Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) pictipennis (Philippi)

González, Christian R. & Sallum, Maria Anice Mureb, 2009, Neotype designation and redescription of adult male and immature stages of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) pictipennis (Philippi) (Diptera: Culicidae), Zootaxa 2295, pp. 15-24 : 16-22

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) pictipennis (Philippi)

Culex pictipennis Philippi, 1865: 596 . Syntypes: 2 males (non-extent); Santiago (Santiago), July 1859; Aconcagua Province, Chile, Sept. 1863.

Culex variegatus Blanchard, 1852: 333 . Type: lectotype female, Arquero (Guanaqueros?), Chile (MNHP; designation of Belkin, 1968: 10). Name rejected because it is a junior primary homonym of Culex variegatus Shrank, 1791 .

Anopheles bigotii Theobald, 1901: 135 . Type: holotype female, Chile, 1894, J.M.F. Bigot. Synonymy with An. pictipennis by Dyar (1918: 150).

Culex chilensis Blanchard, 1905: 289 . Nomen nov um for variegatus Blanchard , non Schrank, 1781 ( Belkin, 1968: 10).

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) pictipennis of Root (1922: 322; 1922b: 388); Dyar (1928: 427, 41, 440–441); Komp (1936: 67); Galvão and Lane (1937: 76); Lane (1939: 32; 1944: 266; 1949, 403, 413–414; 1953: 236, 239, 254–255); Galvão and Amaral (1940: 150); Galvão (1941: 507, 514, 560–564, 571–572;1943: 142–151); Neghme (1943: 273– 276); Lane and Neghme (1946: 83–93); Vargas (1948: 155–156; 1959: 370, 383); Levi–Castillo (1949: 13, 16, 29, 54–58, 67–89, 93, 96, 99, 102); Gabaldon and Cova Garcia (1952: 177, 201–204); Horsfall (1955: 170–171); Bejarano (1957: 308); Senevet (1958: 131); Castro (1959: 174); Stone et al. (1959: 34); Forattini (1962: 474, 491); Garcia and Ronderos (1962: 136–138, 141); Knight and Stone (1977: 64).

Anopheles pictipennis of Knab (1913: 37); Dyar (1919: 86, in part; 1921: 149, in part); Edwards (1930: 106–107); Martini ( 1931 a: 120; 1931b: 218); Neghme (1943: 51); Forattini (1961: 169–170, 178, 183); Forattini et al. (1970: 17); Gorham et al. (1971: 2–4, 17, 39).

Anopheles (Cellia) pictipennis of Dyar (1918: 150, in part).

Anopheles (Myzorhynchella) pictipennis of Edwards (1932: 43–45).

Culex pictipennis of Hunter (1900: 281); Dyar (1924: 130).

Culex bigotii of Theobald (1910: 69).

Anopheles albitarsis of Covell (1927: 8, 9, in part).

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) argyritarsis of Christophers (1924: 9, 37–39, 91, in part); Dyar (1925: 193, in part).

Psorophora (Grabhamia) chilensis of Edwards (1932: 126).

Psorophora chilensis , nomen dubium of Stone et al. (1959: 131).

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) pictipennis of Linthicum (1988: 165).

Adult male. Integument dark with grayish pruinosity. Head: interocular space wide with long, pale proclinate setae with golden sheen, intermixed with white scales along ocular margin, dorsal portion bare; vertex with erect scales, white scales on dorsal portion, dark scales laterally, intermixed with few sparse pale scales on anterior margin; occiput and dorsal portion of postgena with numerous dark erect scales. Clypeus small, dark brown, bare, somewhat oval in outline, with small anterior and posterior lateral lobes. Antenna: about 0.7 length of proboscis; pedicel of antenna pruinose with a few small, white, decumbent scales; flagellomere 1 elongate with a patch of white spatulate scales on inner surface; flagellomeres 1–5 without setiform scales; flagellomeres 2–11 slightly longer than wide, usually densely plumose, with setae on proximal 0.5 of segment; flagellomere 12 greatly elongate more or less plumose with setae near basal margin of flagellomere, smaller setae along entire length; flagellomere 13 elongate, sparsely plumose with large setae near base. Scales of maxillary palpus spatulate, mostly dark brown, palpomere 1 with erect scales, palpomere 2 with a few erect scales at base, scales mostly dark, with apical band of white scales extending on dorsal, outer and ventral surfaces, palpomere 3 expanded in apical 0.1, with decumbent dark scales, a band of white scales at apex of outer surface, with long, strong setae at apex of ventral surface, palpomeres 4 and 5 greatly expanded, with numerous setae, palpomere 4 mostly dark-scaled with a band of white scales at apex of dorsal, ventral and outer surfaces, with long, strong setae along margins of dorsal and ventral surfaces, palpomere 5 mostly dark-scaled with white scales at apex of dorsal and outer surfaces, maxillary palpus 1.0 length of proboscis. Proboscis dark-scaled with long setae at base of ventral surface. Thorax: scutal integument grayish pruinose with dark, non-pruinosity, longitudinal stripes as follows: a narrow, median stripe along acrostichal area extending from anterior promontory to posterior end of scutum, a pair of broad, subdorsal stripes extending posteriorly from anterior scutal angle to anterior margin of scutellum. Acrostichal area with 2 lines of white spatulate scales, extending posteriorly, reaching anterior margin of scutellum, acrostichal setae strong, dark brown with golden reflections, 2 lines of white spatulate scales extending posteriorly along dorsocentral area, white scales intermixed with dark, long setae with golden reflections, white spatulate scales scattered on posterior portion of dorsocentral area, becoming a line of scales at lateral portions of prescutellar area, scutal fossa with few scattered white spatulate scales, scales more concentrated on prescutal suture, extending posteriorly as line of white spatulate scales covering prealar and supraalar areas; lateral borders of scutum covered with white spatulate scales reaching posterior end of paratergite; scutal setae brown with golden reflections. Scutellum pale dusted, with white spatulate scales on median lobe, long narrow, truncate white scales on lateral lobes, integument of median lobe pale dusted. Antepronotum with a patch of long dark scales at dorsomedially, with scattered long dark setae. Upper proepisternum with few brownish setae, with few white scales; prespiracular area without setae, with 1 white spatulate scale; prealar area with setae intermixed with white spatulate scales; upper mesokatepisternum with brownish setae, with a patch of white spatulate scales, posterior border of mesokatepisternum with a patch of white spatulate scales at level of upper margin of mesomeron; upper mesepimeron with 5–8 setae, a patch of white scales anterior to setae. Legs: forecoxa with white scale-patches on dorsal and ventral margins of anterior surface, midcoxa with white scales on dorsal anterior and posterior surfaces and ventral posterior surface, hindcoxa with white scales on dorsal and ventral margins of lateral surface and a patch on ventral margin of posterior surface; fore-, mid- and tarsomere 1 dark-scaled, white-scaled on apical 0.2, foretarsomeres 2 dark-scaled, white-scaled on apical 0.25, foretarsomeres 3, 4 and 5 entirely dark; midtarsomere 2 dark-scaled, with white ring at apical 0.25, midtarsomeres 3, 4 and 5 dark; hindtarsomere 2 dark-scaled on basal 0.7, white-scaled on apical 0.3, hindtarsomeres 3–5 entirely white-scaled. Wing: dark scales brown, pale scales white on most proximal pale spots and posterior veins, pale yellowish on preapical pale spot. Vein C with prehumeral dark, presector dark, sector dark, preapical dark and apical dark spots, basal and prehumeral pale spots fused, humeral pale, accessory sector pale, subcostal pale, preapical pale and apical pale spots; vein Rs mostly dark-scaled with white scales at proximal end and at level of junction of R4+5; R2+3 dark-scaled with a patch of few white scales at level of subcostal pale spot; R4+5 mostly pale-scaled with a small postbasal dark patch, a small preapical dark patch. Vein M mostly dark-scaled, with pale spot at proximal end, a large and small patch of white scales at middle length before M1+2 / M3+4 bifurcation, dark-scaled distally, split of veins M1+2 and M3+4 pale scaled. Vein Cu mostly pale-scaled with dark scales at proximal 0.5 of distal half, pale-scaled on distal 0.5; vein 1A dark-scaled with small pale spots at proximal and distal ends, pale scales along median portion. Pale fringe spots at distal end of each vein. Halter: scabellum and pedicel with pale brown integument, capitellum dark brown-scaled. Abdomen: integument brownish, terga II–VII with dense covering of whitish scales medially, without caudolateral scale-tufts, tergum VIII covered with scales, terga with long pale brown and yellowish setae. Sternum I bare, sterna II–V with longitudinal patches of pale scales lateral of midlongitudinal line, sterna VI and VII pale-scaled medially, sternum VIII mostly pale-scaled.

Male genitalia. Segment IX ( Fig. 1 A) spiculose, tergum poorly developed, membranous, developed laterally, sternum well developed, subrectangular, distal margin evidently emarginated with a moderate depression at middle forming 2 somewhat lateral lobes, apodeme absent. Tergum X, paraproct and lateral portions of cercal sclerite spiculate, spicules extending to posterior end of proctiger ( Fig. 1 B). Gonocoxite subconical, mesally curved, dorsolateral surface with long spatulate scales from base to apex, tergal surface with short to long setae, with 5, 6 tergomedial setae (n=3); tergomesal surface with 2 accessory setae arising from 2 separate, moderately prominent tubercles, about 0.4–0.5 from base of gonocoxite (n=2); cylindrical, sharply pointed at apex, straight apically, dorsal ( Fig. 1 C) and ventral setae ( Fig. 1 D) similar in length and development; internal setae arise from small tubercle, about 0.4 from base of gonocoxite (n=2); parabasal setae strong, short, hooked at apex, inserted in a short parabasal tubercle. Gonostylus 0.9 length of gonocoxite (n=3), curved mesally along entire length, slightly broad at base tapering at apex, gonostylar claw short, strong, arising from apex of ventral surface, ventromesal surface with short slender setae. Dorsal claspette ( Fig. 2 A) with 2 large apical setae, curved at apical 0.5 and one small slender somewhat straight setae arising subapically, pedicel somewhat subrectangular, with rounded base and a protuberance at base of ventral surface. Ventral claspette (in ventral view) ( Fig. 2 B) entirely bare, somewhat trapezoidal, tapering to apex, apex narrow, median sulcus long, strongly sclerotized, distal opening funnel-shaped, claspette with hyaline, well-developed ventral lobules; refringent structure absent. Aedeagus ( Fig. 2 C) with apex longer than wide ( Fig. 2 D), apex curved dorsally, poorly sclerotized laterally, weakly sclerotized at apex, ventromesal subtriangular projections poorly sclerotized, approximate on midline, not fused, forming a submedian collar, with a pair of strongly developed subapical leaflets, leaflets broad, striated, serrate, strongly sclerotized, dorsolaterally projecting, inner margin straight, smooth, dorsal, ventral and lateral surfaces strongly serrate, ending in a narrow tip, leaflets arising subapically from a membranous lateral area of apex of aedeagus ( Fig. 2 D).

Fourth-instar larva. Head: with dark pigmented areas in posterior 0.5 of dorsal apodeme, along frontal ecdysial line and epistomal suture; labiogula darkly pigmented. Collar well developed, moderately long, strongly sclerotized. Dorsomentum and ventromentum well developed, strongly sclerotized. Hypostomal suture extending posteriorly, not reaching tentorial pit. Median labral plate moderately developed, with small lateral lobe bearing seta 1-C. Seta 1-C inserted laterally, 2-C widely spaced, single, with spicules, 3-C similar but more slender than 2-C, shorter, spiculate, distance between 2-C equal to distance between 2-C and 3-C, clypeal index approximately 1.0, 4-C strongly developed, spiculate like 3-C, extending beyond base of 2-C, 5- 7-C plumose, long, 5-C with 12 branches, extending beyond base of 2-C, 6-C with 10 branches, extending to base of 3-C, 7-C short, with 15 branches, inserted anterior of insertions of 5,6-C, 8-C and 9-C with 3 branches, 10-C double or triple, 12-C with 4 branches, 13-C with 3 branches, 15-C with 7 large branches, arising mesad of hypostomal suture. Antenna: antennal flagellum black, strongly aciculate. Dorsal, ventral and mesal surfaces with strong spicules. Seta 1-A longer than width of flagellum at the point of insertion, moderately large, arising from dorsomesal surface, about 0.2 from base. Thorax: setae 9–12-P,M,T inserted on large common tubercles, with large, moderately pigmented, lateral spine. Prothorax: seta 1-P fanlike ( Fig. 3 A) with thin branches, not inserted on common tubercle with 2-P, 2-P plumose with 13 branches inserted on large tubercle closer to 3-P than 1-P, 3-P single, simple, short inserted separate from 2-P, 4-P plumose with 23 branches, 5-P plumose, 6-P long, single, simple, 7-P plumose, 8-P plumose with 11 branches inserted on moderately large tubercle lateral to setae 9-12-P, 14-P with 3 branches, moderately long. Mesothorax: seta 1- M plumose, moderately long, inserted on large tubercle, 2-M single, simple or forked, 3,5-M single, simple, 4- M with 3 branches, shorter than 3-M, 6-M with 3 branches, moderately long, 7-M with 4 branches similar to 4-M, 8-M plumose, 14-M small, pectinate, with 6 branches, inserted near ventral midline. Metathorax: setae 1,2-T short, single, simple; 1-T similar to 2-T, 3-T fanlike, with 6 thin branches ( Fig. 3 B), 4-T small with 3 branches, 13-T double or triple. Abdomen: median tergal plate present, moderately large, strongly sclerotized, arising on anterior margin of segments I–VIII. Accessory median and submedian tergal plates arising posterior to median tergal plate, small, subspherical. Seta 1-I fanlike with 7 branches ( Fig. 3 C), 1-II–VII palmate with serrate moderately broad lanceolate branches ( Fig. 3 D, E), 2-I small, bifid, 2-II moderately large with 6 branches, 2-III large, triple, 2-IV single, simple, 2-V double, 2-VI triple, 2-VII triple. Seta 3-I double, 3-II double, 3-III single, 3-IV single, 3-V single, 3-VI single, 3-VII triple. Seta 6-I–III plumose, inserted on distinct tubercle, 6-IV–VI long, branched ( Fig. 3 F), 6-VII branched. Seta 7-I–II plumose, long, inserted on tubercle with 6-I,II, 7-III triple, 7-IV with 4 branches, 7-V triple, 7-VI triple, 7-VII with 5 branches. Seta 8-III double, 8-IV triple, 8-V triple, 8-VI triple, 8-VII with 4 branches. Seta 9-I with 5 branches, 9-II with 6 branches, 9-III with 5 branches, 9-IV triple, 9-V with 5 branches, 9-VI triple, 9-VII with 6 branches. Seta 10- I single, 10-II triple, 10-III single, 10-IV single, 10-V single, 10-VI with 4 branches, 10-VII with 5 branches. Seta 11-I triple, 11-II single, 11-III Double, 11-IV double, 11-V double, 11-VI double, 11-VII single. Seta 12- I with 4 branches, 12-II single, 12-III double, 12-IV double, 12-V double, 12-VI single, 12-VII single. Seta 13-I with 4 branches, 13-II with 4 branches, 13-III with 4 branches, 13-IV with 4 branches, 13-V with 4 branches, 13-VI with 8 branches, 13-VII triple. Segment VIII: seta 1-VIII single or double, 2-VIII with 6 branches, 3-VIII with 6 or 8 branches, 4-VIII single, 5-VIII with 4 or 5 branches. Spiracular lobe: pecten with 9 long teeth intermixed with 7 short teeth, length variable, teeth curved dorsally with serration at base. Median plate strongly pigmented without lateral arms. Anterior median process of median plate strongly sclerotized, short. Seta 1-S strongly developed, with 6 branches, inserted on caudal surface of posterolateral spiracular lobe near posterodorsal margin of pecten, seta 6-S triple, 7-S single, 8,9-S with 4 branches, seta 10–13-S single, small. Abdominal segment X: saddle incomplete, 1-X single, well developed, long, inserted outside saddle, 2-X strongly plumose, 4-X with 10 pairs of long, strongly developed, plumose setae.

Pupa. Cephalothorax: setae 2,3-C triple, 8-C single, well developed, heavily pigmented, inserted at level of base of trumpet, 9-C double, small, inserted posterior to base of trumpet. Trumpet: gradually broadening from base to apex, angusticorn, meatal cleft large. Metanotum: seta 10–12-C subequal, 10-C single, 11-C double, 12-C single. Abdomen: weakly pigmented, light yellowish brown, concolorous with cephalothorax, usually with more strongly pigmented area on anteromedian area of terga II–VII. Seta 1-V strong, long, single, extending to apex of following segment, similar to 5-V, 5-VI long, strong, single, extending to apex of following segment. Seta 9 - IV, V spiniform, inserted on caudolateral margin of segment, 9-VI spiniform, branched at apex, 9-VII, VIII spiniform, inserted on caudolateral margin of segment, 9 – VII single or branched at apex, 9-VIII bifid or branched at apex, 9-IV-VIII heavily pigmented, 9-V-VIII long, strong, curved. Paddle: outer basolateral serration poorly developed, filamentous spicules on outer margin poorly developed; seta 1-Pa strong, single, straight or curved, 2-Pa single or double; toothed margin index 1.67–2.03, paddle poorly developed, pointed.

Distribution. Anopheles pictipennis has been found in Brazil, Chile and west Argentina. According to Bejarano (1957), the record of An. pictipennis in Argentina by Martini (1931) is erroneous. Also, Linthicum (1988) considered the presence of An. pictipennis in Brazil to be unlikely, and thus restricted the geographical distribution of this species to the central part of Chile, between the 32nd and 34th parallels. Anopheles pictipennis is known from Río Mapocho of Santiago city (33º27'0''S 70º40'0''W) (Región Metropolitana) ( Lane and Neghme 1946), and from different localities in the III Región de Atacama, such as Carrizalillo (27º05'S 71º24'W), Perales (27º52'S 70º54'W), Sector Totoral (27º53'S 70º56'W), Las Salinas (27º18'S 70º55'W) (González and Sallum), and Puerto Viejo (27º19’S 70º5’W) ( Rueda et al. 2008).

Type Material. Neotype, hereby designated, pinned adult male with male genitalia mounted on a microscope slide, bearing the following data: Chile, Santiago, Río Mapocho, A. Neghme Coll., J. Lane & A. Neghme Det., deposited at Faculdade Saúde Pública, Universidade São Paulo, Brazil (accession number FSP- USP N° 6001). This specimen was designated the allotype of An. pictipennis by Lane and Neghme (1946), however, in considering that the type does not exist ( Belkin et al. 1968), we selected it to be the name-bearing neotype. Linthicum (1988) stated he did not find the type specimens in the FSP-USP collection; however, both the pinned adult and the associated male genitalia mounted on a microscope slide are in good condition, and reside in the collection.

Non-type material. Nine specimens with the same collection data of the neotype, as follows: one pinned adult male, with associated male genitalia on microscope slide and 2 separate microscope slides, one with the right wing and a second with 4 legs; one male genitalia mounted on microscope slide, not associated with the adult; one pinned adult female; one fourth-instar and one first-instar larvae mounted on separate microscope slides; 3 pupal exuviae mounted on a single microscope slide; eggs mounted on microscope slides. Collection numbers 6000-6002; 6126-6128; 6251; 6742-6744. Six fourth-instar larvae from Santiago, location not specified, A. Neghme Coll. 1946, Lane and Neghme Det. 1947. Collection numbers 6857-6862.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) pictipennis (Philippi), male genitalia of specimen FSP-USP number 6000. A: tergum IX; B: proctiger; C: dorsal accessory seta; D: ventral accessory seta.

FIGURE 2. Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) pictipennis (Philippi), male genitalia of specimen FSP-USP number 6000. A: dorsal claspette: B: ventral claspette; C: aedeagus; D: detail of the apex of the aedeagus.

FIGURE 3. Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) pictipennis (Philippi), fourth-instar larva FSP-USP number 6128. A: seta 1 - P; B: seta 3 - T; C: seta 1 - I; D: seta 1 - IV; E: detail of seta 1 - V; F: seta 6 - IV.