Ainuyusurika tuberculata (Tokunaga)

Han, Wu & Tang, Hongqu, 2019, Phylogeny of marine Ainuyusurika tuberculata (Tokunaga) (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), with description of the immature stages, Zootaxa 4695 (2), pp. 131-147 : 136-142

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4695.2.3
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:68BA1999-5EC9-44C8-B007-0E4C83DF43EE
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5587143
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D40FE44F-FFF1-FF9E-06D0-F257FB5F8834
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Ainuyusurika tuberculata (Tokunaga)
status

Treatment

( Figs. 2–5 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 )

Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) tuberculatum Tokunaga, 1940: 290 View in CoL .

Ainuyusurika tuberculata: Sasa 1988: 80 ; Oyewo & Saether 2008: 138; Yamamoto & Yamamoto 2015: 109.

Pentapedilum yakuabeum Sasa et Suzuki, 2000: 56 View in CoL .

Polypedilum (Polypedilum) yakucedeum Sasa et Suzuki, 2000: 57 View in CoL .

Ainuyusurika yakuabeum: Oyewo & Saether 2008: 139 .

Ainuyusurika yakucedeum: Oyewo & Saether 2008: 140 .

Material examined. Pe, China: Guangdong Province, Shantou City, Nan’ao County, Shen’ao Bay, Tayu Island, 5.vi.2016, H.Q. Tang; Pe, as previous except Tsing’ao Bay , 27.viii.2016 ; 4 males, 2 females, 4 Pe, 5 L, as previous except Treasure Island , 23°28’42.7”N, 117°07’22.9”E, 24.iii.2018 (emerged 5–8.v.2018) GoogleMaps , H.Q. Tang; 4 male, 6 Pe , as previous except 21.iv.2018 ; 2 males as previous except 15.vi.2019; 1 male, China: Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou City, Dongtou Distinct, Dong’ao village , 4.v.2016 , H.Q. Tang; 10 male, Sourth Korea, South Jeolla , Sinan County, Jeungdo Island , 35°00’04.61”N 126°07’52.01”E, 8.viii.2019 GoogleMaps , H.Q. Tang.

Description. Male (n = 6). Total length 3.0–3.4, 3.2 mm. Wing length 1.4–1.9, 1.7 mm.

Coloration. Generally pale brown, with dark brown vittae, lateral stripes on pleurae, postnotum and several intersegmental sections ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 A–B)

Head. AR 0.95–1.19, 1.14. Ultimate flagellomere 420–510, 470 μm long.

Wing ( Fig. 2C View FIGURE 2 ). VR 1.29–1.36, 1.32. R with 14–19, 17 setae; R 1 with 15–22, 18 setae; R 4+5 with 12–18, 15 setae; M 1+2 with 5–18, 13 setae; M 3+4 and other veins bare. Wing cell r 4+5 with 17–33 macrotrichia; m 1+2 and m 3+4 with sparse macrotrichia; other cells bare. Squama with 6–10, 8 setae.

Legs ( Figs. 2 View FIGURE 2 E–H). LR 1 1.15–1.23, 1.19; LR 2 0.5–0.56, 0.52; LR 3 0.69–0.72, 0.71. BV 1 1.7–1.98, 1.83; BV 2 3.58–3.78, 3.65; BV 3 2.63 –2.9; 2.78. SV 1 1.75–1.86, 1.8; SV 1 3.92–4.5, 4.27; SV 1 2,89–3.26, 3.03. BR 1 1.2–2.25, 1.76; BR 2 1.5–3, 2.05; BR 3 2.4–4.2, 3.03.

Hypopygium ( Fig. 2D View FIGURE 2 ). HR 1.06–1.3, 1.15; HV 2–2.68, 2.34.

Female (n = 5). Total length 2.7–3.0, 2.8 mm. Wing length 1.6–2.2, 2.0 mm.

Head. AR 0.38–0.46, 0.41. Ultimate flagellomere 128–155, 138 μm long.

Wing ( Fig. 3B View FIGURE 3 ). VR 1.35–1.39, 1.37. R with 16–20, 18 setae; R 1 with 23–24, 24 setae; R 4+5 with 24–31, 28 setae; M 1+2 with 22–45, 36 setae; M 3+4 with 12–20, 17 setae; other veins bare. Number of macrotrichia 45–90, 73 on wing cell r 4+5; 18–35, 25 on m 1+2; 5–11 on m 3+4; other cells bare.

Legs. LR 1 1.18–1.23, 1.11; LR 2 0.48–0.50, 0.49; LR 3 0.53–0.68, 0.62. BV 1 2.05–2.13, 2.0; BV 2 3.92–4.3, 4.1; BV 3 3.02–4.43; 3.52. SV 1 1.92–1.93, 1.92; SV 2 4.10–4.32, 4.22; SV 3 3.03–4.04, 3.42.

Genitalia (Figs. D–E). Gonocoxite IX small, with 2–3 lateral setae. Tergite IX broad, undivided, with 8–10 setae on each side.

Pupa (n = 4). Total length 3.0–4.0, 3.5 mm.

Coloration: Generally pale yellow except for light brown apophyses and anal combs ( Fig. 6A View FIGURE 6 ).

Cephalothorax ( Figs. 4A View FIGURE 4 , 6C View FIGURE 6 ). Cephalic tubercle 35–50, 43 μm wide at base. Frontal seta 30–45, 38 μm long; distance between two frontal setae 100–250, 121μm long ( Fig. 4A View FIGURE 4 ). Thorax and thoracic horn as Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 B–C.

Abdomen ( Fig. 4D View FIGURE 4 ). A II with transverse row of 30–42 hooks, covering 60–80% of segment width. largest tooth of anal comb about 30 μm ( Figs. 4E View FIGURE 4 , 6D View FIGURE 6 ). Anal lobe with fringe of 10–14 taeniae; dorsal seta absent. Male genital sac distinctly beyond distal tip of anal lobe.

Fourth instar larva (n = 5). Total length 4.5–5.0, 4.7 mm.

Head ( Fig. 6G View FIGURE 6 ). Dorsal sclerites as Fig. 5A View FIGURE 5 . SI as Fig. 6H View FIGURE 6 . Head 210–300, 250 μm long, cephalic index 0.73– 0.88, 0.83. Lengths of first to fifth antennal segments (in µm) ( Fig. 5B View FIGURE 5 ): 40–50, 47; 8.3–12.5, 10.7; 4.8–5, 4.9; 6.6–8, 7.6; 3.2–5.2; 4.2; AR 1.1–2.0, 1.5. Basal segments 3.3–4.8, 3.8 times as long as basal width. Blade 23–35, 38 μm long; Bl/Fl 0.8–1.0, 0.92. Premandible ( Fig. 5C View FIGURE 5 ) 42–60, 53 μm long. Mandible ( Fig. 5D View FIGURE 5 ) 50–60 µm long.. Mentum 50–73, 63 µm wide, with 4 median and 6 pairs of lateral teeth ( Fig. 5E View FIGURE 5 ). Ventromental plate 50–82, 70 µm wide ( Fig. 6I View FIGURE 6 ). Distance between setae submenti 100–120, 106 µm long. Postmentum 167–230, 206 µm long.

Body ( Figs. 6 View FIGURE 6 E–F). Procercus 30–40 µm high, slightly longer than basal width, with 7–8 anal setae. Anal setae 220–250, 233 µm long. Supraanal seta 60–80, 75 µm long.

Molecular analysis. Ten COI-5P fragments of adults, larvae and pupae submitted to the BOLD system showed that they matched three nominal A. tuberculata specimens, which formed three independent BINS. The maximum k2p intraspecific distance (including species retrieved from database) were 4.2% between specimens labeled TL0505L and AB704943 View Materials . The Neighbor-Joining (N-J) tree ( Fig. 7A View FIGURE 7 ) based on available standard DNA barcodes of Ainuyusurika showed that Chinese population could be separated from Japanese population and South Korea population.

The MrBayes (MB) tree ( Fig. 7B View FIGURE 7 ) showed that Ainuyusurika was sister to a group comprising of Endochironomus , Endotribelos , Phaenopsectra and Sergentia . The whole multi-genera assemblage was sister to another group comprising of Endochironomus , Tribelos , and Synendotendipes . Endochironomus was demonstrated as a polyphyletic genus in this study, while the monophyly of other genera is uncertain due to limitations in available sampling of taxonomic diversity.

Distribution. This species has been recorded from Sakhalin Island in Russia ( Tokunaga 1940); Hokkaido Island, Kii Penisula, Seto Inland Sea, Yakushima Island and Okinawa Islands in Japan ( Sasa 1988; Sasa & Suzuki 2000; Kawai et al. 2011, 2015; Yamamoto et al. 2015); Gangwon-do in South Korea ( Ree 2013). We could add the records from Guangdong and Zhejiang in China and South Jeolla (Jeollanam-do) in Sourth Korea ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 ).

Ecology. We conducted a year-long survey in the Nan’ao County, a small island located at the extreme edge of Guangdong Province in China during 2016. This island is isolated from the mainland and surrounded by the South Sea. The sea surface temperature ranges from 18.8°C (February) to 28.8°C (June and July). Salinity ranges 29.2–34.4‰. Ainuyusurika adults emerged from the end of spring to the earlier autumn (May to October) when the water temperature exceeded 23°C. The emergence was most abundant in July and August.

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Insecta
Order	Diptera
Family	Chironomidae
SubFamily	Chironominae
Genus	Ainuyusurika