Agapostemon (Agapostemon) subtilior Cockerell, 1898

Portman, Zachary M., Arduser, Mike, Powley, Mary E. & Cariveau, Daniel P., 2024, Taxonomy of Agapostemon angelicus and the A. texanus species complex (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) in the United States, European Journal of Taxonomy 958, pp. 203-241 : 219-232

Agapostemon (Agapostemon) subtilior Cockerell, 1898 stat. rev.

Figs 1B , 2C–D , 3B, D , 4B, E , 5C–H, L , 6B, E , 7B , 8C , 9

Original reference

Agapostemon subtilior Cockerell, 1898: 27 , ♀. Neotype, ♀ (designated by Roberts 1972), Pasco, Washington State, 25 May 1896, deposited in UCMC, shown in Fig. 9 .

Synoynymy

Agapostemon borealis Crawford, 1901: 160 , ♀ (syn. under A. texanus s. lat. by Sandhouse 1936). Holotype, ♀, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Livingston leg., 4 Apr. 1896, deposited in ANSP. Images examined by ZP. Syn. nov.

Agpostemon californicus Crawford, 1901: 164 , ♂ [not ♀] (syn. under A. texanus s. lat. by Sandhouse 1936). Lectotype, ♂ (designated by Cockerell 1927, see remarks), Pacific Grove, California, Saunders leg., Jul. 1894, deposited in UNSM [UNSMe12747]. Images examined by ZP. Syn. nov.

Agapostemon texanus vandykei Cockerell, 1925: 191 , ♀ (syn. under A. texanus s. lat. by Sandhouse 1936). Holotype, ♀, Yosemite Valley, California, E.C. Van Dyke leg., 25 Jun. 1921, deposited in CAS, type no. 1652. Images examined. Online record: https://monarch.calacademy.org/collections/individual/index.php?occid=2497037&clid=. Syn. nov.

Agapostemon californicus psammobius Cockerell, 1937: 150 , ♂ ♀ (syn. under A. texanus s. lat. by Roberts 1972). Holotype, ♂, San Miguel Island, California, Cockerell leg., Jul. [1937], deposited in CAS. Images examined. Online record: https://monarch.calacademy.org/collections/individual/index.php?occid=2499296. Syn. nov.

A gapostemon angelicus idahoensis Michener, 1937: 314, ♀ (syn. under A. texanus s. lat. by Roberts 1972). Holotype, ♀, Challis, Idaho, Louise Ireland leg., 26 Jun. 1932. Deposited in the Snow Entomological Museum at the University of Kansas. Not examined. Syn. nov.

Agapostemon californicus clementinus Cockerell, 1939b: 431 , ♂ (syn. under A. texanus s. lat. by Roberts 1972). Holotype, ♂, San Clemente Island, California, Cockerell leg., 18 Jun. [1938], deposited in UCMC. Images examined by ZP. Syn. nov.

Taxonomy and references

Agapostemon texanus – Robertson 1897: 328 [in part, combined with A. angelicus and A. texanus s. s.] (description, range). — Crawford 1901: 160 [in part, mixed with A. texanus s. s. and potentially A. angelicus ] (key, taxonomy). — Sandhouse 1936: 82 [in part, combined with A. texanus s. s.] (key, diagnosis, distribution). — Roberts 1972: 533 [in part, combined with A. texanus s. s.] (key, diagnosis, distribution); 1973: 10 [in part, combined with A. texanus s. s.] (key, diagnosis, distribution). — Hurd 1979: 1953 [in part, combined with A. texanus s. s.] (catalog). — Moure & Hurd 1987: 190 [in part, combined with A. texanus s. s.] (catalog). — Portman et al. 2022: 117 [in part, combined with A. texanus s. s.] (key, diagnosis [all images of “ A. texanus ” show A. subtilior ]).

Agapostemon texanus subtilior – Crawford 1901: 160 (key, taxonomy). — Cockerell 1910b: 244 (record, description of male); 1927: 157 (key, taxonomy, records). — Graenicher 1911: 234 (records); 1935: 302 (distribution in WI).

Agapostemon subtilior – Vachal 1903: 95 (key, description).

Agapostemon borealis – Cockerell 1927: 157 (notes on taxonomy, key).

Agapostemon californicus – Cockerell 1927: 158 (designation of lectotype, distribution, key); 1939a: 138 (distribution, notes on variation). — Michener 1937: 314 (note on taxonomy).

Agapostemon vandykei – Cockerell 1927: 155 (raised to species, key).

Agapostemon californicus clementinus – Cockerell 1939a: 138 (distribution, notes on variation).

Agapostemon californicus psammobius – Cockerell 1939a: 138 (distribution, notes on variation).

Agapostemon texanus californicus – Michener 1951: 1124 (catalog).

Agapostemon texanus clementinus – Michener 1951: 1124 (catalog).

Agapostemon texanus psammobius – Michener 1951: 1124 (catalog).

Agapostemon texanus texanus – Michener 1951: 1124 [combined with A. texanus s. s.] (catalog). — Mitchell 1960: 454 [combined with A. texanus s. s.] (key, description, distribution, floral records).

Agapostemon texanus vandykei – Michener 1951: 1124 (catalog).

Diagnosis

Agapostemon subtilior females are similar to those of both A. texanus and A. angelicus . They can be separated from A. texanus by the genal striae in the hypostomal area, which are extremely coarse and deep in A. texanus ( Fig. 1C–D ) compared to only moderately coarse in A. subtilior ( Fig. 1B ). Further, A. texanus have the punctures on the terga dense and contiguous ( Fig. 4C, F ), whereas A. subtilior tend to have the punctures separated with shining interspaces ( Fig. 4B, E ). Finally, in areas where they overlap, A. subtilior have the propodeum more weakly sculptured than A. texanus .

Females of A. subtilior and A. angelicus are quite similar and can be difficult to separate. They can be most reliably separated by the shape of the clypeus, which is weakly convex in A. subtilior , with the apex more evenly curved over onto the base of the apical fimbriae, and lacking a distinct narrow vertical overhang ( Fig. 2 C–D ). In contrast, A. angelicus has the clypeus flattened ( Fig. 2A ), with the transition to the apical margin forming a 90-degree angle above the base of the apical fimbriae, this angle demarcated by a weak carina rather than evenly curved over ( Fig. 2B ). Agapostemon subtilior can be further recognized by the more weakly sculptured dorsal surface of the propodeum ( Fig. 3B ), compared to strongly sculptured in A. angelicus ( Fig. 3A ). In cases where A. subtilior has the propodeum somewhat more strongly sculptured, the rugae are typically strongly anastomizing. The pleura of A. subtilior are also more weakly rugose ( Fig. 3D ) compared to A. angelicus ( Fig. 3C ), especially posteriorly.

There are additional, less reliable characters that can help separate females of A. subtilior and A. angelicus . The length of the dorsal surface of the propodeum of A. subtilior is typically shorter, not much longer than the length of the metanotum ( Fig. 3B ), whereas A. angelicus typically has the propodeum distinctly longer than the metanotum ( Fig. 3A ). The terga of A. subtilior are typically more sparsely punctured ( Fig. 4B ), with distinct shiny interspaces, particularly laterally, just basal of the premarginal line on T1 and T2 ( Fig. 4E ), compared to the more closely punctured terga in A. angelicus ( Fig. 4A, D ); however, this character can be somewhat variable. In addition, A. subtilior typically have the black mark on the apex of the clypeus thickened medially ( Fig. 2C ; sometimes forming a ‘tooth’), compared to straight across in A. angelicus ( Fig. 2A ). There are also differences in hair color, with A. subtilior typically having the hairs of the thorax and legs yellowish compared to whitish in A. angelicus , though this character is not particularly reliable, and A. subtilior typically have more extensive black hairs on the outer hind tibial scopa, with the black hairs generally extending in a line down most of the tibia whereas black hairs are generally absent or limited to the hairs directly under the basatibial plate in A. angelicus . Finally, A. subtilior are, on average, larger than A. angelicus .

Male A. subtilior are similar to those of both A. angelicus and A. texanus , and they can be separated principally by the genitalia and coloration of the hind tibia. Agapostemon angelicus has the hind tibia with the anterior face all light ( Fig. 5A ; not counting a dark spot on the apex) and a well-developed dark mark posteriorly ( Fig. 5B ). In contrast, A. subtilior has a dark mark on the basal anterior face of the hind tibia ( Fig. 5F, H ) OR lacks dark marks on both the anterior and posterior face ( Fig. 5C–D ). In addition, the genitalia are different, with A. subtilior having a much narrower basal stylus and a broader medial plate ( Fig. 6B ) compared to A. angelicus ( Fig. 6A ).

Male A. subtilior are very similar to those of A. texanus , but they can be separated by the dark mark on the posterior face of the hind tibia and the genitalia. Specifically, A. subtilior have a smaller dark mark on the rear face of the hind tibia, which ranges from totally absent ( Fig. 5D ) to taking up the apical half of the tibia ( Fig. 5H ), and in cases where the dark mark takes up half the tibia, it ends rather abruptly. In contrast, A. texanus has a larger dark mark, taking up at least half of the posterior face of the hind tibia, and the basal portion is generally more narrowed and attenuated rather than abruptly ending ( Fig. 5J ). The genitalia of A. subtilior and A. texanus are very similar, but they can be separated principally by the shape of the basal stylus: in A. subtilior the basal stylus extends laterally with the end relatively abruptly turned up towards the apex ( Fig. 6E , black arrow), whereas in A. texanus the basal stylus is more evenly curving and is distinctly closer to the medial plate ( Fig. 6D , black arrow).

Material examined

CANADA – BRITISH COLUMBIA • Robson : 1 ♂; 12 Sep. 1937; HR Foxlee leg.; UMSP .

USA – CALIFORNIA – Alameda Co. • Oakland : 1 ♂; 29 Aug. 1924; AT Hertig leg.; UMSP . – Berkshire Co. • Monterey : 1 ♂; 25 Sep. 1934; Melander leg.; MCZ; 3 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂; 25 Sep. 1934; AL Melander leg.; MCZ . – Los Angeles Co . • Claremont : 1 ♀; 13 May 1902; collector unknown; MCZ • La Poente : 1 ♀; 24 Mar. 1967; collector unknown; UMSP • La Puente : 1 ♂; 1 Jul. 1968; R Lundberg leg.; UMSP • Middle Ranch, Catalina Island : 1 ♀; 21 Mar. year unknown; WP Cockerell leg.; UMSP • Pasadena : 1 ♀; 24 Mar. 1934; CD Michener leg.; MCZ; 1 ♂; 13 Sep. 1934; CD Michener leg.; Stephanomeria sp. ; MCZ; 2 ♀♀; date unknown; collector unknown; MCZ • San Clemente Island (32.9408 -118.5339): 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; 16Apr. 2018; MD Abemayor leg.; net, Calystegia macrostegia ; UMSP • San Dimas : 1 ♀; 28 Mar. 1960; ROS leg.; UMSP . – Modoc Co. • Goose Lake : 1 ♀; date unknown; Holleman leg.; MCZ . – Monterey Co. • Pacific Grove : 2 ♀♀; date unknown; Mann leg.; MCZ . – Orange Co. • Laguna Beach : 1 ♀; 16 Aug. 1979; Wheeler leg.; MCZ . – Riverside Co. • Elsinore : 1 ♀, 4 ♂♂; 24 Aug. 1962; HE Evans leg.; MCZ • Riverside : 1 ♀, 1 ♂; 21 Jul. 1936; AE Pritchard leg.; UMSP . – San Bernardino Co . • Colton : 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; date unknown; FA Eddy leg.; MCZ • Redlands : 1 ♀; date unknown; N Banks leg.; MCZ . – San Diego Co . • Anza Borrego (33.108 -116.4976): 4 ♀♀; 23 Mar. 2012; KJ Hung leg.; Blue bowl trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 20 Apr. 2013; Hung, Borchers, Lee leg.; white bowl trap; UMSP • Anza Borrego (33.1369 -116.3796): 1 ♀; 23 Mar. 2013; KJ Hung leg.; white bowl trap; UMSP • Ced. Rid. pk (32.7219 -117.1186): 4 ♀♀; 26 Apr. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 3 Jun. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP; 1 ♂; 15 Jul. 2022; JL Mullins leg.; net, Isocoma menziesii ; UMSP • Coronado (32.6398 -117.1423): 1 ♀; 14 Aug. 2013; KJ Hung leg.; net; UMSP • Coronado (32.6864 -117.1904): 1 ♀; 14 Aug. 2013; KJ Hung leg.; net, Helianthus sp. ; UMSP • Cuyamaca Rancho (32.9169 -116.5715): 2 ♂♂; 13 Sep. 2013; KJ Hung, Japaacha leg.; net, Corethrogyne filaginifolia ; UMSP • Cuyamaca Rancho (32.9236 -116.5658): 2 ♀♀; 27 May 2013; Hung, Borchers, Lee leg.; white bowl trap; UMSP • Cuyamaca Rancho (32.9731 -116.5772): 1 ♀; 27 May 2013; Hung, Borchers, Lee leg.; yellow bowl trap; UMSP • Governor Dr. (32.8555 -117.1883): 2 ♀♀; 26 Apr. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 12 May 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP; 1 ♂; 26 May 2022; JL Mullins leg.; white bowl; UMSP; 1 ♂; 26 May 2022; T Le leg.; fluorescent blue bowl; UMSP • Jacumba : 1 ♂; 12 Aug. 1917; Wheeler leg.; MCZ; 1 ♂; 12 Aug. 1917; J Bequaert leg.; Eriogonum fasciculatum ; MCZ • La Jolla (32.9237 -117.2584): 1 ♂; 2 Aug. 2013; KE Borchers leg.; net, Cordylanthus rigidus ; UMSP; 1 ♀, 1 ♂; 2 Aug. 2013; KJ Hung leg.; net, Stephanomeria sp. ; UMSP • Mission Tr. (32.8346 -117.0751): 1 ♂; 9 May 2022; B Spencer leg.; fluorescent blue bowl; UMSP • SD NWR (32.7319 -116.9557): 1 ♀; 2 May 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP • San Diego (32.7201 -117.0778): 1 ♂; 15 Jun. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP • San Diego (32.7922 -117.0605): 1 ♂; 1 Jun. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP • San Diego (32.822 -117.0755): 1 ♂; 12 Jul. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP • San Diego (32.8346 -117.0751): 1 ♂; 11 May 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP; 1 ♂; 2 Jun. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP • San Diego (32.8928 -117.0916): 1 ♀; 21 Apr. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 23 Jun. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP; 1 ♂; 14 Jul. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP • San Diego (32.8996 -117.0752): 1 ♂; 13 May 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP; 1 ♂; 14 Jul. 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP • Spring Valley (32.7274 -116.94): 2 ♀♀; 2 May 2016; K Hung, A Lee leg.; fluorescent bowl trap; UMSP • Warren’s : 1 ♀; 14 Aug. 1917; Wheeler leg.; MCZ . – San Luis Obispo Co . • Miles : 3 ♂♂; 11 Jul. 1936; AE Pritchard leg.; UMSP • Pao Robles : 1 ♀; 26 Sep. 1926; AL Melander leg.; MCZ . – Santa Barbara Co . • San Clemente Island : 1 ♀; 10 May 1939; Cockerell leg.; MCZ; 1 ♀; May 1939; JT Scott leg.; MCZ • San Miguel Island : 1 ♀; 3 May year unknown; Cockerell leg.; MCZ; 1 ♀; 3 May year unknown; WP Cockerell leg.; MCZ • San Rosa Island : 2 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Cruz Island : 1 ♀, 1 ♂; 4 Jun. 2011; collector unknown; UMSP; 1 ♀, 1 ♂; 6 Jun. 2011; collector unknown; UMSP; 6 ♀♀; 11 Sep. 2011; collector unknown; UMSP • Santa Cruz Island (33.9866 -119.6695): 1 ♀; 6 Sep. 2012; collector unknown; UMSP • Santa Cruz Island (33.9908 -119.6786): 1 ♀; 24 Apr. 2012; collector unknown; UMSP • Santa Cruz Island (33.9998 -119.7277): 1 ♀; 4 Jun. 2012; collector unknown; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Black Mountain (33.9791 -120.0794): 4 ♀♀; 8 Jun. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Black Mountain (33.9792 -120.07942): 3 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 6 ♀♀; 22 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Black Mountain (33.98157 -120.07454): 2 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2017; S Calloway, D Knapp leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.9442 -120.1176): 19 ♀♀; 6 Jun. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.9442 -120.1177): 17 ♀♀; 29 Mar. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.94424 -120.11773): 52 ♀♀; 2 Jun. 2017; D Knapp leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.9452 -120.1164): 27 ♀♀; 29 Mar. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.94524 -120.11646): 24 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.94567 -120.1179): 7 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.9457 -120.1178): 3 ♀♀; 4 Jun. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.9457 -120.1179): 8 ♀♀; 29 Mar. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.946 -120.1087): 2 ♀♀; 29 Mar. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 3 ♀♀; 4 Jun. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pitfall traps; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.94602 -120.10871): 2 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.94721 -120.11671): 11 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; 21 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.9479 -120.1105): 5 ♀♀; 29 Mar. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 39 ♀♀; 4 Jun. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 8 ♀♀; 6 Jun. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.948 -120.1107): 5 ♀♀; 29 Mar. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.94808 -120.1107): 15 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.94916 -120.10148): 43 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂; 21 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 6 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2017; S Calloway, D Knapp leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.9495 -120.1043): 40 ♀♀; 29 Mar. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 12 ♀♀; 8 Jun. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.94959 -120.10439): 25 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2017; S Calloway, D Knapp leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.951 -120.1091): 11 ♀♀; 8 Jun. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.9511 -120.1007): 20 ♀♀; 29 Mar. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 13 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂; 8 Jun. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.9511 -120.1092): 1 ♀; 29 Mar. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.95116 -120.10071): 60 ♀♀, 1 ♂; 21 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.95116 -120.10922): 11 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2017; D Knapp, S Calloway leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 18 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; 21 Jun. 2017; S Calloway, D Knapp leg.; pan trap; UMSP • Santa Rosa Island, Soledad Ridge (33.9513 -120.1007): 21 ♀♀; 29 Mar. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 32 ♀♀; 8 Jun. 2014; R Alarcón leg.; pan trap; UMSP . – Santa Clara Co . • Stanford U: 1 ♂ ( A. californicus paralectotype); 19 Sep. 1898; CT Brues leg.; MCZ; 2 ♂♂; 19 Sep. 1898; collector unknown; MCZ . – Sonoma Co. • Mesa Grande : 1 ♀; Jul. 1908; N Banks leg.; MCZ . – Stanislaus Co . • Modesto : 1 ♀; Jun. 1939; WC Cook leg.; light trap; UMSP . – COLORADO – Fremont Co . • Swissvale : 1 ♀; 17 Jun. year unknown; M Steele leg.; MCZ . – Jefferson Co. • Clear Creek : 1 ♂; date unknown; Oslar leg.; MCZ . – CONNECTICUT – Litchfield Co. • Colebrook : 1 ♂; 19 Aug. 1918; WM Wheeler leg.; MCZ; 1 ♀; 3 Aug. 1922; WM Wheeler leg.; MCZ; 1 ♂; 16 Aug. 1922; WM Wheeler leg.; MCZ . – Tolland Co. • Storrs : 1 ♀; 26 May 1931; collector unknown; MCZ . – ILLINOIS – Carroll Co. • Upper Mississippi River NWR: 1 ♀; day and month unknown 2015; collector unknown; MAPC . – Lee Co. • Nachusa (41.886 -89.3228): 1 ♀; 21 Aug. 2020; J Klostermann leg.; pantrap; NACH . – Rock Island Co. • Rock Island : 1 ♂; date unknown; OW Oestlund leg.; UMSP . – INDIANA – Lake Co . • Indiana Dunes NP , Marquette Trail (41.6111 -87.2365): 1 ♀; 23 Jul. 2019; McGill leg.; B pan; UMSP • Indiana Dunes NP , Miller Woods b/w Lake St. & Grand Blvd (41.6057 -87.2644): 1 ♂; 12 Jul. 2018; McLaughlin leg.; W pan; UMSP . – MASSACHUSETTS – Middlesex Co. • Dracut : 1 ♀; date unknown; collector unknown; MCZ • Holliston : 1 ♂; 1 Sep. year unknown; N Banks leg.; MCZ . – Nantucket Co. • Nantucket : 1 ♀; 8 Aug. 1929; CW Johnson leg.; MCZ . – Suffolk Co. • Thomson Island (42.3145 -71.0119): 1 ♂; 30 Aug–7 Sep. 2005; J Rykken leg.; malaise trap; MCZ . – Worcester Co. • Petersham : 1 ♀; 24 Jun. year unknown; CT Brues leg.; MCZ . – MICHIGAN – Alger Co . • Sable Dunes : 2 ♀♀; 7–8 Jul. 1982; M Arduser leg.; malaise trap; MAPC; 3 ♀♀; 9–15 Jul. 1982; M Arduser leg.; malaise trap; MAPC; 2 ♀♀; 16–17 Jul. 1982; M Arduser leg.; malaise trap; MAPC; 1 ♀; 17–22 Jul. 1982; M Arduser leg.; malaise trap; MAPC; 1 ♀; 23–28 Jul. 1982; M Arduser leg.; malaise trap; MAPC . – Dickinson Co. • 5 mi. E Turner: 1 ♂; 16 Aug. 1983; M Arduser leg.; net, Centaurea maculosa ; MAPC; 1 ♂; 16 Aug. 1983; M Arduser leg.; net, Helianthus maximilliani ; MAPC . – MINNESOTA – Anoka Co. • Bunker Hills Reg. Park (45.2176 -93.2899): 1 ♂; 8 Aug. 2016; J Garnder leg.; bowl trap; CNBL • Bunker Hills Regional Park (45.2037 -93.2792): 2 ♀♀; 29 Apr. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 23 ♀♀; 21 May 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 8 Jun. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 1 Jul. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 2 ♀♀; 3 May 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL; 3 ♀♀; 19 May 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 8 Jun. 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Bunker Hills Regional Park (45.2105 -93.2877): 1 ♀; 29 Apr. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 58 ♀♀; 21 May 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 20 Jul. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 19 May 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 8 Jun. 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♂; 31 Aug. 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Bunker Hills Regional Park (45.2165 -93.2909): 1 ♂; 10 Aug. 2015; J Gardner leg.; net, Helianthus pauciflorus ; CNBL • Bunker Hills Regional Park (45.2176 -93.2899): 1 ♀; 29 Apr. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 25 ♀♀; 21 May 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 18 ♀♀; 8 Jun. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 2 ♀♀; 1 Jul. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 3 ♀♀; 10 Aug. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; 3 Sep. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 3 ♀♀; 3 May 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL; 8 ♀♀; 19 May 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 2 ♀♀; 8 Jun. 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀, 1 ♂; 8 Aug. 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL • Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (45.3978 -93.1592): 1 ♀; 12 Jun. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 3 Jul. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 3 ♀♀; 6 May 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 2 ♀♀; 19 May 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL; 3 ♀♀; 9 Jun. 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 21 Jun. 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (45.40267 -93.164): 1 ♀; 4 May 2015; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (45.4029 -93.1993): 1 ♀; 22 May 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 12 Jun. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 6 May 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 19 May 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (45.43096 -93.1894): 2 ♀♀; 4 May 2015; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (45.4323 -93.1894): 3 ♀♀; 22 May 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL • Cedar Creek Natural History Area : 1 ♀; 24 Sep. 1990; collector unknown; UMSP • Lino Lakes : 1 ♀; 2 Jul. 1969; MJ Woloch leg.; net, daisies; UMSP • Rum River Central Regional Park (45.3003 -93.3826): 1 ♂; 1 Sep. 2016; J Gardner leg.; net, Cirsium vulgare ; CNBL . – Becker Co . • (47.03367 -96.0814): 3 ♀♀; 6 Jun. 2017; A Waananen leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 8 Jun. 2017; R Tucker leg.; net, Zizia aurea ; UMSP; 8 ♀♀; 4 Jul. 2017; I Lane leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 25 Jul. 2017; S Marconie leg.; bowl; UMSP • Heliksen WPA (47.07929 -96.0579): 1 ♀; 4 Jul. 2017; M Gullickson leg.; bowl; UMSP . – Big Stone Co . • (45.30653 -96.2874): 1 ♀; 9 Jun. 2017; C Herron-Sweet leg.; blue vane; UMSP; 1 ♀; 9 Jun. 2017; S Marconie leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 5 Jul. 2017; A Waananen leg.; net, Dalea purpurea ; UMSP; 1 ♀; 6 Jul. 2017; I Lane leg.; bowl; UMSP • Larson Slough WPA (45.3612 -96.3119): 2 ♀♀; 3 Jun. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP • Ortonville : 1 ♂; 11 Sep. 1935; HS Telford leg.; UMSP • Schellberg Prairie Bank (45.32595 -96.3714): 1 ♀; 30 Aug. 2018; M Rancour leg.; bowl; UMSP . – Brown Co. • (44.2114 -94.542): 2 ♀♀; 13 Jun. 2019; SG leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 8 Jul. 2019; MK, ED leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (44.2936 -94.6332): 1 ♀; 8 Jul. 2019; MK, ED leg.; bee bowls; CNBL . – Chisago Co. • Pleasant Vly Orchard (45.3533 -92.7523): 1 ♀; 9 Jun. 2015; K Foord leg.; UMSP . – Clay Co. • (46.64058 -96.2578): 1 ♀; 1 Jun. 2017; R Tucker leg.; bowl; UMSP • (46.64143 -96.4625): 2 ♂♂; 12 Aug. 2016; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP; 3 ♀♀; 10 Jun. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP • (46.74468 -96.4675): 5 ♀♀; 20 Jun. 2017; I Lane leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 28 Aug. 2017; J Brokaw leg.; net, Ratibida pinnata ; UMSP; 1 ♀; 29 Aug. 2017; I Lane leg.; blue vane; UMSP; 1 ♀; 29 Aug. 2017; I Lane leg.; bowl; UMSP • (46.80157 -96.4056): 1 ♀; 21 Aug. 2017; A Waananen leg.; blue vane; UMSP • Bluestem SNA (46.85422 -96.4723): 13 ♀♀; 2 Jun. 2017; A Waananen leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 22 Jun. 2017; C Herron-Sweet leg.; blue vane; UMSP; 1 ♀; 22 Jun. 2017; C Herron-Sweet leg.; net, Calylophus serrulatus ; UMSP; 2 ♀♀; 28 Jun. 2017; A Waananen leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 21 Jul. 2017; I Lane leg.; bowl; UMSP • Clay County WMA (46.74776 -96.3535): 1 ♀; 14 Jul. 2017; I Lane leg.; bowl; UMSP • Ulen WMA (47.082 -96.3382): 8 ♀♀; 11 Jun. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP . – Cottonwood Co . • (43.9917 -95.218): 1 ♀; 31 May 2019; ED leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 3 ♀♀; 25 Jun. 2019; MK, LN leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (43.99175 -95.2175): 13 ♀♀; 24 Jun. 2021; WB, SM leg.; bee bowl; CNBL • (44.0012 -95.2591): 3 ♀♀; 31 May 2019; CH leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 4 ♀♀; 25 Jun. 2019; LN, MK leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 25 Jun. 2019; MK, LN leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (44.00121 -95.2591): 1 ♀; 3 Jun. 2021; LF, SM leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 3 ♀♀; 24 Jun. 2021; SM, WB leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 2 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2022; WB leg.; bowl; CNBL. – Dakota Co . • Rosemount (44.7036 -93.102): 1 ♀; 8 Jun. 2020; A Coker leg.; vacuum; CNBL. – Douglas Co . • (45.8455 -95.7581): 1 ♀; 16 Jul. 2004; S Pimm, S Wagenius leg.; yellow pan trap; CBG • Staffanson TNC (45.81606 -95.746): 1 ♀; 22 Jun. 2018; M Rancour leg.; net, Heliopsis helianthoides ; UMSP • Staffenson Prairie , 3 mi. NW Kensington: 1 ♀; 5 Jul. 1977; E Ordway, B Goecke leg.; net, Coreopsis palmata ; UMSP; 1 ♀; 13 Sep. 1977; B Goecke leg.; net, Aster novaeangliae ; UMSP; 1 ♀; 30 May 1978; B Goecke leg.; net, Zizia aptera ; UMSP; 1 ♀; 27 Jun. 1979; E Ordway leg.; net, Aster novaeangliea ; UMSP. – Faribault Co . • (43.74105 -93.888): 1 ♀; 15 Jul. 2021; ED leg.; bee bowl; CNBL • (43.7411 -93.8879): 1 ♀; 19 Jul. 2019; LN, ED, MK leg.; bee bowls; CNBL. – Freeborn Co . • 1 ♀; 11 Aug. 1936; E Woolveton leg.; UMSP. – Goodhue Co . • Lake Pepin : 1 ♀; 25 May 1956; Patel leg.; UMSP. – Hennepin Co . • Bauer Dr (45.1905 -93.4204): 1 ♀; 1 Jun. 2015; K Foord leg.; UMSP; 9 ♀♀; 9 Jun. 2015; K Foord leg.; UMSP • Crow Hassan Reserve (45.1846 -93.9283): 1 ♀; 2 Jul. 1991; CC Reed leg.; Achillea millefolium ; CRC; 1 ♀; 9 Sep. 1991; CC Reed leg.; Amorpha canescens ; CRC; 1 ♀; 3 Jun. 1992; CC Reed leg.; CRC; 1 ♀; 6 Jul. 1992; CC Reed leg.; CRC • Eagle Creek (44.7793 -93.3842): 1 ♀; 11 Jun. 1996; CC Reed leg.; Penstemon grandiflorus ; CRC; 2 ♀♀; 13 Jun. 1996; CC Reed leg.; Penstemon grandiflorus ; CRC • East Phillips Comm. Garden (44.958 -93.2502): 3 ♂♂; 8 Aug. 2017; A Irber leg.; sweep net; CNBL; 4 ♂♂; 18 Aug. 2017; A Irber leg.; sweep net; CNBL; 2 ♂♂; 8 Sep. 2017; A Irber leg.; sweep net; CNBL; 1 ♂; 13 Sep. 2017; A Irber leg.; sweep net; CNBL; 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂; 21 Sep. 2017; A Irber leg.; sweep net; CNBL; 2 ♀♀; 1 Jun. 2018; A Irber leg.; net, Allium schoenoprasum ; CNBL; 1 ♀; 5 Jun. 2018; A Irber leg.; net, Brassica rapa ; CNBL; 1 ♀; 5 Jun. 2018; A Irber leg.; net, Glechoma hederacea ; CNBL • Fairview Prk (45.0065 -93.2865): 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 2015; I Lane leg.; vacuum; UMSP • Fairview Prk (45.0076 -93.2864): 1 ♀; 29 Jun. 2015; I Lane leg.; vacuum; UMSP; 1 ♂; 10 Sep. 2015; I Lane leg.; vacuum; UMSP • Hall Prk (44.9948 -93.2887): 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 2015; I Lane leg.; vacuum; UMSP • Hall Prk (44.995 -93.2884): 2 ♂♂; 26 Jun. 2015; I Lane leg.; vacuum; UMSP • Lake Minnetonka : 1 ♀; 14 Jun. 1932; DG Denning leg.; UMSP • Matthews Prk (44.9585 -93.2313): 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 2015; I Lane leg.; vacuum; UMSP; 1 ♂; 25 Aug. 2015; I Lane leg.; vacuum; UMSP • Pollinator Patch 23st Ave S (44.9515 -93.2416): 1 ♀; 27 Jun. 2017; A Irber leg.; sweep net; CNBL; 1 ♂; 8 Sep. 2017; A Irber leg.; sweep net; CNBL • Pollinator Patch 3rd Ave S (44.9601 -93.2502): 1 ♂; 21 Sep. 2017; A Irber leg.; sweep net; CNBL • Windom Prk (45.0124 -93.2355): 1 ♀; 10 Sep. 2015; I Lane leg.; vacuum; UMSP • Windom Prk (45.9585 -93.2313): 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 2015; I Lane leg.; vacuum; UMSP. – Isanti Co . • Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (45.3922 -93.164): 1 ♀; 22 May 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL • Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (45.3922 -93.1643): 9 ♀♀; 22 May 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL • Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (45.4323 -93.1894): 1 ♀; 6 May 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 19 May 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Irving & John Anderson County Park (45.4614 -93.0675): 2 ♀♀; 21 May 2015; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 16 May 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL • Irving & John Anderson County Park (45.462 -93.061): 5 ♀♀; 21 May 2015; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL; 2 ♀♀; 10 Jun. 2015; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Irving & John Anderson County Park (45.4663 -93.0542): 2 ♀♀; 21 May 2015; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL. – Jackson Co . • (43.51976 -94.874): 1 ♀; 17 Jun. 2021; ED leg.; bee bowl; CNBL • Graham Creek WMA (43.7823 -95.4131): 1 ♀; 5 Jun. 2019; ED, LN leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 26 Jun. 2019; LN, SG leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • Graham Creek WMA (43.78235 -95.4131): 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 2021; LF, SM, CHS leg.; bee bowl; CNBL • Sioux Valley WMA (43.51555 -95.2989): 2 ♀♀; 15 Jun. 2021; EB, LS leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 2 ♀♀; 30 Jun. 2022; WB leg.; bowl; CNBL. – Kandiyohi Co. • (45.20311 -95.1528): 1 ♀; 20 Jun. 2017; I Lane leg.; bowl; UMSP • (45.3529 -95.1192): 5 ♀♀; 2 Jun. 2017; C Herron-Sweet leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 20 Jun. 2017; I Lane leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 26 Jun. 2017; R Tucker leg.; net, Cirsium arvense ; UMSP; 1 ♀; 5 Jun. 2018; T Eicholz leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 27 Jun. 2018; G Pardee leg.; net, Trifolium hybridum ; UMSP; 2 ♀♀; 7 Sep. 2018; M Rancour leg.; bowl; UMSP • Brenner Lake WPA (45.40062 -95.2463): 1 ♀; 5 Jun. 2018; S Marconie leg.; bowl; UMSP. – Kittson Co. • 1 ♂; 28 Aug. 1936; DG Denning leg.; UMSP • Lancaster: 2 ♂♂; 26 Aug. 1935; DG Denning leg.; UMSP; 1 ♀; 26 Aug. 1936; DG Denning leg.; UMSP. – Lac qui Parle Co. • Florida Creek WPA (44.86759 -96.2836): 2 ♀♀; 1 Jun. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP. – Lincoln Co. • 1 ♀; 20 Jul. 1936; D Sandager leg.; UMSP. – Lyon Co. • (44.52408 -95.8357): 1 ♀; 10 Jun. 2021; WB, IR leg.; bee bowl; CNBL • (44.5311 -95.8983): 1 ♀; 20 Jun. 2019; MK, CHS leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (44.5639 -95.7592): 1 ♀; 29 Jun. 2019; SG, LN leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (44.564 -95.7593): 2 ♀♀; 9 Jun. 2021; SM, LF leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 30 Jun. 2021; ED leg.; bee bowl; CNBL • Lines WMA (44.58493 -95.635): 1 ♀; 30 Jun. 2021; IR leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 22 Jun. 2022; WL, MM leg.; bowl; CNBL. – Marshall Co. • Argyle : 1 ♂; 26 Aug. 1936; DG Denning leg.; UMSP. – Martin Co. • (43.5495 -94.7961): 1 ♂; 17 Sep. 2019; LF, KF leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • Krahmer WMA (43.69432 -94.6017): 1 ♀; 17 Jun. 2022; WB leg.; bowl; CNBL • Rooney Run WMA (43.6904 -94.692): 1 ♀; 6 Jul. 2019; CHS leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 6 Aug. 2019; SG leg.; bee bowls; CNBL. – Meeker Co. • (44.8927 -94.5042): 1 ♀; 12 Jun. 2020; B Bruninga-Socolar leg.; blue vane; CNBL • (45.0267 -94.5367): 1 ♀; 12 Jun. 2020; B Bruninga-Socolar leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 26 Aug. 2020; B Bruninga-Socolar leg.; blue vane; CNBL. – Mille Lacs Co. • JQ Fruit Farm : 1 ♀; 9 Jun. 2013; K Foord leg.; UMSP; 3 ♀♀; 23 May 2016; K Foord leg.; UMSP. – Murray Co. • (44.0709 -95.5718): 3 ♀♀; 31 May 2019; CHS leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 29 Jun. 2019; ED, MK leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 29 Jun. 2019; MK, ED leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (44.07093 -95.5718): 8 ♀♀; 16 Jun. 2021; CHS, WB leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 16 Jun. 2021; SM, LF leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 2 Jul. 2021; LS, LF leg.; bee bowl; CNBL • (44.0868 -95.7738): 1 ♀; 31 May 2019; KF leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 29 Jun. 2019; MK leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 16 Aug. 2019; CHS leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (44.08854 -95.6725): 1 ♀; 28 Jun. 2022; ED, DPC, WL leg.; bowl; CNBL • (44.15208 -95.8779): 2 ♀♀; 24 Jun. 2021; LS, LF leg.; bee bowl; CNBL • (44.1521 -95.8779): 1 ♀; 29 Jun. 2019; MK leg.; bee bowls; CNBL. – Nobles Co. • (43.5233 -95.7276): 1 ♀; 3 Jun. 2019; ED leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 3 Jun. 2019; LN leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (43.5793 -95.7551): 2 ♀♀; 3 Jun. 2019; CHS leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 4 ♀♀; 3 Jun. 2019; ED leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 3 Jun. 2019; LN leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 10 ♀♀; 25 Jun. 2019; KF, SG leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 11 ♀♀; 15 Jun. 2021; IR, WB leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 13 Jul. 2021; IR, LF leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 5 ♀♀; 16 Jun. 2022; WB leg.; bowl; CNBL; 2 ♀♀; 30 Jun. 2022; MM, LT leg.; bowl; CNBL. – Norman Co. • Halstad : 1 ♂; 31 Aug. 1935; DG Denning leg.; UMSP. – Otter Tail Co. • 2 ♀♀; 15 Jun. 1936; DG Denning leg.; UMSP; 5 ♀♀; 15 Jun. 1936; HS Telford leg.; UMSP. – Polk Co. • 1 ♀; 4 Jul. 1936; DG Denning leg.; UMSP; 3 ♂♂; 14 Aug. 1936; DG Denning leg.; UMSP • Crookston : 1 ♂; 30 Aug. 1936; DG Denning leg.; UMSP; 1 ♀; 20 Jul. 1956; BA Haws leg.; sweet clover; UMSP. – Pope Co. • (45.49639 -95.5788): 2 ♀♀; 15 Jun. 2017; A Waananen leg.; bowl; UMSP • (45.52598 -95.479): 16 ♀♀; 1 Jul. 2016; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP; 7 ♀♀, 1 ♂; 1 Aug. 2016; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP; 5 ♀♀, 1 ♂; 26 Aug. 2016; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP; 151 ♀♀; 5 Jun. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP; 6 ♀♀; 6 Jul. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP • (45.73565 -95.7054): 3 ♀♀; 6 Jun. 2017; S Marconie leg.; bowl; UMSP • Ben Wade WPA (45.74681 -95.5819): 1 ♀; 1 Jul. 2016; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP • Overby WPA (45.50158 -95.3045): 5 ♀♀; 30 Jun. 2016; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP; 66 ♀♀; 4 Jun. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP; 2 ♀♀; 5 Jul. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP. – Ramsey Co. • Bald Eagle-Otter Lake Regional Park (45.1005 -93.0371): 3 ♀♀; 5 Jun. 2015; E Evans leg.; net, Trifolium repens ; CNBL • Bald Eagle-Otter Lake Regional Park (45.10069 -93.0367): 1 ♀; 5 Jun. 2015; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Bald Eagle-Otter Lake Regional Park (45.1184 -93.0061): 1 ♀; 21 Jun. 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL • Bald Eagle-Otter Lake Regional Park (45.1187 -93.0049): 8 ♀♀; 5 Jun. 2015; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Bald Eagle-Otter Lake Regional Park (45.1237 -93.0044): 1 ♀; 29 Jun. 2015; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Battle Creek Regional Park (44.9384 -92.9933): 1 ♀; 8 Jun. 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL • Bunker Hills Regional Park (45.21434 -93.2798): 1 ♀; 24 Jun. 2016; J Gardner leg.; net, Crepis tectorum ; CNBL • Bunker Hills Regional Park (45.21659 -93.2865): 1 ♀; 24 Jun. 2016; J Gardner leg.; net, Crepis tectorum ; CNBL • Long Lake Regional Park : 7 ♀♀; 12 Jun. 1996; CC Reed leg.; Penstemon grandiflorus ; CRC; 4 ♀♀; 13 Jun. 1996; CC Reed leg.; Penstemon grandiflorus ; CRC • Roseville, 3035 Fairview Ave (45.0325 -93.1775): 1 ♀; 26–27 Apr. 2003; Holzenthal leg.; UMSP • Sucker Lake : 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 1952; collector unknown; net; UMSP • University Farm : 1 ♀; 22 May 1960; TM Peters leg.; UMSP. – Redwood Co. • (44.2996 -94.9282): 1 ♀; 7 Sep. 2019; ED leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 7 Oct. 2019; ED leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 7 Nov. 2019; MK leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (44.29963 -94.9282): 1 ♀; 21 Jun. 2022; MM, WL leg.; bowl; CNBL; 2 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2022; WL, MM leg.; bowl; CNBL • (44.58255 -95.21): 1 ♀; 23 Jun. 2022; WL, MM leg.; bowl; CNBL. – Rock Co. • 1 ♀; 19 Jun. 1938; Nicholson-Pederson leg.; UMSP • Blue Mounds State Park: 1 ♀; 27 Jun. 1973; EF Cook leg.; Malaise trap; UMSP. – Sherburne Co. • Becker City Park (45.4171 -93.8964): 1 ♀; 29 Apr. 2015; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge (45.46477 -93.6744): 3 ♀♀; 5 May 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 10 Jun. 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge (45.49192 -93.6968): 1 ♀; 5 May 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 10 Jun. 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL. – Stearns Co. • St Cloud : 1 ♀; 10 Aug. 1970; collector unknown; UMSP • State College, St. Cloud : 1 ♀; 1 Oct. 1965; collector unknown; UMSP. – Stevens Co. • Coleman Prairie , 4 mi. SE Morris: 1 ♀; 2 Jul. 1916; E Ordway leg.; UMSP • Fults WPA (45.66481 -95.9795): 1 ♀; 30 Jun. 2016; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP • John Freeman WMA (45.46111 -95.9681): 1 ♀; 22 May 2018; G Pardee leg.; net, Taraxacum officinale ; UMSP; 1 ♀; 7 Jun. 2018; I Lane leg.; bowl; UMSP. – Swift Co. • (45.20793 -95.949): 2 ♀♀; 7 May 2018; A Ritchie leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 31 May 2018; S Marconie leg.; net, Erigeron philadelphicus ; UMSP; 6 ♀♀; 1 Jun. 2018; G Pardee leg.; blue vane; UMSP; 4 ♀♀; 1 Jun. 2018; M Rancour leg.; bowl; UMSP; 5 ♀♀; 20 Jun. 2018; I Lane leg.; blue vane; UMSP; 5 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2018; T Eicholz leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 22 Aug. 2018; I Lane leg.; bowl; UMSP • (45.27196 -96.0645): 1 ♀; 6 Jul. 2017; M Gullickson leg.; bowl; UMSP • Bengtson WPA (45.25929 -95.2977): 3 ♀♀; 1 Jun. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP • Rice WPA (45.34487 -95.3201): 1 ♀; 26 Jun. 2016; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP; 1 ♀; 2 Jul. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP. – Todd Co. • (46.3465 -94.8796): 1 ♂; 3 Sep. 2019; M Dutta, D Harder leg.; bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 12 Jun. 2020; B Bruninga-Socolar leg.; blue vane; CNBL; 2 ♂♂; 4 Sep. 2020; B Bruninga-Socolar leg.; blue vane; CNBL. – Wadena Co. • potato field margin (46.4638 -95.0446): 1 ♀; 25 Jun. 2019; E Middleton leg.; UMSP. – Washington Co. • Belwin Conservancy (44.924 -92.79): 1 ♀; 14 Aug. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL • Belwin Conservancy (44.9357 -92.8): 2 ♀♀; 12 Jun. 1995; CC Reed leg.; Penstemon grandiflorus ; CRC • Belwin Conservancy (44.9493 -92.791): 1 ♀; 7 Jun. 2016; E Evans leg.; bowl; CNBL • Belwin Conservancy (44.9502 -92.791): 1 ♀; 4 Sep. 2015; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL • St Croix Savannah SNA (44.9953 -92.7785): 1 ♀; 9 Jun. 2015; J Gardner leg.; net, Potentilla recta ; CNBL • St Croix Savannah SNA (44.9953 -92.7801): 1 ♀; 9 Jun. 2015; J Gardner leg.; net, Hesperis matrionalis ; CNBL • St Croix Savannah SNA (44.9957 -92.7826): 1 ♀; 14 Aug. 2016; J Gardner leg.; bowl; CNBL. – Watonwan Co. • (43.896 -94.6232): 1 ♀; 24 Jul. 2019; SG, LN leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (44.0514 -94.5258): 1 ♀; day and month unknown 2019; SG leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 1 Aug. 2019; KF leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; 29 Aug. 2019; RM, LF, KF leg.; bee bowls; CNBL; 1 ♀; day and month unknown 2019; LN leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (44.05143 -94.5259): 3 ♀♀; 17 Jun. 2021; SM, LF leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 1 ♀; 8 Jul. 2021; ED leg.; bee bowl; CNBL; 9 ♀♀; 21 Jun. 2022; MM, WL leg.; bowl; CNBL. – Wedena Co. • Sabeka : 1 ♂; 9 Aug. 1935; CE Mickel leg.; UMSP. – Wilkin Co. • Rice SNA (46.58837 -96.368): 1 ♀; 1 Jun. 2017; C Herron-Sweet leg.; bowl; UMSP; 1 ♀; 20 Jun. 2017; M Gullickson leg.; bowl; UMSP • Rothsay WMA (46.51869 -96.3758): 2 ♀♀; 9 Jun. 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP. – Wright Co. • Strawberry Basket (45.3345 -93.882): 2 ♀♀; 19 Jun. 2013; K Foord leg.; UMSP; 5 ♀♀; 3 Jun. 2014; K Foord leg.; UMSP; 5 ♀♀; 10 Jun. 2014; K Foord leg.; UMSP; 7 ♀♀; 23 May 2015; K Foord leg.; UMSP; 8 ♀♀; 9 Jun. 2015; K Foord leg.; UMSP; 5 ♀♀; 19 Jun. 2015; K Foord leg.; UMSP. – Yellow Medicine Co. • (44.685 -96.3092): 2 ♀♀; 29 Jun. 2019; LN, SG leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • (44.68504 -96.3092): 2 ♀♀; 10 Jun. 2021; CHS, LS leg.; bee bowl; CNBL • (44.7072 -96.3972): 1 ♀; 15 May 2017; Pennarola and Leone leg.; UMSP • Archerville WMA (44.6328 -96.3278): 1 ♀; 29 Jun. 2019; SG, LN leg.; bee bowls; CNBL • Archerville WMA (44.63281 -96.3278): 1 ♀; 10 Jun. 2021; EB, ED leg.; bee bowl; CNBL. – MONTANA – Beaverhead Co. • Trapper Creek Rd (45.6373 -112.7581): 3 ♀♀; 2–3 Jul. 2020; Z Pritchard, J Botti leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • Trapper Creek Rd Cabin (45.6381 -112.7584): 2 ♀♀; 2–3 Jul. 2020; Z Pritchard, J Botti leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Big Horn Co. • Tongue River S.P ., 1064 m (45.1062 -106.7924): 1 ♀; 18–19 May 2020; Z Pritchard, KE Behme leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Blaine Co. • BLM land S of Cow Island (47.9226 -109.5174): 1 ♀; 23 Jul–26 Aug. 2021; J Kole, J Wallace leg.; BVT; MTEC • Bagan Rd , 2 mi. S CAN bdr (48.9732 -109.1328): 1 ♀; 18 May–22 Jul. 2021; J Kole, J Rainey leg.; BVT; MTEC • SW of Hays, Hays Rd , 1037 m (47.9364 -108.8867): 1 ♀; 2–3 Aug. 2020; Z Pritchard leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • W Hays; Timber Ridge Rd , 957 m (47.9682 -109.0171): 1 ♀; 2–3 Aug. 2020; Z Pritchard, J Botti leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Carbon Co. • Bobcat Pass Rd , 1289 m (45.0822 -108.8248): 1 ♀; 13–14 Jul. 2020; Z Pritchard, J Botti leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • Bobcat Pass Rd , 1336 m (45.0707 -108.8371): 1 ♀; 13–14 Jul. 2020; Z Pritchard, J Botti leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Daniels Co. • N side of Killenbeck Res (48.8672 -105.7303): 1 ♀; 30–31 Jul. 2020; Z Pritchard, J Botti leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Deer Lodge Co. • Lost Creek Rd (46.1847 -112.9061): 1 ♀; 1 Jul. 2019; Z Pritchard leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • Lost Creek Rd , 1558 m (46.1568 -112.8903): 2 ♀♀; 30 Jun–1 Jul. 2019; Z Pritchard leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Fallon Co. • Rolling Hills Trail (46.4339 -104.1946): 1 ♀; 23–24 Jul. 2020; Z Pritchard leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Jefferson Co. • High Ore Rd (46.2722 -112.2045): 2 ♀♀; 28–29 Jun. 2019; Z Pritchard leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Lake Co. • HWY 28 , 1 mi. W Elmo (47.8217 -114.3899): 2 ♀♀; 8–9 Jun. 2020; J Wallace leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Liberty Co. • Willow ; Creek Rd , Lake Elwell (48.4091 -111.2343): 1 ♀; 14 Jul. 2020; J Wallace leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Madison Co. • Granite Creek Rd (45.3306 -111.9917): 4 ♀♀; 27–28 Jun. 2019; Z Pritchard leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – McCone Co. • 3 mi. down Weldon Rd (47.5197 -105.8095): 1 ♀; 20 Jul. 2020; JR Brower leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • 4 mi. down Weldon Rd (47.5366 -105.812): 1 ♀; 20 Jul. 2020; JR Brower leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • Flat Lake Rec Area (48.0137 -106.364): 1 ♀; day and month unknown 2020; DL Gustafson leg.; MTEC; 1 ♀; 21 Nov. 2020; DL Gustafson leg.; MTEC; 1 ♀; day and month unknown 2020; DL Gustafson leg.; MTEC • Weldon Rd entrance (47.4717 -105.8092): 1 ♀; 20 Jul. 2020; JR Brower leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Petroleum Co. • Arid Shale Pine Forest (47.116 -108.5889): 1 ♀; 20–21 Aug. 2020; C Delphia, J Runyon leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Phillips Co. • Coal Mine Hill Rd (47.7805 -107.4796): 1 ♀; 19 May–22 Jul. 2021; J Kole, J Rainey leg.; BVT; MTEC; 3 ♀♀; 22 Jul–25 Aug. 2021; J Kole, J Wallace leg.; BVT; MTEC • Enrico Lning centr Cmpgrd (47.7425 -107.7802): 1 ♀; 22 Jul–25 Aug. 2021; J Kole, J Wallace leg.; BVT; MTEC • Montana Gulch Campground (47.8987 -108.6304): 1 ♀; 2–3 Aug. 2020; Z Pritchard, J Botti leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • Montana Gulch Campground (47.9004 -108.632): 1 ♀; 2–3 Aug. 2020; Z Pritchard, J Botti leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Powder River Co. • Wilbur Crk Rd , 1064 m (45.5722 -105.9941): 1 ♀; 11 Jul. 2019; Z Pritchard, F Etzler leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Prairie Co. • 2 mi. down Coal Crk Rd (46.8286 -105.257): 2 ♀♀; 7 Jul. 2020; JR Brower leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Ravalli Co. • WARC, 2.6 km NE Corvallis (46.3287 -114.0858): 1 ♀; 21–22 May 2020; K Hubbel leg.; bee bowl; MTEC; 3 ♀♀; 28–29 May 2020; K Hubbel leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Richland Co. • CR.115 sapling clearing (47.5763 -104.2687): 2 ♀♀; 14 Jul. 2020; JR Brower leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Sanders Co. • Big Gulch Rd , 1049 m (47.5279 -114.5617): 2 ♀♀; 8–9 Jun. 2020; J Botti, J Wallace leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Sheridan Co. • 2-Track nr Pond , Westley (48.9322 -104.0764): 1 ♀; 2 Jun. 2020; JR Brower leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Silver Bow Co. • Highland Rd , 1635 m (45.8479 -112.6724): 1 ♀; 6–7 Jul. 2020; Z Pritchard, W Griffiths leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • Soap Gulch Rd , 1722 m (45.681 -112.6586): 1 ♀; 2–3 Jul. 2020; Z Pritchard, J Botti leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • Soap Gulch Rd , 1830 m (45.6946 -112.6391): 1 ♀; 2–3 Jul. 2020; Z Pritchard, J Botti leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Sweet Grass Co. • 0.25 mi. E McLeod (45.6617 -110.1131): 1 ♀; 5 Sep–6 Oct. 2020; MA Ivie, LL Ivie leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Teton Co. • Bellview Road (47.7965 -112.2256): 1 ♀; 21 Jul. 2020; J Wallace leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • Blackleaf Rd , 3 mi. W Bynum (47.9864 -112.3836): 1 ♀; 22–23 Jul. 2019; Z Pritchard, C Fimbel leg.; bee bowl; MTEC • N of Bynum , Hwy 89 , 1224 m (47.9865 -112.3157): 1 ♀; 7 Jul. 2020; J Wallace, MA Ivie leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Toole Co. • Potter Rd (48.6533 -111.932): 1 ♀; 16 Jul. 2020; J Wallace leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Wheatland Co. • 8.5 mi. S Judith Gap, 1385 m (46.5517 -109.7662): 2 ♀♀; 20–21 Aug. 2020; CM Delphia, J Runyon leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – Wibaux Co. • 4 mi. down St Phillip Rd (46.831 -104.1112): 1 ♀; 15–16 Jul. 2020; JR Brower leg.; bee bowl; MTEC. – NEW HAMPSHIRE – Carroll Co. • Wolfeboro : 1 ♂; 20 Aug. 1911; W Reiff leg.; MCZ. – Cheshire Co. • Mt. Monadnock : 1 ♀; date unknown; collector unknown; MCZ. – Coos Co. • Shelburne : 1 ♀; date unknown; collector unknown; MCZ. – NEW MEXICO – San Miguel Co. • Las Vegas, Arroyo Pecos : 1 ♀; date unknown; WP Cockerell leg.; MCZ. – NEW YORK – Albany Co. • 2mi. S. Rensselaerville: 1 ♂; 5 Sep. 1970; HE Evans leg.; MCZ. – NORTH DAKOTA – Barnes Co. • (46.99628 -98.27705): 1 ♂; 11 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; net; UMSP • 10.7 km NE of Rogers (47.11298 -98.06702): 1 ♀; 18 May 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 14 Jun. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♂; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 11.7 km NE of Rogers (47.09531 -98.04099): 1 ♀, 1 ♂; 11 Sep. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 11.7 km NE of Rogers (47.09572 -98.0468): 1 ♀; 14 Aug. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 11.7 km NE of Rogers (47.0962 -98.07721): 2 ♀♀; 13 Jun. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 2012; E Evans leg.; net, Brassicaceae sp.; UMSP; 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 2.2 km NE of Rogers (47.08152 -98.17183): 11 ♀♀; 25 May 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 6 Jul. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 2 Aug. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀, 4 ♂♂; 11 Sep. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 2.2 km NE of Rogers (47.0823 -98.1718): 1 ♀; 13 Jun. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 3.3 NNE of Rogers (47.09591 -98.15093): 2 ♀♀; 26 May 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 10 Sep. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 3.3 NNE of Rogers (47.10305 -98.1933): 1 ♀; 18 May 2011; E Evans leg.; net, Taraxacum ; UMSP; 1 ♀; 13 Jul. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 2012; K Lee, R Rudd leg.; net; UMSP; 1 ♂; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♂; 11 Sep. 2012; R Rudd leg.; net, Grindelia squarrosa ; UMSP • 4.5 km NE of Rogers (47.09616 -98.1509): 1 ♂; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 12 Sep. 2012; J Gardner, K Foord leg.; net, Cirsium ; UMSP • 6.3 km NW of Sandborn (46.9945 -98.257): 3 ♀♀; 18 May 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 3 ♀♀; 14 Jun. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 14 Aug. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 6.6 km NW of Sandborn (46.9794 -98.2916): 3 ♀♀; 14 Jun. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 7.8 km NW of Sandborn (46.97964 -98.28512): 8 ♀♀; 26 May 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 2 ♀♀; 6 Jul. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 2 ♀♀; 11 Sep. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 7.8 km NW of Sandborn (46.994 -98.293): 1 ♀; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 9.5 km NE of Rogers (47.09572 -98.0468): 1 ♀; 13 Jun. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 3 ♀♀; 18 May 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 2 ♀♀; 14 Jun. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 9.5 km NE of Rogers (47.11018 -98.07701): 3 ♀♀; 25 May 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP. – Griggs Co. • 3.5 km SE of Karnak (47.25538 -98.03372): 1 ♀; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP. – Morton Co. • Mandan : 1 ♀; 14 May 1939; HS Telford leg.; UMSP. – Pembina Co. • Pembina : 1 ♀; 9 Jul. 1935; DG Denning leg.; UMSP. – Richland Co . • Wahpeton : 2 ♀♀; 18 May 1939; DG Denning leg.; UMSP. – Stutsman Co. • (47.24218 -98.91154): 1 ♂; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; net; UMSP; 2 ♂♂; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; net, Heterotheca villosa ; UMSP • (47.254 -98.92969): 1 ♀; 12 Jul. 2012; K Pouliquen, M Smart leg.; net; UMSP • (47.25482 -98.94766): 8 ♂♂; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; net; UMSP • (47.25488 -98.9019): 1 ♀; 14 Jun. 2012; J Castro, E Evans leg.; net, Melilotus officinalis ; UMSP • 2.4 km E of Edmunds (47.24819 -98.93286): 3 ♀♀; 26 May 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 6 Jul. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 2 Aug. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 11 Sep. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 2.4 km E of Edmunds (47.25226 -98.9328): 1 ♀; 13 Jun. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 12 Jul. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 22 Apr. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 6 ♀♀; 14 Jun. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 3 ♀♀; 13 Jul. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 4.6 km SE of Edmunds (47.22578 -98.9096): 12 ♀♀; 26 May 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 6 Jul. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 2 ♀♀; 11 Sep. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 4.6 km SE of Edmunds (47.2258 -98.9217): 1 ♀; 13 Jun. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 9 ♀♀; 12 Jul. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 10 Aug. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 14 Jun. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 14 Jun. 2012; J Castro, E Evans leg.; net, Brassica rapa ; UMSP; 3 ♀♀; 14 Aug. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♂; 10 Sep. 2012; E Evans leg.; net; UMSP • 5.6 km SE of Edmunds (47.2259 -98.901): 2 ♀♀; 13 Jun. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 2 ♀♀; 12 Jul. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 10 Aug. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 5 ♀♀; 18 May 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 6 ♀♀; 14 Jun. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♂; 14 Aug. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 6.8 km NE of Pingree (47.18306 -98.81944): 4 ♀♀; 13 Jun. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 6.8 km NE of Pingree (47.18348 -98.82031): 7 ♀♀; 26 May 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 5 ♀♀; 15 Jun. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 8.2 km NE of Pingree (47.1948 -98.8056): 2 ♀♀; 13 Jun. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 13 Jul. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 18 May 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 2 ♀♀; 14 Jun. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 1 ♀; 14 Aug. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 8.2 km NE of Pingree (47.20049 -98.80618): 8 ♀♀; 25 May 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 19 ♀♀; 15 Jun. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 3 ♀♀; 6 Jul. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 7 ♀♀, 1 ♂; 11 Sep. 2010; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP • 8.7 km NE of Pingree (47.1816 -98.7945): 2 ♀♀; 13 Jun. 2011; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP; 15 ♀♀; 14 Jun. 2012; E Evans leg.; pan trap; UMSP. – OHIO – Lucas Co. • Oak Openings Metro Park : 1 ♀; 27 Aug. 1996; M Arduser leg.; MAPC; 1 ♀; 14–16 Jun. 2006; M Arduser leg.; bowls; MAPC. – OREGON – Benton Co. • Corvallis : 1 ♀; Jul. 1896; collector unknown; UMSP; 1 ♀; 15 May 1897; collector unknown; UMSP; 1 ♀; 3 Jun. 1897; collector unknown; UMSP; 1 ♀; Jun. 1897; collector unknown; UMSP. – Multnomah Co. • Portland: 1 ♀; 1 Jul. 1921; MO Nelson leg.; UMSP; 3 ♀♀; day and month unknown 1927; E Walley Jones leg.; UMSP. – Umatilla Co. • Umatilla : 1 ♀; 24 Jun. 1882; collector unknown; MCZ. – RHODE ISLAND – Providence Co. • Providence : 1 ♀; 3 Jun. 1928; B Lewis leg.; MCZ. – SOUTH DAKOTA – Custer Co. • Custer : 2 ♂♂; 15 Aug. 1940; HE Milliron leg.; UMSP. – Fall River Co. • Hot Springs : 2 ♀♀; 4 Aug. 1940; RH Daggy leg.; UMSP. – Jackson Co. • Bad Lands , Cedar Pass : 1 ♂; 14 Aug. 1940; HE Milliron leg.; UMSP. – Jerauld Co. • Wessington Springs : 1 ♀; 13 Jun. 1939; PH Harden leg.; UMSP; 1 ♀; 23 Jun. 1939; P Harden leg.; UMSP; 2 ♀♀; 20 Jun. 1940; DG Denning leg.; UMSP. – Pennington Co. • Sheridan Lake : 3 ♂♂; 10 Sep. 1971; Woods leg.; UMSP. – Unknown Co. • Black Hills : 1 ♀; 15–30 Jun. 1930; F Miller leg.; UMSP. – UTAH – Box Elder Co. • Cedar Hills : 1 ♀; 10 Aug. 1972; GF Knowlton leg.; net, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ; UMSP • Penrose: 1 ♀; 28 May 1963; TK Stodd leg.; UMSP. – Washington Co. • Pinto : 1 ♂; 24 Sep. 1957; GF Knowlton leg.; net, Chrysothamnus sp. ; UMSP. – Weber Co. • Ogden : 2 ♀♀; 3 Oct. 1942; GF Knowlton leg.; net, rabbitbrush; UMSP. – WASHINGTON – Benton Co. • Yakima R. , Lone Tree [Prosser]: 3 ♀♀; 30 Jun. 1882; collector unknown; MCZ. – Chelan Co. • Wenatchee : 1 ♀; 5 Jul. year unknown; Wickham leg.; MCZ. – Kittitas Co. • Yakima R ., Nelson’s : 2 ♀♀; 4–5 Jul. 1882; collector unknown; MCZ. – Whitman Co. • Wawawai : 1 ♂; 6 Sep. 1908; WM Mann leg.; MCZ; 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; date unknown; WM Mann leg.; MCZ. – Yakima Co. • Yakima City: 5 ♀♀; 2–4 Jul. 1882; collector unknown; MCZ. – WISCONSIN – Bayfield Co. • Moquah Barrens State Natural Area (46.6157 -91.3117): 1 ♀; 18 Jun. 2020; E North leg.; UMSP • Moquah Barrens State Natural Area (46.6319 -91.2235): 1 ♀; 22 May 2020; E North leg.; UMSP • Moquah Barrens State Natural Area (46.6533 -91.2743): 1 ♀; 18 Jun. 2020; E North leg.; UMSP. – Burnett Co. • Grantsburg , Johnson Rd : 1 ♂; 27 Jul. 1996; M Sabourin leg.; malaise; UMSP. – Lacrosse Co. • Upper Mississippi River NWR : 2 ♀♀; day and month unknown 2015; collector unknown; MAPC. – Polk Co. • Tewksbury Scientific and Natural Area (45.3031 -92.7311): 1 ♀; 22 Jun. 2018; K Friedrich leg.; vac; CNBL. – WYOMING – Albany Co. • dirt farm , 8 mi. SE Laramie: 1 ♀; 15 Jun. 1974; VJ Tepedino leg.; net, Cryptantha flavoculata ; UMSP • Laramie : 1 ♀; 21 Jun. 1934; BC and VD Christenson leg.; UMSP. – Platte Co. • Glendo : 2 ♀♀; 29 Jun. 1930; G Fairchild leg.; MCZ. – Weston Co. • Clifton : 1 ♀, 1 ♂; 15 Aug. 1940; HE Milliron leg.; UMSP .

Remarks

Agapostemon subtilior has historically been treated as a synonym of A. texanus , and the bulk of what was previously considered A. texanus in the US is now referable to A. subtilior . Agapostemon subtilior was originally described by Cockerell (1898), who correctly determined it was distinct (though he appears to have been comparing it to what is now A. angelicus rather than A. texanus s. s.). However, A. subtilior was synonymized under A. texanus by Sandhouse (1936), and this was followed by subsequent revisers, including Mitchell (1960) and Roberts (1972). Cockerell (1910b), in his brief description of the male, appears to have appropriately associated the sexes, as he mentions the more delicately sculptured metathorax, smaller size, and reduced black marks on the legs.

Some of the extreme variation in coloration and sculpture mentioned by Roberts (1972) was due to his lumping of A. subtilior and A. texanus , though A. subtilior is still a variable species, displaying a relatively broad range of variation in density and shininess of the scutum and the degree of sculpturing of the propodeum. The propodeum in particular is quite variable, and the presence or absence of an inner triangle, which has been given much weight by many previous authors, is too variable to be a reliably useful character for identification. The metallic coloration of the integument (green, blue, or goldengreen) has also been given weight by some workers, but we have found this character to be extremely variable and unreliable as well. We have not been able to examine the type of Agapostemon angelicus idahoensis , but the horizontal ridges on the propodeum described by Michener (1937) is a condition seen occasionally in A. subtilior females.

There is a mildly unsettling amount of variation in the A. subtilior that extend down into southern California (at one point considered a separate species, A. californicus ). Many of these specimens have the propodeal triangle more rugose, as well as having the scutum more densely punctured, to the point where they are hardly doubly-punctate. However, examination of the genitalia of specimens throughout southern California and the Channel Islands reveal no differences between A. subtilior from there and other parts of its range. In addition, though the California females of A. subtilior tend to have the scutum more densely sculptured and the propodeum more coarsely sculptured, there is a fair amount of variation, and the degree of variation is such that many are indistinguishable from specimens of A. subtilior from the midwestern and eastern United States. Therefore, we are considering A. californicus a synonym of A. subtilior .

The type of A. californicus (which we consider a junior synonym of A. subtilior ) has garnered some confusion and was previously considered lost ( Moure & Hurd 1987). This species was described by Crawford (1901) based on multiple specimens from disparate locations in California and Idaho. The females lack the doubly punctate scutum and belong to the species A. femoratus ( Roberts 1972) . Sandhouse (1936) synonymized the male sex with A. texanus s. lat. and did not mention the females. Sandhouse (1936) referenced a lectotype of A. californicus designated by Crawford in the Smithsonian, but according to Moure & Hurd (1987) one was never properly designated by Crawford, and we also have not located any published designation by Crawford. Instead, Cockerell (1927) properly designated the male from Pacific Grove, California as the lectotype, and we have located that specimen in the University of Nebraska State Museum (UNSMe12747) even though Moure & Hurd (1987) had considered the lectotype to be lost. Roberts (1972) incorrectly referenced a female lectotype in the Smithsonian and it is unclear what he was referring to. There is a male specimen deposited in the Smithsonian (USNM ENT00536739), which appears to be the specimen Sandhouse (1936) treated as the lectotype (and presumably the specimen Roberts (1972) considered the type and incorrectly noted the sex); however this, specimen is a paralectotype.

The A. subtilior occurring in the Channel Islands of California deserve special mention. Cockerell (1939b) described two subspecies from the Islands, A. californicus clementinus from San Clemente Island (also occurring in Santa Barbara Island), and A. californicus psammobius from San Miguel Island. Cockerell (1939b) considered the other islands to have forms that matched the mainland species, which was then considered A. californicus . Of particular note, Cockerell (1939b) discussed differences in their genitalia. At this point, ZP has examined approximately 600 specimens of A. subtilior from the Channel Islands, including males and females from San Clemente Island, Santa Rosa Island, Santa Cruz Island, and two females from San Miguel Island. Dissection and examination of the male genitalia from various islands revealed no differences with the mainland form. The San Clemente specimens are bluer and somewhat larger, but dissection of the genitalia of two males from the island revealed no differences from typical A. subtilior , and there were no other morphological differences found in other important characters such as the sculpturing of the body and shape and size of the hind leg segments. As a result, we consider all forms from the Channel Islands to be synonyms of A. subtilior . However, additional data, such as genetic data, may require that this question be revisited in the future.

Ecology

The nesting biology of A. subtilior has not been investigated, though it is a solitary ground-nester. The species is polylectic.

Distribution

Agapostemon subtilior is a widespread species that ranges from coast to coast across the northern and central US, and it extends down further south in the western US, especially in California, where we have confirmed it as far south as the border of Mexico. The distribution is surprisingly similar to that of Bombus fervidus (Fabricius, 1798) s. lat. (i.e., B. fervidus + B. californicus Smith, 1854 ). Agapostemon subtilior extends further south in the eastern US along the Appalachian Mountains ( Roberts 1972), but we have not had the opportunity to examine those specimens (recent records from further southeast, such as Florida, all appear to be georeferencing errors or misidentifications). We have confirmed specimens from: CA, CO, CT, IA, IL, IN, MA, MI, MN, MT, ND, NH, NM, NY, OH, OR, RI, SD, UT, WA, WI and WY. Agapostemon subtilior appears to be a common species throughout most of its range.

Figures

Fig. 1. Genal striae of females. A. Agapostemon angelicus Cockerell, 1924. B. A. subtilior Cockerell, 1898. C. A. texanusCresson, 1872 s. s. D. Zoomed-in view ofA. texanuss. s. striae, image of paralectotype (MCZENT548), provided by Zoe Flores and Crystal Maier of the MCZ. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 2. Comparison of Agapostemon angelicus Cockerell, 1924 and A. subtilior Cockerell, 1898, female head and clypeus. A. A. angelicus, face. B. A. angelicus, apex of clypeus. C. A. subtilior, face. D. A. subtilior, apex of clypeus. Scale bars: A, C = 1 mm; B, D = 500 µm.

Fig. 3. Thorax of Agapostemon angelicus Cockerell, 1924 and A. subtilior Cockerell, 1898, females. A. A. angelicus, propodeum. B. A. subtilior, propodeum. C. A. angelicus, side. D. A. subtilior, side. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 4. Female metasoma comparison. A. Agapostemon angelicus Cockerell, 1924. B. A. subtilior Cockerell, 1898. C. A. texanus Cresson, 1872 s. s. D. A. angelicus, T1 and T2, with red arrow pointing to lateral areas basal to premarginal line with denser punctures. E. A. subtilior, T1 and T2, with red arrow pointing to area of sparser punctures. F. A. texanus s. s., T1 and T2, with red arrow pointing to area of denser punctures. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 5. Male hind legs. A. Agapostemon angelicus Cockerell, 1924, anterior view. B. A. angelicus, posterior view. C. A. subtilior Cockerell, 1898, lightest color, anterior view. D. A. subtilior, lightest color, posterior view. E. A. subtilior, anterior view. F. A. subtilior, posterior view. G. A. subtilior, dark, anterior view. H. A. subtilior, dark, posterior view. I. A. texanus Cresson, 1872, anterior view. J. A. texanus, posterior view. K. A. angelicus, basitarsus. L. A. subtilior, basitarsus. M. A. texanus, basitarsus. Scale bars: A–J = 1 mm; K–M = 500 µm.

Fig. 6. Apical view of male genitalia. A. Agapostemon angelicus Cockerell, 1924. B. A. subtilior Cockerell, 1898. C. A. texanus Cresson, 1872 s. s. D. A. texanus s. s., zoomed in with black arrow pointing to more evenly curved lower stylus. E. A. subtilior zoomed in with black arrow pointing to more laterally extending lower stylus. Scale bars: 500 µm.

Fig. 7. Range maps of specimens examined by the authors. A. Agapostemon angelicus Cockerell, 1924. B. A. subtilior Cockerell, 1898.

Fig. 8. Range maps of specimens examined by the authors. A. Agapostemon texanus Cresson, 1872 s. s. B. Distribution of A. angelicus Cockerell, 1924 in Minnesota. C. Distribution of A. subtilior Cockerell, 1898 in Minnesota. D. Distribution of A. texanus s. s. in Minnesota.

Fig. 9. Agapostemon subtilior Cockerell, 1898, neotype, female (UCMC0000005). A. Dorsal view of head and thorax. B. Propodeum. C. Lateral view with inset of labels. Images provided by Bekka Shupe and Virginia Scott (UCMC).