Achilia bicornis Jeannel, 1962

Sabella, Giorgio, Cuccodoro, Giulio & Kurbatov, Sergey A., 2020, A revision of the Chilean Brachyglutini - Part 6. Revision of Achilia Reitter, 1890: A. grandiceps, A. valdiviensis, and A. bicornis species groups (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae), Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (1), pp. 129-156 : 147-155

Achilia bicornis Jeannel, 1962

Figs 9-11 , 20-21 , 36 , 50 , 79-82 , 84

Achilia bicornis Jeannel, 1962: 419 , figs 179 (head), 180 (aedeagus).

Achilia simpsoni Franz, 1996: 121 , fig. 73 (aedeagus) (syn. nov.).

Type material (42 ex.): SOUTHERN CHILE: Región Los Lagos: Chiloé prov.: MHNS; 1 ♂ (holotype); labels verbatim “Type / Chepu, 02.X.1958, G. Kuschel / Achillia bicornis / bicornis (handwritten by Jeannel) / CHILE, M.N.H.N., Typo, n. 1802” . – MNHN; 4 ♂ and 5 ♀ (paratypes); labels verbatim “Paratype / Chepu, 02.X.1958, G. Kuschel / A. bicornis (handwritten by Jeannel)” . – MNHN; 2 ♂ and 8 ♀ (paratypes); labels verbatim “Paratype / Chepu, 04.X.1958, G. Kuschel ” . – MNHN; 2 ♀ (paratypes); labels verbatim “ Paratype / Chepu, 13.X.1958, G. Kuschel ” . – MNHN; 2 ♀ (paratypes); labels verbatim “ Paratype / Chepu, 15.X.1958, G. Kuschel ” . – MNHN; 1 ♂ and 8 ♀ (paratypes); labels verbatim “ Paratype / Chepu, 16.X.1958, G. Kuschel ” . – MNHN; 1 ♂ and 3 ♀ (paratypes); labels verbatim “ Paratype / Chepu, 17.X.1958, G. Kuschel ” . – Región Aysén: Coyhaique prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂ (holotype of A. simpsoni ); labels verbatim “ Rio Simpson Natural Park , H. Franz / Holotype / Achilia simpsoni (handwritten by Franz)” . – NHMW; 1 ♂ and 3 ♀ (paratypes of A. simpsoni ); labels verbatim “ Rio Simpson Natural Park , H. Franz / Paratype / Achilia simpsoni (handwritten by Franz)” .

Additional material examined (1514 ex.): SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL CHILE: – Región Aysén: Aysén prov.: NHMW; 23 ♂ and 38 ♀; Rio Simpson National Park ; H. Franz. – MHNG; 1 ♂; same data. – FMNH ( FMHD #85-953 , # 85-70 ); 1 ♂; 15 km S Las Juntas, 30 km N Puyuhuapi; 30.XII.1984 / 29.I.1985; FIT Nothofagus forest ; S. & J. Peck. – MHNG; 9 ♂ and 5 ♀; same data . – MHNG; 4 ♂ and 16 ♀; 30 km N Puyuhuapi; 100 m; 29.I.1985; site 107 , sifted moss on logs; S. & J. Peck . – MHNG; 21 ♂ and 33 ♀; 34 km W Puerto Aysén, San Sebastian ; 150 m; 24.I.1985; site 103, cliff base , mixed forest and bamboo litter; S. & J. Peck . – FMNH ( FMHD #85-986, #85-103); 6 ♂ and 2 ♀; same data . – FMNH ( FMHD #85-988, #85-105); 2 ♂; 33 km E Puerto Aysén, Rio Simpson National Park ; 70 m; 26.I.1985; forest sifted leaf and stick litter; S. & J. Peck . – MHNG; 28 ♂ and 35 ♀; same data, but 26.I.1985; forest sifted moss on stumps . – MHNG; 5 ♀; Puerto Chacabuco ; 18.VIII.1976; T. Cekalovic . – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 3 ♀; Cisnes Media ; 06.II.1983; T. Cekalovic . – MHNG; 2 ♂; Cisnes to Las Juntas ; 30. XII.1984; forest and pasture, car netting; S. & J. Peck . – MHNG; 1 ♂; 16 km NW Cisnes Medio, Río Grande ; 200 m; 30.XII.1984 - 28.I.1985; mature beech forest , FIT; S. & J. Peck. – Coyhaique prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂; Umg. Coyhaique ; H. Franz . – MHNG; 1 ♂; 10 km N of Coyhaique, National Reserve ; 900 m; 23.I.1985; beech forest, mossy, log & leaf litter; S. & J. Peck. – Región Los Lagos: Palena prov.: FMNH ( FMHD #85-65, #85- 65); 2 ♂; 37 km SE Chaitén; 60 m; 28.XII.1984 / 30.I.1985; riverside 2nd forest , FIT; S. & J. Peck . – MHNG; 21 ♂; same data . – FMNH ( FMHD #85-991, #85-108); 2 ♂ and 3 ♀; 4 km NW Chaitén; 10 m; 30.I.1985; mixed forest litter, sooty fungus , berlese, S. & J. Peck . – MHNG; 9 ♂ and 20 ♀; same data; site 108; S. & J. Peck . – FMNH ( FMHD #97-34); 2 ♂; Austral Highway km 89.5 (12.3 km W Homopirén); 41°59.10’S 72° 34.12’W; 10 m; 24.I.1997; site 1004, low secondary valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton & M. Thayer. – Chiloé prov.: MHNS; 2 ♀ (mislabelled as paratypes of A. bicornis n. 1803-1804); Chepu ; 02.X.1958; G. Kuschel . – MHNS; 3 ♂ and 7 ♀ (mislabelled as paratypes of A. bicornis n. 1805-1814); same data, but 04.X.1958 . – MHNS; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ (mislabelled as paratypes of A. bicornis n. 1816-1818); same data, but 16.X.1958 . – MHNS; 4 ♀ (mislabelled as paratypes of A. bicornis n. 1819-1822); same data, but 11.X.1958 . – MHNS; 1 ♂ (mislabelled as paratype of A. bicornis n. 1823); same data, but 16.X.1958 . – MSNG; 1 ♀; Chepu ; 19.II.1991; site TC-275; T. Cekalovic . – MSNG; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀; same data, but 09.II.1999; site TC-580 . – MSNG; 1 ♂; same data, but 26.I.2000; site TC-625 . – MSNG; 1 ♀; same data, but 20.I.2000; site TC-610 . – NHMW; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; Chiloé; H. Franz . – MSNG; 4 ♂ and 1 ♀; Isla Quinchao ; Quetro ; 20.I.1998; T. Cekalovic . – MSNG; 1 ♂; same data, but 12.II.1999; TC-582 . – PHPC; 5 ♂ and 2 ♀; Chiloé Island , Cucao; WDS-T-209; 42° 35’S 74° 05’W; 02.III.2008; litter sifting; W. D. Shepard. – NHMW; 1 ♂ and 3 ♀; Chiloé, San Juan de Chadmo ; H. Franz . – MSNG; 21 ♂; same locality, but 18.I.1998; site TC-555; T. Cekalovic . – MSNG; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Estero Llicaldad ; 19.I.2000; site TC-608; T. Cekalovic . – MHNG; 20 ♂ and 49 ♀; Isla Chiloé, Mocopulli ; 2.II.1983; T. Cekalovic . – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Isla Chiloé, Piruquina ; 19.II.1983; T. Cekalovic . – MHNG; 1 ♂; same data, but 26.II.1976 . – MHNG; 1 ♀; Isla Chiloé , Vilupulli ; 26.II.1976; T. Cekalovic . – MSNG; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; 5 km SW Chonchi, 21.I.1998; site TC-560; T. Cekalovic . – MSNG; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀; same locality; 14.I.1999; T. Cekalovic . – FNHH ( FMHD #97-25); 1 ♂; Miraflores , road to (0.6 km W Hwy 5); 42°46.73’S 73°47.71’W; 130 m; 17.I.1997; site 994, secondary valdivian rainforest , berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH ( FMHD #97-22); 1 ♂ and 2 ♀; SE edge of Tepuhueico ; 42° 48.11’S 73° 55.36’W; 50 m; 15.I.1997; site 992, valdivian rainforest , berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH ( FMHD #97-24); 7 ♂ and 10 ♀; Colonia Yungay road (3.6 km W Hwy 5); 42° 59’S 73° 41’W; 90 m; 17.I.1997; site 995, grazed secondary valdivian rainforest remnants, berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – Llanquihue prov.: MHNS; 4 ♂ and 9 ♀ (mislabelled as paratypes of A. bicornis n. 1829-1838 and 2040-2042); Los Riscos ; 11.IV.1954; G. Kuschel . – MNHN; 3 ♂ and 14 ♀; same data . – MNHN; 4 ♀; Frutillar ; 20.IX.1957; G. Kuschel . – MNHN; 1 ♂; same data, but 25.IX.1957 . – UNHC; 1 ♂; Lago Chapo, 13.5 km E Correntoso; 310 m; 16-27.XII.1982; site 656, valdivian rainforest , flight intercept (windows) trap; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH; 2 ♂; same data . – FMNH ( FMHD #97-16); 12 ♂ and 7 ♀; Lago Chapo, near SE end, km 9.9 on road from Rollizo; 41° 30.63’S 72° 23.98’W; 385 m; 04.I.1997; site 989, valdivian rainforest on steep slope, berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH ( FMHD #97-26); 5 ♂ and 6 ♀; Lago Chapo , 1.2 km N of NW end; 41° 25’S 72° 35’W; 265 m; 19.I.1997; site 996, small secondary Nothofagus dombeyi w/valdivian rainforest understory, berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH ( FMHD #97-27); 2 ♂; 5.4 km N Correntoso, 1 km SW Rio Blanco Bridge; 41° 24’S 72° 38’W; 325 m; 19.I.1997; site 997, secondary valdivian rainforest in damp ravine, berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH ( FMHD #97-37); 1 ♀; Vicente Perez Rosales National Park , SW slope Osorno Volcan , km 6 to La Burbuja; 41° 09.08’S 72° 30.15’W; 925 m; 27.I.1997; site 1006, low Nothofagus dombeyi on lava w/shrubby understory, berlese, litter under leaves, mosses & lichens; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – PCTS; 2 ♂; Lenca, 41° 58’S 72° 57’W; 18.XII.2013; layer litter. – Osorno prov.: NHMW; 2 ♂ and 2 ♀ (1 ♀ sub A. denticornis ); Puyehue National Park , Osorno ; H. Franz . – NHMW; 6 ♂ and 18 ♀ (2 ♂ and 9 ♀ sub A. testacea ; 4 ♂ and 8 ♀ sub A. monstrata and 1 ♀ sub A. denticornis ); Umg. Osorno; H. Franz . – MHNG; 1 ♂; same locality . – MHNG; 2 ♂ and 7 ♀; Puyehue ; 05.II.1979; A. de Chambrier . – MHNG; 3 ♂ and 3 ♀; Pucatrihue, 65 km W Osorno; 40° 28’S 73° 43’W; 150 m; 04.XII.1984; site 21, valdivian rainforest , sifting of moss on dead tree trunks, branches and rocks and of vegetable detritus; D. Burckhardt . – PHPC; 16 ♂ and 44 ♀; Puyehue National Park, 26.2 km E Entre Lagos, near Termas Aguas Calientes ; 460 m; 40° 44.130’S 72° 18.427’W; 09-12.III.2008; sifting litter; H. Wood & C. Griswold . – UNHC; 2 ♂; Puyehue National Park , Aguas Calientes; 440 m; 17-26.XII.1982; valdivian rainforest, at UV light; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH; 2 ♂; same data . – MHNG; 18 ♂ and 52 ♀; Puyehue National Park , Aguas Calientes; 400-500 m; 31.XII.1990 / 1.I.1991; site 25a, sifting of vegetational and alluvial debris, and moss; D. Agosti & D. Burckhardt . – MHNG; 9 ♂ and 3 ♀; Puyehue National Park , Aguas Calientes; 40° 40’S 72° 20’W; 450-600 m; 01-03.XII.1992; site 20b, sifting of moss on dead tree trunks, branches and rocks and vegetational debris; D. Burckhardt . – PCTS; 4 ♂; Aguas Calientes , 40° 74’S 72° 30’W; 13.XII.2013; car net . – PCTS; 22 ♂ and 12 ♀; Aguas Calientes , 40° 74’S 72° 27’W; 14. XII.2013; litter layer . – FMNH ( FMHD #85-928, #85- 43); 1 ♂ and 2 ♀; Puyehue National Park , Aguas Calientes ; 500 m; 20.XII.1984; forest litter on trail, sifting; S. & J. Peck . – MHNG; 4 ♂ and 29 ♀; same data, but Pionero trail ; sifted forest stick litter . – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data, but 20.XII.1984 - 08. II.1985; FIT derumbes forest trail , sifting . – UNHC; 2 ♂ and 2 ♀; Puyehue National Park , 4.1 km E Anticura; 430 m; 19-26.XII.1982; trap site 662, valdivian rainforest; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data . – FMNH; 7 ♂ and 32 ♀; same data, but berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor; vouchers associated with larvae . – FMNH; 2 ♂ and 7 ♀; same data, but window trap 662 . – FMNH ( FMHD # 97-5); 1 ♂ and 6 ♀; Puyehue National Park , 4 km E Anticura; 40° 39.73’S 72° 08.10’W; 460 m; 30.I.1997; site 985-3, valdivian rainforest w/large Saxegothea , flight intercept trap; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH ( FMHD # 97-39); 27 ♂ and 50 ♀; same data, but site 985-3, berlese, leaf & log litter . – FMNH ( FMHD # 97-41); 5 ♂ and 8 ♀; same data, but site 985-1 . – FMNH ( FMHD # 96-250); 12 ♂ and 3 ♀; same data, but 30. XII.1996 / 30.I.1997; site 985-1, valdivian rainforest w/ large Saxegothea , flight intercept trap . – FMNH ( FMHD # 97-4); 1 ♂; same data, but 01-30.I.1997; site 985-2 valdivian rainforest w/large Saxegothea , flight intercept trap . – FMNH ( FMHD # 97-4); 7 ♂ and 7 ♀; same data, but site 985-2, berlese, leaf & log litter . – FMNH ( FMHD #85-925, #85-40); 1 ♂; Puyehue National Park , S of Anticura ; 500 m; 19.XII.1984 / 06. II.1985; mixed forest along river, carrion trap; S. & J. Peck . – FMNH ( FMHD #85-996, #85-113); 1 ♂ and 2 ♀; Puyehue National Park , Anticura Repucura trail ; 500 m; 06.II.1985; forest litter; S. & J. Peck . – MHNG; 20 ♂ and 61 ♀; same data . – MHNG; 2 ♂; same data, but 500 m; 19.XII.1984; site 41, bracket fungi with soft fungi . – UNHC; 1 ♂; Puyehue National Park, Antillanca road; 470 m; 20-25.XII.1982; valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH; 11 ♂ and 46 ♀; same data . – UNHC; 1 ♂; same data, but 470-720 m; 18-24. XII.1982; valdivian rainforest, screen sweeping at dusk . – FMNH; 1 ♂; same data . – FMNH ( FMHD #85-923, #85-38); 1 ♂; same data, but 500-1000 m; 18-20. XII.1984; car netting; S. & J. Peck . – MHNG; 13 ♂; same data . – FMNH ( FMHD #96-244); 1 ♂; Puyehue National Park, Antillanca road, 7.2 km above Aguas Calientes; 40° 45.55’S 72° 17.82’W; 660 m; 29. XII.1996 / 01.II.1997; site 982, valdivian rainforest w/ Saxegothea dominant, dense Chusquea , flight intercept trap; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – UNHC; 1 ♂; Hills S of Maicolpué ; 160 m; 21.XII.1982; 2nd valdivian forest, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH; 1 ♂ and 5 ♀; same data . – FMNH ( FMHD # 96-247); 4 ♂ and 23 ♀; Hills S of Maicolpué ; 40° 36.57’S 73° 44.91’W; 160 m; 30.XII.1996; site 983, disturbed valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH ( FMHD #85-933, #85-48); 1 ♀; 3 km S Maicolpué, Bahia Mansa ; 200 m; 03.II.1985; mixed forest litter; S. & J. Peck . – MHNG; 7 ♀; same data . – MHNG; 28 ♂ and 162 ♀; same data, but 21.XII.1984; mixed forest litter; S. & J. Peck . – FMNH; 1 ♂; Chincay, 10 km E of Bahía Mansa; 50 m; 21.XII.1982; 2nd valdivian forest, berlese, leaf & log litter, forest floor; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – MSNG; 4 ♂ and 4 ♀; Los Ñilques , 13.I.1990; site TC-260; T. Cekalovic . – MSNG; 1 ♀; same data, but 17.I.1998; site TC-553 . – PCVB; 3 ♂ and 1 ♀; same data, but 13.I.1990; site TC-262 . – FMNH ( FMHD #96-248); 1 ♂; 15.1 km W Puaucho; 40° 34.97’S 73° 37.68’W; 50 m; 30.XII.1996; site 984, valdivian rainforest remnant in sm. ravine, w/large ferns, berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton & M. Thayer . – FMNH ( FMHD #2002-90); 9 ♂ and 27 ♀; Puyehue National Park , Ruta 215; km 4.5 of Aduana station ; 40° 40.23’S 72° 05.21’W; 580 m; 19.XII.2002; site 1071, valdivian rainforest, berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton, M. Thayer, D. J. Clarke & M. Chani . – FMNH ( FMHD #2002-083); 2 ♀; Vicente Perez Rosales National Park , SW slope Volcàn Osorno , road to Ref. La Picada ; 41° 01.05’S 72° 32.90’W; 430 m; 16.XII.2002; site 1068, Nothofagus dombeyi w/conifers, berlese, leaf & log litter; A. Newton, A. Solodovnikov & M. Chani . – PCVB; 2 ♂ and 6 ♀; Puente Pescadero , 17.I.1988; site TC-191; T. Cekalovic. – Región Los Ríos: Ranco prov. : MHNG; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; 34 km WNW La Unión, station 36; 700 m; 17.XII.1984; litter mixed evergreen forest; S. & J. Peck . – PCTS; 1 ♂; road to Alerce Costero National Park , 40° 20’S 73° 43’W; 07.XII.2013; car net . – PCTS; 1 ♂; Alerce Costero National Park , 40° 17’S 73° 47’W; 09.XII.2013; layer litter. – Valdivia prov.: NHMW; 3 ♂ and 5 ♀ (all sub A. caracolana unless 1 ♀ sub A. denticornis ); Cordillera de la Costa, Mehuín ; H. Franz . – NHMW; 8 ♂ and 10 ♀; same data . – MHNG; 1 ♂ and 3 ♀; Parque Nacional Alerce Costero , Chaihuín ; 500 m; 15.II.2018; sifting litter; G. Sabella & D. Mifsud . – MHNG; 2 ♀; same data, but 350 m; 16. II.2018; sifting litter . – MHNG; 3 ♂ and 2 ♀; same locality, but 0-100 m; 15.II.2018; forest litter; S. Kurbatov . – JEBC; 1 ♂; Valdivia, Oncol Park , Casa visitas ; 473 m; 39° 42.303’S 73° 18.704’W; 07.I.2007; fogging s/ Nothofagus pumilio ; J.E. Barriga-Tuñón . – PCPH; 4 ♀; Oncol Park, 12 km NW Valdivia, Sendero Bonifacio ; WDS-T-201; 39° 42’S 73° 19’W; 22.II.2008; sifting litter; W. D. Shepard. – Región Araucanía: Cautín prov.: MHNG; 5 ♂ and 24 ♀; Huerquehue National Park ; 800-900 m; 22-24.XII.1990; site 16a, sifting of vegetational debris and moss; D. Agosti & D. Burckhardt . – MHNG; 1 ♀; 15 km NE Villarrica, Flor del Lago ; 500 m; 10.II.1985; log spraying; S. & J. Peck . – PCTS; 6 ♂; Palguin , 39° 43’S 71° 79’W; 05. XII.2013; layer litter . – Malleco prov.: MHNG; 1 ♂; Purén , Contulmo Natural Monument ; 350 m; 11. XII.1984 - 13.II.1985; S. & J. Peck 85-16. – Región Bio-Bio: Concepción prov.: NHMW; 1 ♂; Periquillo ; 29.X.1992 . – MHNG; 2 ♂ and 13 ♀; Pinares ; 18. III.1973; T. Cekalovic .

Description: Body 1.50-1.60 mm long, dark brown with elytra reddish, reddish-brown or sometimes brown, or sometimes entirely brown with darker head; antennae and legs reddish; palpi yellowish. Head wider than long. Pronotum wider than head and wider than long; disc moderately convex; median antebasal fovea slightly smaller than lateral ones; lateral margins with anterior portion distinctly convergent and sinuate anteriorly, posterior portion slightly convergent and not sinuate. Discal elytral stria extending to about elytral midlength. First abdominal tergite with slightly diverging basal striae extending to about one-third of paratergal length, separated at base by about one-third of tergal width.

Male: Head as in Figs 79-82 , with occipital region and posterior portion of frons raised, forming two protuberances that are densely pubescent apically and separated by deep U-shaped median depression; frons with deep and wide transverse furrow crossing at point even with anterior margin of eyes by; lateral margins of furrow posteriorly forming medial apophysis projecting upwards and apically pubescent, anteriorly at middle slightly deflected with gibbosity that is longitudinally oblique, flattened with shiny frontal lobe. Eyes protruding, distinctly longer than convex temples. Antennae ( Figs 20-21 ) quite variable in shape; scape longer than wide, less ( Fig. 20 ) or more ( Fig. 21 ) elongate; pedicel as long as wide ( Fig. 20 ) or longer than wide ( Fig. 21 ); antennomere III about as long as wide; antennomeres IV-V slightly wider than long ( Fig. 20 ), or distinctly transverse ( Fig. 21 ); antennomeres VI-VIII slightly wider than long; antennomeres IX-X wider than long, with denticulate margins and lateral margins protruding; antennomere XI elongate, with denticulate margins, and longer than VII-X combined. Metaventrite deeply excavated on about two-thirds of its surface by large ovoid depression. Mesotrochanters ( Fig. 36 ) with ventral margin bearing long bristle at middle; mesotibiae ( Fig. 50 ) with subapical spur on medial margin, distal half bulging and densely pubescent. First abdominal sternite with slight inverted V-shaped medial depression; following sternites slightly flattened at middle. Aedeagus ( Figs 9-11 ) 0.37-0.38 mm long; with ovoidal dorsal plate, dorsal longitudinal struts divergent. Parameres very wide with very large and long seta on well-developed outer lobe, some spines near apical third of lateral margin and apex pointed and directed backwards; area of outer lobe forming dorsal process variable in shape and directed medially. Copulatory pieces with pair of large and subequal medial sclerites pointed apically.

Female: Similar to male except head not modified, but with two vertexal foveae near eyes (lacking in male), thick and deflected frontal lobe delimited posteriorly by deep transverse furrow crossing entire frons, and eyes smaller and less protruding. Metaventrite, abdominal sternites, and legs unmodified.

Collecting data: Collected from August to April in different types of forests (Notophagus spp. forest, evergreen forest, valdivian rainforest, mature beech forest, low secondary valdivian rainforest, grazed secondary valdivian rainforest remnants, disturbed valdivian rainforest, mixed forest) at elevations ranging from 10 m to 1000 m. Many specimens came from sifted samples of leaf and log litter, also with mosses and lichens on dead trunk, or vegetable detritus, or fungi. A good number of specimens, especially males, have also been collected by flight intercept traps, car netting, window traps, and at UV light.

Distribution: Achilia bicornis is known from southern and central Chile ranging from Aysén Province to Concepción Province ( Fig. 84 : red circle). We have also examined a female from: “Región Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena: Magallanes prov.: MSNG; 1 ♀; Fuerte Bulnes, TC-264; 04.II.1990; T. Cekalovic”, which could be attributed to this species. However, considering that this report would be based only on a female from a region quite distant from the area currently delimited for A. bicornis this placement requires confirmation and we do not take this record into consideration for the distribution map.

Comments: We have examined the types series (holotype and paratypes) of A. simpsoni Franz 1996 , housed in NHMW, and found that the males and females fit perfectly into our definition of A. bicornis Jeannel, 1962 . Therefore, we here place A. simpsoni Franz, 1996 as a junior synonym of A. bicornis Jeannel, 1962 (syn. nov.).

In the original description Jeannel (1962: 421) mentions that this species was described from 50 specimens collected by Kuschel in Chepu on 2.X.1958 and 17.X.1958, and some specimens collected by Holdgate at the same locality on 20.X.1958. However, in the examined collection we did not find any specimens collected by Holdgate, while only 14 specimens of the type series were collected by Kuschel on the dates indicated by Jeannel (i. e. the holotype and 9 paratypes on 2.X.1958 and 4 paratypes on 17.X.1958). Twentythree additional specimens, all housed in MNHN and collected by Kuschel in Chepu and labeled as paratypes, were collected on different dates (i.e. 10 paratypes on 04.X.1958; 2 paratypes on 13.X.1958; 2 paratypes on 15.X.1958; and 9 paratypes 16.X.1958), details most likely overlooked by Jeannel .

The males of this species are easily distinguished from congeners by the peculiar shape of the head ( Figs 79-82 ) and of the aedeagus ( Figs 9-11 ). For the females the thick frontal lobe of the head that is delimited posteriorly by a deep transverse furrow that crosses the anterior part of frons is diagnostic.

Figures

Figs 7-11. Aedeagi (7, 9) and parameres in lateral view (8, 10-11) of Achilia species. (7) A. denticornis. (8) A. denticornis, same specimen. (9) A. bicornis, specimen from Chiloé, Mocopulli. (10) A. bicornis, specimen from Osorno, Bahia Mansa. (11) A. bicornis, specimen from Cautín, Huerquehue National Park.

Figs 17-21. Male antennae (17-18, 20), and variability of the base of antennae (19-21) of Achilia. (17) A. jeanneli n. sp. (18) A. valdiviensis, specimen from Valdivia, Reserva Costera Valdiviana, Chaihuín. (19) A. valdiviensis, specimen from Chiloé, Puente La Caldera. (20) A. bicornis, specimen from Chiloé, Mocopulli. (21) A. bicornis, specimen from Osorno, Bahia Mansa.

Figs 22-36. Male protrochanters (22-28), mesotrochanters and base of mesofemur (29-36) of Achilia. (22, 29) A. grandiceps. (23, 30) A. delamarei. (24, 32) A. jeanneli n. sp. (25, 33) A. franzi n. sp. (26-27, 34) A. elguetai n. sp. (28, 35) A. valdiviensis. (31) A. denticornis. (36) A. bicornis.

Figs 37-50. Male protibiae (37-39) and mesotibiae (40-50) of Achilia. (37, 49) A. elguetai n. sp. (38, 44) A. denticornis. (39) A. vadiviensis. (40-41) A. grandiceps, specimen from: (40) Llanquihue,AlerceAndino National Park, Laguna Triàngulo; (41) Malleco, Purén, Contulmo Natural Monument. (42) A. delamarei. (43) A. valdiviensis. (45-46) A. jeanneli n. sp., specimen from: (45) Malleco, Nahuelbuta National Park, Piedra del Aquila, station 31b; (46) Malleco, Nahuelbuta National Park, Piedra del Aquila, station 10a. (47-48) A. franzi n. sp., specimen from: (47) Llanquihue, Alerce Andino National Park, Laguna Triàngulo; (48) Osorno, Antillanca road. (50) A. bicornis.

Figs 79-82. A. bicornis. Male head in (79) dorsal, (80) lateral, (81) semilateral, and (82) frontal views. Scale bar (200 μm).

Fig. 84. Distribution map of Achilia bicornis and valdiviensis group. (l red circles) A. bicornis. (green squares) A. valdiviensis.