Anchylorhynchus trapezicollis Hustache, 1940

De, Bruno A. S. & Vanin, Sergio A., 2020, Systematic revision and morphological phylogenetic analysis of Anchylorhynchus Schoenherr, 1836 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Derelomini), Zootaxa 4839 (1), pp. 1-98 : 48-51

Anchylorhynchus trapezicollis Hustache, 1940

( Figures 3F , 4B , 6B , 8T , 12F , 17A , 18 H–I, 23A)

Ancylorrhynchus trapezicollis Hustache, 1940:210 (description); Bondar, 1940a:79 (redescription and biology); Bondar, 1940b:855 (biology); Bondar, 1941b:295, Fig. 12 (biology); Bondar, 1943a:362 (revision). Holotype: Female; Santa Inês, Bahia, Brazil; 5-III-1930; Bondar col. (Bondar field code 1566). Deposited in MNHN, images examined.

Anchylorhynchus trapezicollis ; Blackwelder, 1947:827 (cat.); Vaurie, 1954:17 (revision); Wibmer & O’Brien, 1986:196 (cat.); Franz, 2006:224 (phylogeny).

Ancylorrhynchus bleyi Bondar, 1941a:465 , Figs. 23–27 (description); Bondar, 1943a:362 (revision). Lectotype (designated by Vaurie, 1954): Male; Vitória, Espírito Santo; 26-VI-1941; Bondar col. (Bondar field code 2834); in “ Cocos picrophylla ”. Deposited in AMNH, examined.

Anchylorhynchus bleyi ; Blackwelder, 1947:827 (cat.); Vaurie, 1954:17 (revision, lectotype designation, synonymy to Anchylorhynchus trapezicollis ); Wibmer & O’Brien, 1986:196 (cat.)

Ancylorrhynchus botryophorae Bondar, 1941b:295 , Fig. 13 (description); Bondar, 1943a:362 (revision). Lectotype (designated by Vaurie, 1954): Female; Bahia, Brazil; Bondar col.; in “ Cocos botryophora ”. Deposited in AMNH, examined.

Anchylorhynchus botryophorae ; Blackwelder, 1947:827 (cat.); Vaurie, 1954:17 (revision, lectotype designated, synonymy to Anchylorhynchus trapezicollis ); Wibmer & O’Brien, 1986:196 (cat.)

Redescription. Male: Body size (length of elytra + pronotum) 4.5–6.7 mm.

Head: Rostrum 1.7–1.9 times as long as pronotum; 1.3–1.4 times wider at apex than at base; integument yellowish to black; with seven longitudinal carinae (including a pair along scrobes), distinct throughout their length; scrobes parallel to rostrum; apex covered by microsetae; areas between dorsal carinae covered by yellowish scales, narrow to setiform at base and setiform at the apex of rostrum, directed toward the central carina. Eyes 1.3–1.4 times as high as wide; 0.8–1.0 times more separated above than below. Head integument brown, sometimes lighter than rostrum; entirely covered by yellow scales directed to the inter-ocular fovea. Antennae with scape straight, barely reaching anterior eye margin; funicle: antennomere I of funicle only slightly wider II, II longer than I and about as long as III, VI longer than wide and narrower than club; club about as long as antennomeres V–VI of the funicle. Left mandible straight at outer margin; with one dorsal seta; outer tooth not forming a sharp angle, with somewhat blunt apex; inner tooth well-developed; molar region straight. Left maxilla with stipes moderately elongate, with a long ventral seta; galeo-lacinial complex almost reaching the apex of palpomere I; palpiger with elongate vental region, dorsal region with an abtuse angle at base; palpomere I with three apical setae longer than the length of palpomere I; palpomere II longer than palpomere I. Labium with prementum slightly narrower than postmentum, about 2 times as wide as long, lateral margins divergent in median region, lobed in lateral-apical region, with two oblique rows of setae in dorsal region; ligula present and about as long as half the length of prementum; palps separated by about the width of palpomere I; palpomere I approximately as long as wide; palpomere II approximately as long as palpomere III; palpomere III with two lateral setae.

Thorax: Pronotum width at base 1.6–1.9 times pronotum length; base not lobed at middle; lateral margins in dorsal view convergent and regularly curved from base to apex, sometimes with a subtle apical constriction; integument brown, similar to head; entirely covered by uniformly yellowish scales; scales on disk directed to center or apex. Profemur approximately 3 times as long as wide; dorsal margin with curvature about as pronounced as ventral margin; tooth well-defined; about 3 times as wide as protibia. Protarsus with tarsomere I distinctively longer than tarsomere III; tarsomeres I and II as long as wide; with short and dense setae on the ventral surface and sparse and long setae on the sides. Scutellum 0.5–0.8 times longer than wide; integument brown, sometimes darker than elytra; scales yellowish. Elytra 1.5–1.7 times wider than pronotum; 1.3–1.5 times longer than wide; 3.5–4.0 times longer than pronotum; humeri rounded; lateral margins distinctively wider at the middle; dorsal region with yellowish scales; epipleura with a weak inflexion on interval IX, covered by yellowish scales with the same color as disk. Ventral region of thorax integument brown, sometimes with black areas; scales pale yellow, distinctively lighter than those in pronotum. Hypomeron covered by sparse scales or densely covered by mostly non-overlapping scales; scales narrower or similar to those in pronotum, with apex truncated to acuminate; scales next to coxal cavities larger. Prosternum length 1.0–1.0 times the width of coxae; postocular lobes indistinct, with apical-lateral margin of prothorax regularly curved to slightly sinuate; densely covered by mostly non-overlapping scales with acuminate apex, narrower than those in pronotum. Metepisternum covered by non-overlapping scales, or overlapping only next to the anterior margin. Metasternum central concavity distinct; with long setae in the center.

Abdomen: Ventrites III–V covered by erect setae. Aedeagus about 3 times as long as wide; about 7 times as long as high; slightly wider at opening; with an acute anterior process; ventral plate strongly sclerotized, extending to approximately 0.3 times the length of apodemes. Apodemes about 2 times as long as aedeagus. Endophallus with a pair of sub-spherical sclerites anterior to the basal sclerite; microtrichae of the apical region not organized in bands.

Female: Body size 5.3–6.2 mm. Rostrum 1.6–1.9 times longer than pronotum; width at apex 1.3–1.6 times width at base. Eyes 1.4–1.4 times as high as wide; 0.8–1.5 times more separated above than below. Pronotum 1.6–1.8 times as wide at base as long; lateral margins in dorsal view in general more parallel than in males and with a subtle apical constriction. Prosternum length 1.0–1.1 times the coxal width. Protarsus with two most proximal tarsomeres longer than wide; without long setae. Scutellum 0.7–0.9 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.6–1.7 times as wide as pronotum; 1.3–1.5 times as long as wide; 3.6–4.2 times as long as pronotum. Ventrites III–V with recumbent setae. Ventrites III and IV with posterior retraction not sinuate and reaching the middle of the segment.

Remarks. Anchylorhynchus trapezicollis shares with A. goiano and A. latipes the elongate first three antennomeres of the funicle, all approximately the same size ( Figures 3 F–G). It can be distinguished from both by the elytra clearly widened in the middle, the scape reaching the eyes, the conical pronotum ( Figure 8T , against Figures 8K, M ) and the male protarsi only slightly wider than in females ( Figure 18 H–I), not as much as in A. latipes ( Figure 18 J–K).

This species is most likely a species complex and certainly requires additional work. The synonyms created by Vaurie (1954) are maintained here, but there are morphological differences between the types. In particular, the type of A. bleyi has a larger size and somewhat more flattened body than that of A. trapezicollis . For A. botryophorae, Bondar described the species as having the sternum dark, but Vaurie noticed that this character is variable both in the type series of A. botryophorae and in A. trapezicollis . Indeed in the preserved specimens collected by Bondar the color pattern is not as clear, but in all specimens that we collected directly from Syagrus botryophora (Mart.) Becc. the rostrum and parts of the sternum are distinctly darker. Most individuals collected from Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. have uniform coloration, but some populations (in particular that of Jacinto/Padre Paraiso, Minas Gerais) have a color pattern similar to that described by Bondar for A. botryophorae . Molecular evidence shows that there are clearly isolated populations within the morphological range of A. trapezicollis , but these genetic clusters do not correspond necessarily to morphological clusters based on the characters that have been studied to date ( de Medeiros & Farrell 2019).

Vaurie (1954) noticed that Hustache (1940) made a mistake when describing females as having long hairs on the sides of the protarsi. Here we examined the holotype, revealing the source of this error. Hustache (1940) believed the holotype was a male, but remounting the specimen to make the abdomen visible clearly shows it is a female with retractions in ventrites III–IV. Unfortunately, some of more straightforward characters separating cryptic genetic clusters in A. trapezicollis are only available in males ( de Medeiros & Farrell 2019). Disentangling the species currently grouped under the name Anchylorhynchus trapezicollis will be the subject of a future contribution.

Geographical Distribution. This species is distributed throughout seasonally dry forests (caatinga) and coastal rainforest in eastern Brazil ( Figure 24 ). A few specimens in MLPA and MACN collected by Bondar were labelled as São Paulo, which is a mistake. Likewise, paralectotypes of A. bleyi in MNRJ (now lost to the September 2018 fire) were labelled as Bahia, when they were sampled in Vitória, Espírito Santo. In both cases the labels seem to indicate the collection from which the specimens were donated, not the locality of sampling.

Host Plants. Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. (vouchers SPF B.A.S. Medeiros 56, 61, 77, 206), Syagrus botryophora (Mart.) Becc. (voucher SPF B.A.S. Medeiros 111), Syagrus picrophylla Barb. Rodr. (voucher SPF B.A.S. Medeiros 109), Syagrus kellyana Noblick & Lorenzi (voucher SPF B.A.S. Medeiros 51), Syagrus cearensis Noblick (voucher SPF B.A.S. Medeiros 229) and Syagrus × costae (Mart.) Becc.

Bondar collected the type series of A. trapezicollis , and its junior synonyms A. botryophorae and A. bleyi from Cocos coronata Mart. , Cocos botryophora Mart. and Cocos picrophylla (Barb. Rodr.) Barb. Rodr. , respectively. All species have since been moved to the genus Syagrus . We sampled from these species and additionally from two species closely related to S. coronata : Syagrus cearensis and Syagrus kellyana . This included a population morphologically identified as Syagrus coronata but with molecular data revealing to be a hybrid with S. cearensis : Syagrus × costae ( de Medeiros & Farrell 2019). This is the most abundant species of Anchylorhynchus in all of these plants, and has been shown to be a pollinator of Syagrus coronata (de Medeiros et al. 2019) .

Examined Specimens. Type material. BRAZIL. Bahia: Santa Ignez [Santa Inês], G. Bondar, 05/III/1930 (♀ holotype Anchylorhynchus trapezicollis MNHN, 2♀ paratypes Anchylorhynchus trapezicollis MNHN); No locality, G. Bondar, no date (♀ lectotype Anchylorhynchus botryophorae AMNH, 1♀ paralectotype Anchylorhynchus botryophorae AMNH, 1♂ paralectotype Anchylorhynchus botryophorae MNRJ) . Espírito Santo: Vitória, G. Bondar, 26/VI/1941 (♂ lectotype Anchylorhynchus bleyi AMNH, 1♀ paralectotype Anchylorhynchus bleyi FMNH, 1♀, 1♂ paralectotypes Anchylorhynchus bleyi MNRJ, 1♂ paralectotype Anchylorhynchus bleyi CEAH) .

Other Material. BRAZIL. Alagoas: Limoeiro de Anadia , B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 09/XI/2014 (26 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Quebrangulo, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 09/XI/2014 (27 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Taquarana, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 09/XI/2014 (25 sex undetermined MZSP) . Bahia: Água Preta [Itaju do Colônia, Água Preta], no collector, 1938 (4 sex undetermined CEAH) ; no date (4♀ CEAH) ; Alagoinhas, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 06/XI/2014 (44 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Andaraí, B. A. S. Medeiros, 11/IV/2009 (11♀, 8♂ MZSP) ; Bonfim, Garbe , 1908 (1♀, 4♂ MZSP) ; Entre Rios, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 07/XI/2014 (7 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Feira de Santana , Leila Mara, 23/ V /2001 (1♀, 1♂ CEAH) ; Glória, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 10/XI/2014 (5 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Iaçu, B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 14/XI/2013 (14 sex undetermined MZSP); Itaberaba, B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 14/XI/2013 (41 sex undetermined MZSP) ; B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 13/XI/2014 (27 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Jequié, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 05/ XI/2014 (20 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Lagoa Real, B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 17/XI/2013 (9 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Maracás, F. M. Oliveira, 19/XI/1965 (6♀, 5♂ DZUP) ; IX/1965 (3♀, 2♂ DZUP) ; Monte Santo, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 11/XI/2014 (42 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Morro do Chapéu , B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 15/XI/2013 (68 sex undetermined MZSP) ; B. A. S. Medeiros & T. J. Cunha, 17/I/2016 (41 sex undetermined MZSP) ; 19/I/2016 (6 sex undetermined MZSP) ; B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 12/XI/2014 (4♀, 1♂, 65 sex undetermined MZSP) ; No locality, B. Pohl, no date (2♀, 3♂ MZSP) ; Deyr, no date (1 sex undetermined MCZ) ; G. Bondar, no date (9♀, 7♂ MNRJ) ; no collector, no date (5♀ MNRJ) ; Prado, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 02/XI/2014 (18 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Ruy Barbosa, B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 14/XI/2013 (2 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Salvador, G. Bondar, 1940 (6♀, 9♂ MZSP) ; Salvador, Pituba, Dirings, VI /1957 (8♀, 6♂ MZSP) ; Santa Brígida, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 11/XI/2014 (10 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Santa Ignez, no collector, 05/ V /1930 (7♀, 6♂ AMNH) ; Serrinha, B. A. S. Medeiros & T. J. Cunha, 02/II/2016 (2 sex undetermined MZSP) ; 09/I/2016 (24 sex undetermined MZSP) ; 10/I/2016 (2 sex undetermined MZSP) ; 11/I/2016 (1♀ MZSP) ; 12/I/2016 (1♀ MZSP) ; 13/I/2016 (1♀ MZSP) ; 14/I/2016 (1♀, 2♂, 23 sex undetermined MZSP) ; 19/I/2016 (4♀, 10♂ MZSP) ; 21/I/2016 (1♂ MZSP) ; 22/I/2016 (5♀, 56 sex undetermined MZSP) ; 26/I/2016 (11 sex undetermined MZSP) ; 27/I/2016 (39 sex undetermined MZSP) ; 29/I/2016 (18 sex undetermined MZSP) ; 30/I/2016 (26 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Una, B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 12/XI/2013 (5 sex undetermined MZSP) ; B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 04/XI/2014 (53 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Valença, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 06/ XI/2014 (6 sex undetermined MZSP) . Espírito Santo: Jaguaré, B. A. S. Medeiros & F. M. Gudin, 02/XII/2013 (2 sex undetermined MZSP) ; 03/XII/2013 (2 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Pinheiros, B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 08/XI/2013 (2 sex undetermined MZSP); 09/XI/2013 (54 sex undetermined MZSP); B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 01/XI/2014 (26 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Santa Leopoldina, B. A. S. Medeiros & F. M. Gudin, 01/XII/2013 (104 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Vitória, no collector, 26/ VI /1941 (7♀, 7♂ AMNH) . Minas Gerais: Jacinto, B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 11/XI/2013 (23 sex undetermined MZSP) ; B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 03/XI/2014 (15 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Mato Verde, B. A. S. Medeiros & F. M. Gudin, 06/XII/2013 (5 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Montezuma, B. A. S. Medeiros, 13/II/2009 (1♂ MZSP) ; 13/IV/2009 (2♀ MZSP) ; Padre Paraíso, B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 10/XI/2013 (93 sex undetermined MZSP) . Pará: No locality [mistake], no collector, no date (1♀ DEI) . Pernambuco: Brejão, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 10/XI/2014 (25 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Garanhuns, B. A. S. Medeiros & Z. Wang, 10/XI/2014 (23 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Recife, G. P. de Arruda, V /1969 (2♀ USNM) . São Paulo: São Paulo [mistake], G. Bondar, no date (1♀, 1♂ MACN, 3♀, 6♂ MLPA). No region : No locality, F. C. Bowditch, no date (1 sex undetermined MCZ) .

NO COUNTRY. No region : No locality, no collector, no date (6♀, 4♂ CEAH, 4♀, 2♂ MLPA, 2♀, 2♂ MNRJ) .

Figures

FIGURE 3. Antennae of males of species of Anchylorhynchus. Scales: 500 µm. A A. bicolor. B A. chrysomeloides. C A. variabilis D A. minimus. E A. pinocchio. F A. trapezicollis. G A. latipes. H A. rectus. I A. albidus.

FIGURE 4. Left mandibles of species of Anchylorhynchus (ventral view). Scales: 100 µm. A A. amazonicus. B A. trapezicollis. C A. tricarinatus D A. minimus. E A. tremolerasi. F A. variabilis. G A. aegrotus. H A. vanini.

FIGURE 6. Labia of species of Anchylorhynchus (dorsal view). Scales: 50 µm. Palp setae illustrated only on left side and lateral-apical setae of prementum only on right side. A A. amazonicus. B A. trapezicollis. C A. minimus. D A. pinocchio. E A. tricarinatus. F A. tremolerasi. G A. bicolor. H A. bucki. I A. aegrotus J A. variabilis.

FIGURE 8. Prothorax of all Anchylorhynchus species. Except for A. parcus, only known from the male holotype, the thorax of a male (left) and a female (right) are shown for each species. Arrows show the direction of scales in each position. Scale: 500 µm. A A. aegrotus. B A. albidus. C A. amazonicus. D A. bicarinatus. E A. bicolor. F A. bucki. G A. burmeisteri. H A. camposi. I A. centrosquamatus (from de Medeiros & Núñez-Avellaneda 2013). J A. chrysomeloides. K A. goiano. L A. imitator. M A. latipes. N A. luteobrunneus (from de Medeiros & Núñez-Avellaneda 2013). O A. minimus. P A. multisquamis. Q A. parcus. R A. pinocchio (from de Medeiros & Núñez-Avellaneda 2013). S A. rectus. T A. trapezicollis U A. tremolerasi V A. tricarinatus W A. vanini X A. variabilis Y A. vittipennis.

FIGURE 12. Habitus of species of Anchylorhynchus (continued). Some images are mirrored in relation to originals. Scales: 1 mm. A A. multisquamis. B A. pinocchio (male). C A. pinocchio (female). D A. parcus (male holotype). Photographed by Johannes Bergsten © 2017 Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. Background removed from original photo, light levels and contrast adjusted. Made available by the Swedish Museum of Natural History under CC-BY 4.0 international license. E A. rectus. F A. trapezicollis. G–L A. tremolerasi.

FIGURE 13. Habitus of species of Anchylorhynchus (continued). Scales: 1 mm. A–D A. tremolerasi. E A. tricarinatus. F A. vanini (male). G A. vanini (female). H A. variabilis (male). I–L A. variabilis (female).

FIGURE 17. Metathorax of species of Anchylorhynchus, ventral view. Scales: 500 µm. A A. trapezicollis. B A. aegrotus C A. vanini, male. D A. vanini, female.

FIGURE 18. Prolegs of species of Anchylorhynchus. Scales: 500 µm. A A. burmeisteri, male. B A. camposi, male. C A. multisquamis, male. D A. minimus, male. E A. pinocchio, male. F A. tricarinatus, male. G A. variabilis, male. H A. trapezicollis, male. I A. trapezicollis, female. J A. latipes, male. K A. latipes, female.

FIGURE 23. Male genitalia of species of Anchylorhynchus (continued). Scales: 500 µm. A A. trapezicollis B A. tremolerasi C A. tricarinatus D A. vanini (digitally inked based on camera lucida illustration by Daniela Bená) E A. variabilis F A. vittipennis.

FIGURE 24. Geographical distribution of species of Anchylorhynchus based on specimens examined, excluding suspicious locations as indicated in the main text. The distribution of A. parcus is unknown. A A. aegrotus, A. albidus, A. amazonicus, A. centrosquamatus. B A. bicarinatus, A. bicolor, A. burmeisteri, A. rectus. C A. bucki, A. goiano, A. imitator, A. luteobrunneus. D A. camposi, A. minimus, A. multisquamis, A. tremolerasi. E A. latipes, A. pinocchio, A. trapezicollis, A. vittipennis. F A. chrysomeloides, A. tricarinatus, A. vanini, A. variabilis.

FIGURE 25. Phylogeny of Anchylorhynchus, including outgroups. A Bayesian tree with posterior probabilities as branch support. B Parsimony tree with symmetric bootstrapping as branch support.

FIGURE 26. Unambiguous character reconstructions on the parsimony tree.

FIGURE 27. Ancestral state reconstruction for the association with host plant genus on the Bayesian tree.