Saponaria karapinarensis Vural et al. (2006: 252) Morphology, anatomy and palynology study on Turkish endemic species Saponaria karapinarensis (Caryophyllaceae) Ulukuş, Deniz Phytotaxa 2018 2018-11-01 374 1 80 86 6XL6T Vural et al. (2006: 252) Vural 252 2006 [136,709,1293,1320] Magnoliopsida Caryophyllaceae Saponaria Plantae Caryophyllales 1 81 Tracheophyta species karapinarensis   Type:— TURKEY. C4 Konya: Karapınar, Meke Lake, 1000 m, volcanic scree, 30.vıı.1997,  M. Vural 7969, Adıgüzel & F. Ertuğ( holotype GAZI!, isotypes ANK, HUB, EGE, YILDIRIMLI[the latter herbarium not listed in  Index Herbariorum]).   Description:—Biennial to perennial herb. Stem divaricately branched, 4–5 cmlong, with short eglandular hairs below and dense long glandular and short eglandular hairs above. Leaves spathulate, 12–15 mmin length, 1-nerved, with short eglandular hairs on the lamina. Inflorescence many-flowered. Pedicels erect, 0.5–2.5 mmin length. Calyx narrowly cylindrical, 7.5–9.0 mm, purple, densely covered with long glandular hairs; teeth triangular, 1.0– 1.5 mmin length. Petals 9.5–10.5 × 1.5 mm, dark pink, with black striate oblong limb, two linear scales and a narrow linear claw. Ovary 8–12 short ovulate. Capsule oblong-ovoid, 6.5–7 × 3–3.5 mm, shorter than the calyx, borne on 1–2 mmlong carpophore. Mature seeds reniform to orbicular, tuberculate.   Distribution and habitat:—  Saponaria karapinarensisis local endemic species distributing at Konya, Karapınar Village, around Meke Lake ( Fig. 1). It grows at altitudes ca. 1019 mvolcanic scree with species such as:  Cousinia birandianaHub.-Mor.,  Haplophyllum vulcanicumBoiss & Heldr,  Limonium iconium(Boiss & Heldr.) Kuntze,  Reseda luteaL.,  Jurinea macrocephalaDC.,  Nigella arvensisL,  Alhagi pseudalhagi(M.Bieb.) Desv. ex Keller & Shap.,  Consolida hellespontica(Boiss.) Chater,  Peganum harmalaL.,  Teucrium poliumL.,  Centaurea solstitialisL.,  Centaurea urvilleiDC.,  Rhaponticum repens(L.) Hidalgo, and  Centaurea virgataLam.  Root anatomy:—Root is perennial and shows secondary thickening. The periderm is multilayered and thin. The cortexs tissue, which is located under the periderm, is composed 10−12-layered, oval, cylindrical or rectangular parenchymatic cells with druse crystals. The phloem is 7−9-layered, consist of irregular or rectangular cells. Cambium is 1–2-layered. The xylem, which extends all around the primary xylem, consist of trachea and tracheids. Rays are not distinguishable. The primary xylem is filled root centre ( Fig. 3A, B).   FIGURE 1.Distribution map of  Saponaria karapinarensis( z) in Turkey.   FIGURE 2. A −B.General view and flowers:  Saponaria karapinarensis.   FIGURE 3. A −B.Transverse section of the root: Pe, periderm; Pc, primary cortex; D, druse crystal; Ph, phloem; Ca, cambium; X, xylem. These findings are same description given by ( Metcalfe & Chalk 1950). In the anatomical studies cross-section root of  Saponariaconducted up to now, studies of Ataşlar (2004)and Çinbilgel et al.(2007)are consistent with our finding.  Stem anatomy:—  Saponaria karapinarensishas epidermis 1-layered, consisting of rectangular and oval cells and is surrounded by a cuticle layer. The upper surface has eglandular hairs. The cortexs tissue, which is located under the epidermis, is composed 2−3-layered, oval, cylindrical or rectangular parenchymatic cells with chloroplasts and has druse crystals. Endodermis is 1 layered consists of ovoid cells. The pericycle is composed from 5–7-layered schlerenchyma cells. The phloem is 2–3-layered and consist of irregular cells. The pith consists of large hexagonal or orbicular parenchymatous cells with thin cell ( Fig. 4A, B).  Leaf Anatomy:—  Saponaria karapinarensisshows the lamina with upper and lower epidermises covered by a thick cuticle layer. Both epidermises consist of uniseriate oval and rectangular cells. The mesophyll is consist of 2 layer of elongated palisade parenchyma cells and 2 layer of lower palisade parenchyma cells. Palisade tissue has druse crystals. Spongy parenchyma cells are not seen. The xylem towards the upper surface and the phloem towards the lower surface ( Fig. 5A, B).   FIGURE 4. A −B.Transverse section of the stem: E, epidermis; P, parenchyma; En, endodermis; D, druse crystals; Pc, pericycle; Ph, phloem; X, xylem; Pi, pith region.   FIGURE 5. A −B.Transverse section of the lamina: E, epidermis; Ue, upper epidermis; Le, lower epidermis; Pp, palisade parenchyma; D, druse crystals; Vb, vascular bundle.   FIGURE 6.SEM micrographs of the pollen grains. A −B:equatorial view and exine sculpturing of  Saponaria karapinarensis(O. Tugay 10999); C −D:light micrographs of the pollen grains. These finding found on the leaves are smilar to those of Metcalfe & Chalk (1950), ( Ataşlar 2004) and Çinbilgel et al.(2007). Morever, from the presence of a collenchymatous pseudohypoderm in  Saponariawas mentioned by Metcalfe & Chalk (1950). However, this properties have not been seen in  S. karapinarensis, in the works Ataşlar (2004)and Çinbilgel et al.(2007).  Pollen:—Pollen grains are spheroideae, isopolar symmetrical. ( Fig. 6A, B, C, D). Pollen dimensions are polar axis (P) 34.06 ± 2.09 μm (mean ± standard deviation). Pollen dimensions are equatorial axis (E) 33.76 ±2.02 μm, 38 μm diameter, periporatae, 12-pored. Operculum 2 μm diameter with spinulate. The exine sculpture is granulatae, spinulate microechinatae- microperforatae. Morphology and micromorphology of pollen grains of  S. karapinarensisobserved by SEM and light microscopy resembled to those reported by Arkan & İnceoglu (1992), Ataşlar (2004), Çinbilgel et al.(2007)and Gemici et al.(2011).  Seed:—Seeds has reniform typewith black colour. The size of species is 1.77–1.45 × 1.32–1.60 and the range of the L/W ratio is 1.07 ± 0.08. Testa cell margin and cell shape are rounded polygonal and smooth, respectively. Seed surface pattern is colliculate and there are numerous tubercules on the colliculates ( Fig. 7A, B).   FIGURE 7.SEM microphaps of the seed. A −B:general view and sculpturing of  Saponaria karapinarensis(O. Tugay 11105). Seed ornamentation of  Saponaria karapinarensisresembles to  S. kotschyi,  S. pamphylicaand  S. emineana. However, Çinbilgel et al.(2007)reported that  S. pamphylicais colliculate. Both our study and Gemici et al.(2011)study, in these studies, ornamentation is rounded tuberculate.  Taxonomic notes:—  Saponaria karapinarensisare morphologically similar to  S. mesogitana, and  S. kotschyi. According to Vural et al.(2006)  S. karapinarensisdiffers from  S. mesogitanaBoiss.and  S. kotschyiby having shorter stems, pedicels, calyxs and petals ( Table 1). The results took from morphological studies were constistent with description given in the Vural et al.(2006).   TABLE 1.Diagnostic characters of  Saponaria karapinarensis,  S. mesogitanaand  S. kotschyi.      S. karapinarensis   S. mesogitana   S. kotschyi   Stems 4–5 cm 10–25 cm 20–30 cm   Pedicels erect, 1–2.5 mm erect or spreading, 3–6 mm erect-spreading, 2–4 mm   Calyx 7.5–8.5 mm ca. 10 mm 9–12 mm   Petals 9.5–10.5 mm ca. 14 mm 13–15 mm  Conservation status:—  Saponaria karapinarensisis known only from the typelocality, which is under threat of grazing. The estimated area of occupancy is less than 1 km 2, therefore it is assessed as Critically Endangered ( Vural et al.2006).   Examined Specimens:— TURKEY.  Konya: Karapınar, Meke Lake, volcanic scree,  30. 07. 1997.  M. Vural, Adıgüzel& Ertuğ7969( holotype GAZI!);  Karapınar, around Meke Lake,  1019 m,  20 July 2017,  Tugay10.999( KNYA!);  Karapınar, around Meke Lake,  1019 m,  25 August 2017,  Tugay11.105( KNYA!). 1997-07-30 M, GAZI Vural & Adiguzel & Ertug Turkey Meke Lake Karapinar 4 84 1 Konya holotype 2017-07-20 KNYA Tugay Turkey 1019 Meke Lake Karapinar 4 84 1 Konya holotype [257,1163,2020,2045] 2017-08-25 KNYA Tugay Turkey 1019 Meke Lake Karapinar 4 84 1 Konya holotype