Perca fourcroi La Cepede 1802 Corvina furcroea Perca fourcroi Corvina biloba Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1830 Pachypops biloba Pachyurus furcraeus Corvina furcraea Pachypops furcraeus Pachyurus furcraeus Perca furcraea Pachypops furcraeus Pachyurus natteri Pachyurus nattereri Pachyurus nattereri Steindachner 1863 Pachyurus schomburgkii Pachypops furcraeus Pachyurus furcraeus Pachypops biloba Pachyurus furcraeus Corvina furcraea Pachypops furcraeus Pachypops fourcroi P. cevegei Pachypops furchraeus Taxonomy of the South American genus Pachypops Gill 1861 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Sciaenidae), with the description of a new species. Lilian Casatti Zootaxa 2002 26 1 20 4BTVN Sciaenidae Pachypops CoL Animalia Perciformes 4 Chordata species fourcroi urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A050DA8B-F76A-4765-B21D-2419DB252275 Percidae Perca CoL Animalia Perca fourcroi Lacépède 1802:398, 424 Perciformes 5 Chordata species fourcroi  (Fig. 3)   Perca fourcroi La Cepede1802: 398, 424 (type locality: not stated, but probably Suriname, since according to La Cepede, the material was donated by the Netherlands to France).  Corvina furcroea: Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1830: 111 (based on the holotype of Perca fourcroi).  Corvina biloba Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes 1830: 112 (type locality unknown), Steindachner 1864: 206 (redescription as Pachypops biloba), Steindachner 1879: 12 (synonym of Pachyurus furcraeus).  Corvina furcraea: Steindachner 1863: 165 (junior synonym of Pachypops furcraeus), Steindachner 1879: 12 (synonym of Pachyurus furcraeus).  Perca furcraea: Steindachner 1863: 163 (as Pachypops furcraeus).  Pachyurus natteri: Steindachner 1863: 171, pl. 3 (misspelling of Pachyurus nattereri).  Pachyurus nattereri Steindachner 1863: 174, pl. 3 (type locality: Rio Branco and Rio Negro), Steindachner 1879: 11 (as junior synonym of Pachyurus schomburgkii), Eigenmann 1894: 630 (in listing of South American fishes, as synonym), Jordan and Eigenmann 1889: 412 (review of American Sciaenidae), Campos 1942: 17 (review of Brazilian sciaenid).  Pachypops furcraeus: Steindachner 1863: 165 (redescription based on specimen from Rio Negro, Brazil), Steindachner 1879: 12 (as junior synonym of Pachyurus furcraeus), Jordan and Eigenmann 1889: 413 (in review of American Sciaenidae, valid), Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1891: 67 (listed), Jordan and Evermann 1896: 399 (listed, Guyana), Eigenmann 1910: 468 (listed), Fowler 1914: 277 (listed, Rupununi River), Campos 1942: 18 (in review of Brazilian sciaenid), Boeseman 1948: 367 (listed, Suriname), Travassos and Rego-Barros 1971: 60 (listed, Brazil), Chao 1978: 42 (listed, West Atlantic Sciaenidae), Taphorn et al. 1997: 99 (listed, Venezuela).  Pachypops biloba: Steindachner 1864: 206 (redescription based on two specimens from Suriname).  Pachyurus furcraeus: Steindachner 1879: 12 (as senior synonym of Corvina furcraeaand Pachypops furcraeus).  Pachypops fourcroi: Fowler 1954: 253 (freshwater fishes of Brazil), Lowe-McConnell 1966: 24 (listed, Guyana), Aguilera 1987: 91 (soft anatomy), Cervigon1982: 238 (comparison with P. cevegei).  Pachypops furchraeus: Ferreira et al. 1998: 146 (key, commercial fishes of Santarem, Brazil).  Non-type (193 specimens). - Venezuela: Bolivar: RioOrinoco, close to mouth of RioCaura, 7º38’N 64º52’W, ANSP 160329(2, 82.8-90.2);  RioCano, in the confluence of RioCaura with RioOrinoco, 7º37’N 64º50’W, ANSP163025 (2, 88.5-102.8);  RioOrinoco, CAS156590 (SU 56590) (1, 59.9);  RioOrinoco, Delta Amacuro, 8º41’N 62º03’W, USNM233770 (1, 36.7); Lago Tineo Anzoategui, 8º11’N 6º28’W, ANSP166482 (1, 163.4);  RioOrinoco, close to mouth of canoYagual, 3º33’N 66º47’W, ANSP162850 (1, 83.5);  RioOrinoco, 3º10’N 65º33’W, ANSP162855 (2[3], 45.5-53.4);  RioOrinoco, Santa Barbara, CAS14873 (SU 48673) (2, 39.8-44.1). -  Amazonas: RioNegro, CAS148668 (4[6], 40.4-61.2);  RioNegro, mouth of RioCasiquiare, CAS148671 (2[9], 43.3-43.9);  RioVentuari, 4º4’N 66º56’W, ANSP162848 (2[13], 44.5-65.0);  RioCasiquiare, 3º50’N 65º55’W, ANSP162853 (2[7], 14.8-39.4);  RioOrinoco, 3º50’N 67º20’W, ANSP162854 (2[5], 43.7-50.9);  RioOrinoco, 3º4’N 66º28’W, ANSP162849 (2[4], 30.7-46.3);  RioCunucunuma, 3º23’N 65º59’W, ANSP162847 (1, 165.8);  RioOrinoco, 2º59’N 66º4’W, ANSP162852 (1, 47.9);  RioOrinoco, Playa de Tamatama, CAS56829 (SU 56829) (1, 149.0);  RioOrinoco, Playa de Tamatama, CAS148672 (SU 48672) (1, 81.0);  RioCasiquiare, 2º48’N 65º57’W, ANSP162851 (1, 150.1);  RioPamoni, 2º49’N 65º55’W, ANSP162846 (2[3], 163.9-166.2). -  Guyana: Mora Passage, FMNH53953 (1, 155,7); Essequibo River, CAS78552 (4[28], 27.7-81.1),  AMNH215000 (1, 42.9),  FMNH53956 (1, 46.3); Essequibo River, Wismar, FMNH53954 (1, 52.4), Essequibo River, Kartabo, AMNH220370 (2[30], 34.6-153.4),  AMNH220366 (1, 61.3); Demerara River, CAS78551 (IU 12570) (1, 108.2),  AMNH214915 (1, 39.8),  AMNH214916 (2[12], 34.6-56.6); Essequibo River, Bartica, FMNH53955 (2[26], 29.5-92.0),  FMNH7359 (2[5], 25.4-58.8),  CAS121969 (SU 21969) (2[5], 28.0-49.4),  AMNH215091 (1, 41.0),  USNM66280 (2[5], 29.1- 48.0); Essequibo River, Crab Falls, CAS56204 (IU 12572) (2, 38.7-51.2). -  Suriname: Nickerie District: Corantijn River, 5º50’N 57º07’W, USNM226102 (2[17], 13.1-24.0),  USNM226097 (2[3], 29.5-38.8),  USNM226101(2[8], 14.2-26.0); Corantijn River, 5ºN 57º17’W, USNM226103 (2[4], 125.4-141.8); Corantijn River, 5º31’N 57º12’W, USNM226098 (2[11], 66.4-95.2); Corantijn River 5º30’N 57º13’W, USNM226099 (2[4], 79.0- 97.1); Mattapi Creek, 5º01’N 57º17’W, USNM226100 (2, 89.6-186.0). -  French Guyana: Approuague River, INPA3190 (2, 110.9-122.8). -  Colombia: RioNegro, Cucui, CAS32059 (1, 43.8). -  Brazil:  Amapa: Rio Araguari (2, 100.0-117.8); Rio Araguari, Ferreira Gomes, MZUSP62895 (1, 138.7); Rio Araguari, Ferreira Gomes, MZUSP34099 (2, 95.2- 130.6). -  Amazonas: Rio Uaupes, Cachoeira do Ipanore, INPA4980 (1, 187.0); Rio Marauia, upriver from Barcelos, MPEG809 (1, 103.4); Rio Negro, Mandiquie, MPEG806 (1, 178.4); Rio Negro, SaoGabriel da Cachoeira, MZUSP34103 (2[3], 35.6-49.6); Rio Negro, Curuzu, MPEG813 (2, 86.5-105.3); Rio Negro, MCZ1007 (2, 100.8-109.4); Rio Negro, Anavilhanas, MZUSP34095 (1, 79.9); Rio Japura, Aruana, MPEG1662 (1, 135.5); Rio Tefe, Vista Escura, MPEG816 (1, 157.0); Rio Uatuma, Igarapedo Arraya, INPA14660 (2[3], 196.0-206.0); Rio Uatuma, INPA11995 (1, 162.0),  INPA11984 (3, 146.0-205.3),  INPA11996 (1, 163.0),  INPA2727 (1, 163.0),  INPA2726 (1, 180.0); Rio Uatuma, Igarapedo Abonari, INPA10473 (1, 182.0); Rio Uatuma, Balbina, INPA5407 (2[5], 129.0-153.0),  INPA10461 (2[3], 130.5-144.2); Rio Uatuma, Igarapedo Boto, MNHN1996-1160 (1, 155.2); Rio Madeira, Nova Olinda, MZUSP7027 (1, 72.5). -   Para: Rio Jari, upriver from Cachoeira de Santo Antonio, INPA10437 (2, 65.1-76.5); Rio Amazonas, USNM52581 (2[3], 100.0-151.9); Rio Amazonas, Lago Grande de Monte Alegre, INPA10180 (2, 107.3-113.2); Rio Amazonas, mouth of Rio Tapajos, INPA8620 (1, 74.8); Rio Tapajos, Santarem, CAS32054 (1, 152.6); Rio Tapajos, Alter do Chao, MZUSP63603 (3[28], 60.6-89.0, 1 C & S),  MZUSP34101 (3[6], 24.3-32.9),  MZUSP9532 (3, 138.6-141.5),  INPA7138 (1, 123.9); Rio Tapajos, between Itaituba and SaoLuis (3[21], 134.6-153.3); Rio Tapajos, Praia do Aeroporto, INPA8546 (2, 63.1-86.8); Rio Tapajos, Maloquinha, MZUSP14365 (1, 145.4); Rio Trombetas, upriver from Cachoeira Porteira, INPA3267 (1, 149.0),  INPA5733 (3[10], 55.5-93.5); Rio Trombetas, MCZ8633 (2[8], 50.5-81.9),  MZUSP50757 (1, 151.9),  MZUSP34097 (4[5], 69.8-156.6); Rio Trombetas, Cumina, INPA810, (1, 97.6),  MZUSP34096 (3[7], 95.8-107.6 [1 C & S]); Rio Trombetas, Oriximina, MZUSP14367 (2, 42.7-65.5),  CAS78545 (1, 94.9); Rio Icoaracy, Furo do Maguari, INPA615 (2[15], 67.8-151.1); Vila de Icoaracy, Belem, INPA611 (2[17], 75.2- 132.2); Rio Tocantins, INPA10419 (2, 114.1-144.3),  INPA10471 (2[5], 85.0-98.7); Rio Tocantins, Mercado de Cameta, INPA12990 (2[6], 46.0-84.9); Rio Tocantins, downriver from Tucurui, INPA10448 (2, 68.9-110.8); Rio Tocantins, Tucurui, MPEG2327 (3, 101.2-113.9),  MZUSP51087 (2[4], 31.4-47.6); Rio Tocantins, Itupiranga, INPA684 (2, 86.3-89.1); Rio Tocantins, Acaripucu, INPA11999 (2[5], 86.1-139.8),  INPA10468 (1, 80.2),  INPA1332 (1, 132.4),  INPA11997 (1, 110.8); Rio Tocantins, Icangui, INPA10464 (1, 109.8),  INPA10467 (1, 102.2),  INPA10466 (1, 87.2); Rio Tocantins, Icangui-Acari-pucu, INPA11998 (3, 122.4-130.1). -   Rondonia: Rio Machado, Jamarizinho, MZUSP34102 (2, 38.7-49.8); Rio Jamari, INPA10472 (2, 185.0-187.0); Rio Jamari, 15 km upriver from Usina Hidreletricade Samuel, INPA12116 (1, 174.0); Rio Novo, upriver from Usina Hidreletricade Samuel, INPA7761 (1, 180.0). -  Mato Grosso: Rio Aripuana, Lago Castanhal, 1976, INPA598 (1, 180.2);  Peru: Loreto: RioAmazonas ( Maranon), Iquitos, CAS148674 (1, 111.1);  RioNanay, 3º45’N 73º17’W, ANSP167218 (2, 98.8-123.8),  ANSP139089 (2[3], 65.1-96.4).  Diagnosis. A species of Pachypopsdistinguished by the following combination of characters: uniform light tan body without spots (versus brown spots present in P. pigmaeus n. sp.); body depth less than 4.1 in SL (versus 4.3 or more in P. pigmaeus n. sp.); horizontal diameter of eye 2.4-3.1 in HL (versus 3.0-3.6 in P. trifilis); and absence of longitudinal stripes on trunk (versus stripes present in P. trifilis).  Description. Morphometrics and meristics presented in Table 1. Body elongate, dorsal profile moderately arched, ventral profile nearly straight from prepelvic region to anal fin origin. Maximum body depth at origin of dorsal fin. Head pointed; mouth inferior and small. Maxillar not extending beyond vertical line through anterior edge of eye. Underside of lower jaw with three pairs of mental pores and three mental barbels. Teeth uniformly small, villiform, set in bands on both jaws. Snout pointed, longer than horizontal diameter of eye, with 9-10 small pores. Nostrils closely set, anterior circular and posterior crescent-shaped. Eye elliptical, its horizontal diameter longer than vertical height. Laterosensory canal segments in infraorbitals, preopercle, and lower jaw visible externally. Preoperclar margin slightly serrate. Gill rakers short and slender; 17-25 (usually 24) rakers in first gill arch. Scales usually ctenoid (cycloid on lachrymal, snout and preopercle). Anterior half of lateral line curved, posterior half extending straight to posterior margin of caudal fin; 45- 54 (usually 50) pored lateral-line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint; 6-9 (usually 7) scale rows above lateral line; 7-10 (usually 8) scale rows below lateral line. Bases of second dorsal, pelvic, pectoral, and anal fins with 3 or 4 rows of small scales. Caudal fin almost completely covered with scales. Dorsal fins: X + I-23-32 (usually 26), first spine small (less than 1/5 of the second one); notch present between first and second dorsal fins. Pectoral-fin: I + 15-18 (usually 16), falcate, its posterior tip reaches nearly to vertical through posterior tip of pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin: I + 5, first soft ray prolonged as filament, sometimes reaching anus. Anal-fin: II + 6-7 (usually 6), first spine reduced, approximately equal in length to first dorsal spine; second spine stiff and long, shorter than longest soft ray. Caudal-fin rhomboidal with 17 principal rays (9+8). Swimbladder carrot-shaped with pair of short appendages anteriorly, from which a shorter paired appendages project posteriorly (Fig. 1a); posterior tip of appendages reach nearly to anus. Color in alcohol. Background coloration tan on head and dorsal and three quarters of body. Dorsal surface from snout to first dorsal-fin darkly pigmented. Few individuals with dark chromatophores on superior one-quarter of trunk. Opercle sometimes with patch of dark pigmentation. Lower one-quarter silvery. First dorsal fin light tan with margin outlined by small dark chromatophores, giving dusky appearance. Second dorsal fin with dark chromatophores forming two longitudinal stripes. Pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins light yellow.  Distribution. RioOrinoco and Rio Amazonas drainage in Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, and Peru; Essequibo River system in Guyana; Corantijn River system in Suriname, and Approuague River system in French Guyana (Fig. 4).  Geographic variation. Specimens from Rio Uatuma(INPA 11995, 14660, 11984, 11996, 2726, 2727, 10473, 5407, 10461, and MNHN 1996-1160), a left bank tributary of the Rio Amazonas, close to the Balbina Reservoir, have 27 to 30 dorsal-fin rays (usually 28), whereas those from other localities have 23 to 28 (usually 25). Although P. fourcroishows this intraespecific meristic variation, there are no consistent differences that justify the subdivision of the species into more than one taxon.  Comments. Perca fourcroiwas described based on a specimen from a collection which was probably donated by the Netherlands to France (La Cepede1802: 424), suggesting that the collection could have come from the Dutch colony of Suriname. The holotypeat MNHNis in good overall condition and the morphometric and meristic features are in agreement with the original description, except that there are 27 dorsal-fin soft rays (versus 28 in the original description). Although not mentioned by La Cepede, there are three mental barbels in the holotype. An additional species not previously assigned to Pachypopsis Pachyurus nattereri Steindachner(1863: 171), which was described based on three specimens from the Rio Branco and Rio Negro, Brazil. Based on the syntypes examination, Pachyurus nattereriis herein considered a junior synonym of Pachypops fourcroi, because their meristic and morphometrics values (Table 1) are in agreement with those found for the latter species. The syntype (NMW 15178:1, 54.3 mm SL) in that series in the best overall condition is designated as the lectotype, and the other two become paralectotypes (NMW 15178:2-3). Examination of the holotype of Corvina bilobaat MNHN (see Table 1) indicates that this species is a junior synonym of Pachypops fourcroi. 923901821 923901828 923901822 Brazil 923901829 Brazil 923901838 Venezuela Bolivar 923901826 Venezuela Bolivar 923901823 Venezuela Bolivar 923901814 Venezuela Bolivar 923901816 Venezuela Bolivar 923901812 Venezuela Bolivar 923901820 Venezuela Bolivar 923901819 Venezuela Bolivar 923901833 Venezuela Amazonas 923901824 Venezuela Amazonas 923901832 Venezuela Amazonas 923901834 Venezuela Amazonas 923901813 Venezuela Amazonas 923901817 Venezuela Amazonas 923901837 Venezuela Amazonas 923901818 Venezuela Amazonas 923901831 Venezuela Amazonas 923901815 Venezuela Amazonas 923901830 Venezuela Amazonas 923901827 Venezuela Amazonas 923901850 Guyana 923901845 Guyana 923901851 Guyana 923901854 Guyana 923901852 Guyana 923901861 Guyana 923901849 Guyana 923901844 Guyana 923901846 Guyana 923901839 Guyana 923901840 Guyana 923901847 Guyana 923901842 Guyana 923901856 Guyana 923901848 Guyana 923901857 Guyana 923901860 Suriname Nickerie District 923901836 Suriname Nickerie District 923901835 Suriname Nickerie District 923901862 Suriname Nickerie District 923901843 Suriname Nickerie District 923901865 Suriname Nickerie District 923901841 Suriname Nickerie District 923901855 French Guyana 923901853 Colombia 923901870 Brazil Amapá 923901873 Brazil Amapá 923901877 Brazil Amapá 923901876 Brazil Amazonas 923901879 Brazil Amazonas 923901883 Brazil Amazonas 923901872 Brazil Amazonas 923901867 Brazil Amazonas 923901874 Brazil Amazonas 923901859 Brazil Amazonas 923901871 Brazil Amazonas 923901875 Brazil Amazonas 923901863 Brazil Amazonas 923901880 Brazil Amazonas 923901868 Brazil Amazonas 923901889 Brazil Amazonas 923901885 Brazil Amazonas 923901866 Brazil Amazonas 923901869 Brazil Amazonas 923901884 Brazil Amazonas 923901858 Brazil Amazonas 923901888 Brazil Amazonas 923901864 Brazil Amazonas 923901881 Brazil Pará 923901878 Brazil Pará 923901901 Brazil Pará 923901894 Brazil Pará 923901900 Brazil Pará 923901898 Brazil Pará 923901904 Brazil Pará 923901911 Brazil Pará 923901893 Brazil Pará 923901892 Brazil Pará 923901899 Brazil Pará 923901887 Brazil Pará 923901897 Brazil Pará 923901903 Brazil Pará 923901890 Brazil Pará 923901906 Brazil Pará 923901896 Brazil Pará 923901912 Brazil Pará 923901907 Brazil Pará 923901882 Brazil Pará 923901895 Brazil Pará 923901908 Brazil Pará 923901886 Brazil Pará 923901923 Brazil Pará 923901891 Brazil Pará 923901905 Brazil Pará 923901902 Brazil Pará 923901927 Brazil Pará 923901922 Brazil Pará 923901916 Brazil Pará 923901919 Brazil Pará 923901924 Brazil Pará 923901929 Brazil Pará 923901918 Brazil Pará 923901920 Brazil Pará 923901915 Brazil Pará 923901909 Brazil Pará 923901914 Brazil Pará 923901925 Brazil Rondonia 923901917 Brazil Rondonia 923901926 Brazil Rondonia 923901913 Brazil Rondonia 923901930 Brazil Mato Grosso 923901928 Peru Loreto 923901910 Peru Loreto 923901921 Peru Loreto