurements (mm). n= 8♂, 2♀, mean (range). Length of body: ♂ 18.94 (18.05–19.60), ♀ 17.80 (17.20– 18.40); length of fore wing: ♂ 20.51 (20.00–20.85), ♀ 19.93 (19.55–20.30); width of fore wing: ♂ 7.33 (6.70–7.60), ♀ 7.53 (7.50–7.55); length of head: ♂ 3.12 (3.00–3.20), ♀ 2.98 (2.95–3.00); width of head including eyes: ♂ 6.16 (5.90–6.50), ♀ 5.88 (5.80–5.95); width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: ♂ 7.04 (6.50–7.50), ♀ 7.18 (7.15–7.20); width of mesonotum: ♂ 5.79 (5.50–6.00), ♀ 5.68 (5.60–5.75).

Song. (n=2 1 paratype from Maule Region, La Montana and 1 paratype from Metropolitana Region, Camino Al Volcan) Echeme of 0.57± 0.05 s duration at a rate of 1.12± 0.44 s- 1. The echemes are significantly longer than those of C. oraria and shorter than those of C. partemporaria (MANOVA, P =1.12×10 -3). The echeme rate tends to be slower than C. curacaviensis but the difference is not significant (MANOVA, P =9.00×10 -1). The dominant frequency band lies between 8.96 and 11.76 kHz (mean dominant frequency=10.59±0.37 kHz).

Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished by having in combination a body length between 17.20– 19.60 mm, fore wing length between 19.55–20.85 mm, fore wing basal cell about 3.88 times longer than broad, a piceous mark along the proximal fore wing basal cell, a piceous fascia separating the fore wing costa and radius + subcostal veins that can extend partially or completely to node, an elongated meracanthus with parallel-sided base and triangular terminus, medial opercular margin ground color, posteromedial operculum forming an obtuse angle, abdominal epipleurites lack a central spot, and an uncus that has a piceous base, castaneous dorsolateral fascia not reaching the terminus and ground color lateral and dorsal fasciae with the distal quarter curving to the terminus whose dorsal surface is sinuate when viewed from the side.

C. trifasciunca sings with the common slow rate (~1 s-1) medium duration echeme (~ 0.5 s) song type similar to C. culenesensis , C. curacaviensis , C. magna , C. oraria , C. partemporaria , and C. pehuenchesensis . The echemes are of an intermediate duration, longer than C. magna , C. oraria , C. pehuenchesensis , shorter than C. partemporaria , and perhaps indistinguishable from C. culenesensis . The slow echeme rate may separate C. trifasciunca from the faster rates in C. oraria , C. curacaviensi s, and perhaps C. culenesensis .

Distribution. The species is known from the type series collected in multiple localities in the Maule and Metropolitana Regions of central Chile.

Figures

PLATE 1. Living habitus of Chilecicada species. A. C. citatatemporaria PARATOPOTYPE, Región de Valparaíso, Provincia de Petorca; B. C. culenesensis PARATOPOTYPE specimen PL714, Región Metropolitana; C. C. impartemporaria PARATYPE, Región de Valparaíso, Provincia de Petorca; D. C. magna HOLOTYPE specimen JM037, Región del Maule; E. C. mapuchensis HOLOTYPE specimen PL518, Región Metropolitana; F. C. occidentis Región Metropolitana, Provincia de Santiago; G. C. oraria PARATOPOTYPE, Región del Maule, Provincia de Cauquenes; H. C. parrajaraorum HOLOTYPE specimen PL722, Región O’Higgins; I. C. partemporaria; J. C. pehuenchesensis PARATYPE specimen PL516, Región Metropolitana; K. C. trifascia HOLOTYPE specimen PL430, Región O’Higgins; L. C. trifasciunca PARATOPOTYPE specimen PL515, Región Metropolitana; M. C. viridicitata PARATOPOTYPE, Región O’Higgins, Provincia de Cochagüa.

PLATE 3. Waveforms of Chilecicada songs. Left column 5 s oscillogram windows show echemes and echeme sequences, right column 0.5 s windows show pulses and syllables within echemes.

PLATE 4. Male Chilecicada wing flick behavior. Wing flicks are depicted on spectrograms with Hanning window size 512 except 4B C. impartemporaria, which best resolved on an oscillogram. Each wing flick is annotated with a dot above its position on the window, while echemes are annotated with dashes.

PLATE 5. Distribution of Chilecicada from records reported in this work.

FIGURE 13. Chilecicada trifasciunca n. sp.: A, Holotype male and paratype female habitus; B, holotype male dorsum; C, holotype male timbal; D, holotype male operculum; E, paratype female operculum; F, paratype male lateral view of genitalia; G, paratype male posterior view of genitalia; H, paratype female lateral view of genitalia; I, paratype female ventral view of genitalia. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B, 2 mm; C–G, 1 mm; H–I, 2 mm.