Albinaria coerulea (Deshayes, 1835)

Motochin, Risho, Wang, Min & Ueshima, Rei, 2017, Molecular phylogeny, frequent parallel evolution and new system of Japanese clausiliid land snails (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181, pp. 795-845 : 811

Albinaria coerulea (Deshayes, 1835) , a member of the different subfamily Alopiinae , as a distant outgroup.

The result of this preliminary analysis suggests that Synprosphyma Wagner, 1920 is the most basal offshoot within the subfamily Phaedusinae (data not shown).

This result is concordant with the most recent classification of the subfamily Phaedusinae based on anatomical differences in the bursa copulatrix ( Nordsieck,

2007). We therefore used Synprosphyma as an outgroup for the phylogenetic analysis of Japanese clausiliids.

Among the generic/subgeneric classifications of

Japanese clausiliids that differ substantially among taxonomists (see Supporting Information Table S1),

we used the latest generic classification of Nordsieck

(2007) as a working hypothesis for the phylogenetic analysis. All subgenera were treated equally as distinct generic taxa.

CHARACTER MAPPING

To test the phylogenetic significance of taxonomic characters that have been used in the traditional systems, 14 characters were selected as taxonomically important characters, due to them being used as key characters for supra-specific classification of Japanese clausiliids in Azuma (1982), Minato (1988), Nordsieck (1998) and Schileyko (2000), and were mapped onto the molecular phylogenetic tree obtained by this study. Characters with unique character states that are not shared by more than two taxa were excluded from the analysis. The characters used for the analysis include the following 12 morphological characters (11 shell characters and one anatomical character), one reproductive character and one ecological character. Character 1 is the morphology of the superior lamella with two character states (developed or reduced). Character 2 is the morphology of the inferior lamella with two character states (spirally ascending or not). Character 3 is the morphology of the clausilium plate with three character states (wide, narrow or with a distinctive projection such as a spine or a transverse plate). Character 4 is the location of the plicae and clausilium with two character states (lateral or ventral to ventro-lateral). Character 5 is the morphology of the lunella with three character states (present and axial, present and oblique or absent). Character 6 is the morphology of the upper palatal plica in relation to the lunella with five character states (present and without a lunella, present and attached to the lunella, present and fused with the lunella, present and separated from the lunella or absent). Character 7 is the morphology of the upper palatal plica with three character states (short, long and/or interrupted or absent). Character 8 is the morphology of the middle palatal plica with three character states (present and developed, weakly developed and coalesced to a lunella-like structure or absent). Character 9 is the morphology of the lower palatal plica in relation to the lunella with five character states (present and without a lunella, present and attached to the lunella, present and fused with the lunella, present and separated from the lunella or absent). Character 10 is the presence or absence of the sutural plica with two character states (present or absent). Character 11 is the morphology of the shell apex with three character states (pointed, rounded or decollated). Character 12 is the morphology of the diverticulum of the bursa copulatrix with two character states (developed or reduced). Character 13 is the mode of reproduction with two character states (oviparous or ovoviviparous). Character 14 is the type of habitat with two character states (terrestrial or arboreal). The character state of a character is usually fixed in each taxon. In a few exceptional cases where a character shows some intra-taxon variation, the character state was coded as polymorphic in the species or subspecies.