Spix & Agassiz, 1829 : 68 Howes, 1982 : 9 Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850 : 252 Géry & Mahnert (1992: 816) Kner, 1860 : 12 Chalceus hilarii Kner, 1860 : 10 Günther, 1869 : 423 Regan, 1905 : 190 Cope, 1872 : 261 Steindachner, 1879a : 150 Steindachner, 1879b : 157 Mago-Leccia, 1970 : 69 Lasso, 1988 : 127 Lima, 2003 : 175 B. amazonicus Eigenmann, 1912 : 372 Géry, 1977 : 338 Howes, 1982 : 44 Cala, 1986 : 91 Useche-L. et al. , 1993 : 341 Cala, 1997 : 55 Lima, 2003 : 175 B. amazonicus Holly, 1929 : 208 Howes, 1982 : 41 Brycon cephalus Lima, 2003 : 175 B. amazonicus Chalceus taeniatus Magalhães, 1931 : 130 Nakashima, 1941 : 69 Brycon hilarii Marlier, 1968 : 56 Amaral Campos, 1950 : 142 Brycon Smith, 1979 : 131 Goulding, 1979 : 95 Goulding, 1980 : 68 Crampton, 1999 : 15 Barthem, 1999 : 82 Piza, 2002 : 122 Fernández et al. , 2006 : 58 Howes, 1982 : 15 Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 815 Brycon siebenthalae Lima, 2003 : 175 B. amazonicus Mérona et al. , 2001 : 387 Howes, 1982 : 18 Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 794 B. melanopterus Ferreira et al. , 1998 : 93 Pizango-Paima et al. , 2001 : 509 Lima & Ruffino, 2003 : 253 Diaz-Sarmiento & Alvarez-Léon, 2003 : 311 Petry et al. , 2003 : 565 Mérona & Rankin-de-Mérona, 2004 : 77 Lima & Araújo-Lima, 2003 : 788 Galvis et al. , 2006 : 188 Galvis et al. , 2006 : 457 Brycon cf. melanopterum Braum, 1983a : 355 Brycon cf. melanopterus Braum, 1983b : 268 Werder, 1983 : 445 Junk et al. , 1983 : 408 Werder & Soares, 1984 : 398 Piedade et al. , 2006 : 1176 Astrocaryum jauari Brycon melanopterus Bayley, 1988 : 131 Lasso, 1992 : 11 Brycon cf. cephalus Goulding et al. , 1988 : 124 Ferreira, 1993 : 56 Machado-Allison et al. , 1999 : 65 Almeida-Toledo et al. , 1996 : 36 Brycon erythropterum Goulding et al. , 1988 : 124 Brycon amazonicus Lima, 2003 : 175 Goulding et al. , 2003 : 138 Santos Filho & Batista, 2009 : 195 Lima & Ribeiro, 2011 : 151 Lima et al. , 2013 : 228 Phillip et al. , 2013 : 8 Leite, 2004 : 661 Mérona et al. , 2010 : 106 Brycon bicolor Fernández et al. , 2006 : 54 Fernández et al. , 2006 : 55 Brycon amazonicus Chalceus carpophaga Brycon orthotaenia B. orthotaenia Chalceus carpophaga Brycon B. amazonicus Brycon amazonicus Chalceus carpophaga Brycon amazonicus Chalceus carpophaga Brycon amazonicus B. siebenthalae Brycon amazonicus Chalceus carpophaga Megalobrycon cephalus Megalobrycon cephalus Brycon Megalobrycon Bryconops Brycon cephalus B. amazonicus Brycon B. hilarii Brycon cephalus B. amazonicus Brycon cephalus B. amazonicus Brycon amazonicus B. cephalus B. melanopterus Brycon siebenthalae iquitensis Nakashima (1941: 69–70) Brycon siebenthalae Brycon Brycon siebenthalae Brycon siebenthalae iquitensis B. amazonicus Brycon hilarii B. amazonicus Brycon amazonicus A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae) Lima, Flávio C. T. Zootaxa 2017 4222 1 1 189 NH6M Agassiz, 1829 Agassiz 1829 [151,584,1484,1510] Actinopterygii Bryconidae Brycon Animalia Characiformes 111 112 Chordata species amazonicus     Chalceus amazonicusAgassiz, in  Spix & Agassiz, 1829: 68–69, pl. 35 ( Typelocality: “in fluvio Amazonum”);  Howes, 1982: 9(comments).    Chalceus carpophagaValenciennes, in  Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850: 252–253 ( Typelocality: “l’ Esséquibo” “l´ Amazone”, retricted by  Géry & Mahnert (1992: 816)to “ Essequibo”). [not  Kner, 1860: 12].    Chalceus hilarii(not Valenciennes):  Kner, 1860: 10–11 (part; “ SaltoTheotonio”).    Megalobrycon cephalus  Günther, 1869: 423–424, fig. 1 (Type locality: “Upper Amazons”);  Regan, 1905: 190(Rio Negro; based on Wallace’s drawing).    Brycon capito  Cope, 1872: 261–262 ( Typelocality: “Ambyiacu”); Fowler, 1906: 446, fig. 42 ( holotype, redescription).    Brycon longiceps  Steindachner, 1879a: 150(Type locality: “Orinoco bei Ciudad Bolívar”);  Steindachner, 1879b: 157–158, pl.1, fig.5 (full description);  Mago-Leccia, 1970: 69(listed, Venezuela; common name);  Lasso, 1988: 127(Lower Río Orinoco, Laguna los Barrancos; common name);  Lima, 2003: 175(primary type material; as a synonym of  B. amazonicus).    Brycon siebenthalae  Eigenmann, 1912: 372, pl. 54, fig. 3 (Type locality: “Mud Creek, Aruka River”);  Géry, 1977: 338(premaxillary teeth arrangement, holotype);  Howes, 1982: 44(comments);  Cala, 1986: 91(Río Ariari, Río Tomo; Río Guaviare; Río Vichada; western llanos of Colombia; common name; economic importance);  Useche-L. et al., 1993: 341– 348, 350–351 (Río Cafre, trib. Río Guaybero, Depto. Meta, Colombia; breeding; length/weight relationship; condition factor; gonadossomatic index; fecundity; feeding habits); Bernal-Ramírez &  Cala, 1997: 55–63 (Río Guayabero, Río Guaviare basin, Colombia: diet, seasonality);  Lima, 2003: 175(primary type material; as a synonym of  B. amazonicus).    Brycon pellegrini  Holly, 1929: 208–209 (Type locality: “Manaos”);  Howes, 1982: 41(possible synonym of  Brycon cephalus);  Lima, 2003: 175(primary type material; as a synonym of  B. amazonicus).    Chalceus taeniatus(not Jardine, in Jardine & Schomburgk):  Magalhães, 1931: 130( Amazonas; common name, natural history).    Brycon siebenthalae iquitensis  Nakashima, 1941: 69–70, fig. ( Typelocality: “cercanías del puerto de Iquitos”).    Brycon hilarii(not Valenciennes): Amaral-Campos, 1950: 140 (in part; “ Pará, rio Amazonas”);  Marlier, 1968: 56( Paranáda Eva, central Amazon).   ?  Brycon stubelli(not Steindachner):  Amaral Campos, 1950: 142(rio Juruá, Amazonas).     Bryconsp.:  Smith, 1979: 131(Amazonas, Itacoatiara);  Goulding, 1979: 95–100, 133, 145–149 (Rio Machado, Rondônia; migrations, fisheries);  Goulding, 1980: 68–73 (Rio Machado, Rondônia; common name, diet, migrations);  Crampton, 1999: 15, 27 (Reserva Mamirauá, lower rio Japurá, Amazonas);  Barthem, 1999: 82, 94 (Central Amazon; fishery); Toledo-  Piza, 2002: 122–123 (drawing by A.R. Wallace; Yavita, rio Orinoco, Venezuela);  Fernández et al., 2006: 58(photo; upper Río Cataniapo, Rio Orinoco basin, estado Amazonas, Venezuela).    Brycon carpophagus:  Howes, 1982: 15–18 (in part; syntypes);  Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 815–817 (lectotype designation;  Brycon siebenthalaeas a synonym);  Lima, 2003: 175(primary type material; as a synonym of  B. amazonicus). [Not  Mérona et al., 2001: 387, 391].    Brycon cephalus:  Howes, 1982: 18–20 (in part; Brazil, Manaus; Monte Alegre; “Manacapuni”); Zaniboni Filho et al., 1988: 41–50, fig. 7 (Brazil, rio Negro, rio Solimões, rio Japurá and rio Juruá; discussion); Zaniboni Filho & Resende, 1988: 833– 844 (gonad anatomy, maturity scale, type of spawning);  Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 794–800, 802, figs. 1 (lower), 5 (Central Amazon; diagnosis; common name; comparison with  B. melanopterus);  Ferreira et al., 1998: 93, fig. 61 (Pará, rio Tapajós, Santarém; common name; fisheries);  Pizango-Paima et al., 2001: 509–520 (diet, seasonality, Central Amazon); Araújo-  Lima & Ruffino, 2003: 253–254 (migrations, fisheries; Amazon basin, Brazil);  Diaz-Sarmiento & Alvarez-Léon, 2003: 311(Amazon basin, Colombia; fisheries);  Petry et al., 2003: 565, 575 (Ilha de Marchantaria, rio Solimões; occurrence related to macrophytes and other environmental gradients);  Mérona & Rankin-de-Mérona, 2004: 77(Lago do Rei, Ilha do Careiro, rio Amazonas; diet);  Lima & Araújo-Lima, 2003: 788–790, 792–793, 795, 797 (distribution of larvae and juveniles, central Amazon);  Galvis et al., 2006: 188–189 (Colombia, Rio Amazonas at Leticia; short description, drawing). [Not  Galvis et al., 2006: 457, photo].    Bryconcf. melanopterum(not Cope):  Braum, 1983a: 355–371, fig. 1a (lip extension during hypoxia).    Bryconcf. melanopterus(not Cope):  Braum, 1983b: 268–269 (lip extension during hypoxia);  Werder, 1983: 445–461 (age estimates through circuli analysis);  Junk et al., 1983: 408, 414, 426–427 (Lago Camaleão, Ilhada Marchantaria, rio Solimões; abundance, morphological adaptations to endure hypoxia);  Werder & Soares, 1984: 398–416 (Manaus; age determination thorugh circuli; scale variation);  Piedade et al., 2006: 1176(ingestion of  Astrocaryum jauarifruits in the lower  RioNegro, Brazil).    Brycon melanopterus(not Cope):  Bayley, 1988: 131–133, 136 (in part; rio Solimões floodplains, Manaus area; growth rates of young specimens related to density and seasonality);  Lasso, 1992: 11, 22, fig. 2 (río Suapure, Serranía de Los Pijiguaos, Rio Orinoco basin, Est. Bolivar, Venezuela).    Bryconcf. cephalus(not Günther):  Goulding et al., 1988: 124(Rio Negro);  Ferreira, 1993: 56, 63, 86 (Pará, rio Trombetas basin: Oriximiná; igarapé Caxipacoré; rio Cachorro; rio Mapuera);  Machado-Allison et al., 1999: 65(Rio Caura, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela);  Almeida-Toledo et al., 1996: 36, 39 (karyotype).    Brycon erythropterum(not Cope):  Goulding et al., 1988: 124(Rio Negro).    Brycon amazonicus:  Lima, 2003: 175(new combination; synonymic list, distribution, maximum length);  Goulding et al., 2003: 138(picture; rio Madre de Dios basin); Santos et al.2006: 39 (retouched picture; description, biology, common name, fishery importance; Manaus area);  Santos Filho & Batista, 2009: 195–203 (growth, mortality rates; rio Madeira; rio Purus; Central Amazon);  Lima & Ribeiro, 2011: 151, 161(“lowland” distributional pattern; influence of blackwater and tidal movements on distribution in Amazon basin);  Lima et al., 2013: 228–229 (Brazil, Rondônia, rio Madeira basin; distribution in the rio Madeira basin, short description, photo);  Phillip et al., 2013: 8, 16 (Trinidad southern coast; occurrence as a vagrant species).    Brycon amazonicum:  Leite, 2004: 661–664 (Ilha da Marchantaria, rio Solimões, Amazonas; diet of juveniles). [Not  Mérona et al., 2010: 106, 194]    Brycon bicolor(not Pellegrin):  Fernández et al., 2006: 54(photo; Río Cataniapo basin, Rio Orinoco basin, estado Amazonas, Venezuela).     Bryconcf. falcatus(not Müller & Troschel):  Fernández et al., 2006: 55(photo; upper Río Cataniapo, Rio Orinoco basin, estado Amazonas, Venezuela).   Diagnosis.  Brycon amazonicusis distinguished from all its congeners, except  B. falcatus,  B. melanopterus,  B. whitei,  B. orbygnianus,  B. orthotaenia,  B. hilarii, and  B. gouldingiby the possession of the fifth infraorbital bone higher than wide (vs. fifth infraorbital bone about as high as wide, or wider than high in the remaining species), and the presence of several narrow, longitudinal stripes along the dorsolateral surfaces of the body (vs. no narrow, longitudinal stripes along the dorsolateral surfaces of the body). It can be distinguished from  B. falcatusand  B. melanopterusby the possession of wavy longitudinal stripes along the dorsolateral surfaces of the body (vs. straight longitudinal stripes along the dorsolateral surfaces of the body), and darkened pectoral and pelvic fins (vs. pale pectoral and pelvic fins).  Brycon amazonicusis distinguished from  B. orbygnianus,  B. hilarii,  B. orthotaenia, and  B. whiteiby the lack of a broad, midlateral stripe along the caudal peduncle and middle caudal-fin rays (vs. presence of such a stripe), and darkened pectoral and pelvic fins (vs. pale pectoral and pelvic fins). The species most similar to  Brycon amazonicusis  B. gouldingi,from which it can be distinguished by the presence of dark pigment on the caudal peduncle and caudal fin diffuse, never crescent- or V-shaped (vs. a distinct crescent- or Vshaped blotch on the caudal peduncle and caudal fin). See the item “Comparisons”, below, for more details on the diagnosis between both species, as well as a discussion on the similarity in color pattern between  Brycon amazonicusspecimens from the Amazon basin in Peruwith specimens of the partially sympatric  B. hilarii.   Description.Morphometric data are presented in Table 18. Large-sized species, largest examined specimen 485.0 mm SL. Body moderately slender to moderately high. Largest body height slightly ahead of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal body profile slightly convex from upper lip margin to vertical through anterior naris, straight to slightly convex from latter point to basis of supraoccipital process, moderately convex from latter point to dorsal-fin origin, straight along dorsal-fin basis, and straight to slightly convex from dorsal-fin basis to adipose-fin origin. Dorsal profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Ventral profile slightly convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin insertion, straight to slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin and approximately straight along anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave.   TABLE 18.Morphometric data of  Brycon amazonicus(A: neotype of  Chalceus amazonicus, INPA 3415; B: lectotype and paralectotype of  Chalceus carpophagus, MNHN 9835 and MNHN 98; C: largest syntype of  Brycon longiceps, NMW 62944; D; holotype of  Brycon siebenthalae, FMNH 53353).    A B C D n Range Mean  Standard length (SL) 362.0 260.9–267.8 67.7 169.1 120 67.7–485.0 -  Percentages of standard length  Depth at dorsal-fin origin 33.9 27.9–37.0 31.0 32.9 118 27.0–37.9 31.9  Snout to dorsal-fin origin 49.9 48.9–54.8 52.6 51.0 120 43.6–54.8 49.6  Dorsal-fin base length 11.8 13.3 12.6 11.9 120 9.7–14.1 12.2  Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose fin 25.5 25.7–28.2 21.0 22.9 119 21.0–27.7 24.5  Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to hypural joint 38.6 43.7–47.0 35.6 34.9 120 33.2–47.0 37.6  Snout to pelvic-fin insertion 46.5 47.8–48.9 53.2 48.9 118 43.7–53.2 47.3  Snout to anal-fin origin 67.5 67.0–69.2 99.7 72.8 115 63.1–72.8 67.7  Anal-fin base length 23.0 22.8–23.0 21.0 21.1 119 17.4–25.3 22.0  Caudal peduncle length 15.2 15.1–16.6 16.1 15.9 120 12.8–20.1 15.9  Dorsal-fin height 16.2 19.8 24.5 22.5 116 15.8–24.5 20.8  Pectoral-fin length 20.3 19.0 20.1 20.2 117 16.3–23.1 19.2  Pelvic-fin length - 13.7–17.1 19.6 17.2 112 10.1–19.6 16.0  Caudal peduncle depth 9.7 8.0–10.6 9.6 10.0 120 8.1–10.4 9.4  Head length 24.9 25.5–26.0 32.9 26.5 120 22.0–33.9 26.7  Percentages of head length  Head height 84.0 78.5–87.6 75.3 81.7 119 70.0–91.2 80.6  Snout length 36.2 31.8–33.1 29.1 33.3 120 27.0–39.2 32.7  Upper jaw length 48.1 46.6–48.8 44.8 44.2 118 43.3–51.6 46.2  Horizontal eye diameter 20.3 22.7–25.0 32.3 23.9 120 17.7–33.3 25.0  Post-orbital length 48.9 43.8–46.4 40.8 46.4 120 40.1–51.5 47.0  Least interorbital width 50.7 47.1–47.3 33.2 47.3 120 33.2–52.1 45.3   FIGURE 66.  Brycon amazonicus, neotype, INPA 3415, 362.0 mm SL: Brazil, Pará, rio Trombetas.   FIGURE 67.  Brycon amazonicus, BMNH 1869.5.21:1, 235.7 mm SL: “Upper Amazons”; lectotype of  Megalobrycon cephalusGünther.   FIGURE 68.  Brycon amazonicus, ANSP 8058, 46.0 mm SL: Peru, Loreto, Río Ampyiacu. Holotype of  Brycon capitoCope. Photoby M.W. Littmann.   FIGURE 69.  Brycon amazonicus, NMW 62944, 67.7 mm SL: Venezuela, Bolívar, Río Orinoco. Syntype of  Brycon longicepsSteindachner.   FIGURE 70.  Brycon amazonicus, FMNH 53353, 169.1 mm SL: Guyana, Aruka River. Holotype of  Brycon siebenthalaeEigenmann. Photoby P. Willink.   FIGURE 71.  Brycon amazonicus, INPA 16428, 287.5 mm SL: Brazil, Amazonas, igarapé do Arraia.   FIGURE 72.  Brycon amazonicus, INHS 27660, 184.4 mm SL: Venezuela, Apure, Caño Potrerito.   FIGURE 73.  Brycon amazonicus, MZUSP 74668, 66.5 mm SL: Brazil, Amazonas, rio Solimões. Head profile slightly acute anteriorly, mouth terminal. Jaws approximately isognathous to slightly anisognathous, outer row of premaxillary teeth partially exposed when mouth is closed. Maxillary moderately long, extending posteriorly to anterior third of pupil. Adipose eyelid well developed. Premaxillary teeth in three rows; teeth of third row largest. Eight (6), 9 (16), 10 (32), 11 (33), 12 (21), 13 (7), or 14 (1) relatively small tricuspidate teeth in outer series. Three (2), 4 (28), 5 (52), 6 (30), or 7 (1) tri- to pentacuspidate teeth in second, inner premaxillary row, plus 3 (15), 4 (84), 5 (13), or 6 (1) tricuspidate teeth between the first and third rows. Two teeth in third premaxillary row, medial teeth largest, symphyseal teeth smaller, slightly tilted towards each other, medial teeth hexa- to heptacuspidate, symphyseal teeth penta- to hexacuspidate. Maxillary margins approximately parallel, straight in profile. Twelve to 24 maxillary teeth, slightly smaller than teeth of first premaxillary row, anterior teeth tricuspidate, posterior teeth unicuspidate. Dentary with 8 (11), 9 (13), 10 (16), 11 (4), 12 (5), 16 (1), or 19 (1) teeth in main series. Anterior four dentary teeth assymetrical, considerably larger and bulkier than remaining teeth, penta- to hexacuspidate, each with central cusp distinctly larger than remaining cusps. Remaining dentary teeth progressivelly smaller, penta- to unicuspidate. Inner (lingual) series consisting of a small, single unicuspid symphyseal tooth, situated immediately posterior to symphyseal dentary teeth of main series, plus row of 11–16 small, aciculated, unicuspidate teeth, originating on lingual crest of dentary replacement trench at the level of fifth main series dentary teeth. Scales cycloid. Lateral line complete, from supracleithrum to caudal-fin base. Fifty-seven (1), 61 (2), 62 (4), 63 (7), 64 (9), 65 (12), 66 (12), 67 (13), 68 (14), 69 (11), 70 (14), 71 (5), 72 (8), 73 (2), 74 (4), or 75 (2) scales in lateral line series. Laterosensory tube simple in specimens smaller than 100 mmSL, ramified in specimens larger than 100 mmSL. Tubules ramification increasing in complexity along ontogeny, specimens up to 150 mmSL with tubules with two or three branches, three to six branches in specimens between 150–250 mmSL, and with more than 10 branches and developing a dendritic pattern of ramification, with tubules often overlapping each other in larger (> 300 mmSL) specimens. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 11 (12), 12 (18), 13 (56), 14 (30), or 15 (2). Horizontal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin 5 (1), 6 (6), 7 (38), 8 (53), 9 (18), or 10 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 17(2), 18 (11), 19 (17), 20 (32), 21 (31), 22 (17), 23 (7), or 24 (1). Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9. Dorsal fin origin slightly ahead middle of SL. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 11th (1), 12 th (2), or 13 th (5) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays iii (not including first, small unbranched ray only visible in cs specimens), 20 (10), 21 (17), 22 (26), 23 (24), 24 (32), 25 (9), or 26 (1). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind haemal spine of 24th (1), 25th (1), or 26th (3) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays decreasing only slightly in size towards anal-fin end. Sheath of scales covering basis of anal-fin rays composed of four scale rows, lower scale row formed by 20–25 rectangular scales. Pectoral-fin rays i, 12 (5), 13 (29), 14 (71), or 15 (15). Pelvic-fin rays i, 6 (4), 7 (103), or 8 (13). Main caudal-fin rays 10/9. Caudal fin slightly forked, distal margin slightly concave. Laterosensory tube extending over interradial membrane between upper and lower caudal-fin lobes to the distal portion of fin. Laterosensory tube on caudal fin with dorsally and ventrally oriented side branches across its length. Four branchiostegal rays, three on anterior ceratohyal and one on posterior ceratohyal. First branchial arch with 13 (2), 15 (11), 16 (15), or 17 (2) lower, 1 at angle, and 13 (2), 14 (2), 15 (11), 16 (16), 17 (3), or 18 (1) upper gill rakers. Vertebrae 46 (1), 47 (1), or 48 (2). Supraneurals 8(3), 9(3), or 10 (2).  Coloration in alcohol.Top of head, snout, supraorbital, and sixth infraorbital light- to dark-brown. Dorsal portion of body light-brown to dark-brown. Second, third, fourth, and fifth infraorbitals, and opercle silvery in specimens that retained guanine, light-brown in specimens that lost this pigment due to a long storage in formalin. Dentary, maxillary, gular area, and lower portion of body light-brown. Lateral portion of body light brown, with a silvery hue. Humeral blotch present, conspicuous, approximately rounded in shape, situated immediately above lateral line, its anterior margin at level of second to third, extending longitudinally to posterior margin of sixth lateral line scales, and vertically one and half scales high. Dark, wavy longitudinal stripes formed by dark pigment concentrated on upper and lower scale margins extending along trunk moderately to highly conspicuous. Stripes more discernible dorsally. Series of irregular, narrow vertical stripes present in small (up to 80 mmSL) specimens. Diffuse dark pigmentation present at anal-fin basis, extending as a diffuse stripe into caudal-peduncle and upper caudal-fin lobe, forming an oblique stripe. Pigmentation on caudal peduncle and upper caudal-fin lobe generally less conspicuous and not forming an oblique stripe in specimens from the RíoOrinoco basin, which possess instead a diffuse dark pigmentation on caudal fin. Juveniles (up to 80 mmSL) with a large, slightly assymetrical caudal peduncle extending into middle and upper caudal-fin rays basis, and anal-fin basis clear, without diffuse dark stripe. Most specimens from the upper Amazon basin in Peru(e.g., MZUSP 15266, MUSM 41154, MUSM 108, MUSM 315) with dark pigmentation concentrated on middle portion of caudal peduncle and middle caudal-fin rays. Pectoral and pelvic-fins generally dark in larger (> 150 mmSL) specimens. Lower caudal-fin rays, dorsal and anal-fins clear, with a variable amount of interradial dark pigmentantion. Adipose-fin light- to dark-grey.  Coloration in life.Based in pictures of fresh collected specimens from rio Guaporé (Rondônia), rio Sucunduri (Amazonas), lower rio Tapajós ( Ferreira et al., 1998: 93, fig. 61), rio Madre de Dios basin ( Goulding et al., 2003: 138), rio Gueppi (Loreto, Peru), and rio Solimões (Amazonas, Brazil). Overal color pattern light-grey, darker dorsally, with a silvery/plumbeous hue. Branchiostegal rays and lower half of opercle orangish in some specimens. Dark markings on anal and caudal fins and longitudinal wavy dark stripes generally very conspicuous, except in specimens collected in muddy/white waters, which generally present a drab overall coloration. All fins, but specially anal- and caudal-fins, pinkish.  Variation.There is relatively little geographical variation within  Brycon amazonicus, except that, as discussed in the item “Coloration in alcohol”, most specimens from Peruvian Amazon present dark pigmentation concentrated on the middle portion of the caudal peduncle and caudal-fin, forming a dark stripe. These specimens are attributed to  Brycon amazonicusdue to their overall body shape and pectoral and pelvic fin dark coloration, and were often found in the same localities with the similar-looking  B. hilarii(see the item “Comparisons”, below).  Common names. Brazil, Manaus: “matrinchã”, “ matrinchão” ( Borges, 1986, Zaniboni et al., 1988; Santos et al., 2006: 39); rio Madeirabasin, Rondônia: “jatuarana” ( Goulding, 1979, 1980). The same common names are applied, but with an inverse usage, to  Brycon melanopteruson those same regions (see under “Common names” of  B. melanopterus). Venezuela: “palambra”, “bocón” ( Mago-Leccia, 1970: 69); “äi” (Piaroa language) ( Fernández et al., 2006: 54). Colombia: “yamú”, “bócon” (  Cala, 1986).   Distribution.Widespread in northern cis-andean SouthAmerica, in the Rio Amazonasand RioOrinoco basins ( Fig. 74).  Brycon amazonicusis a typical lowland, muddy-water species. Its distribution in the Amazon basin encompasses the middle and upper section of the Rio Amazonas/Solimões, from Pucallpa ( 8°23’S, 74°31’W) at the  RíoUcayaliin Perueastward to Portode Moz at the lower rio Xingu ( 1°45’S, 52°14’W) in Brazil, and the rio Madeiraup to its upstream reaches at Boliviaand Brazil. The species occurs in clear-water rivers as the rio Tapajós and rio Xingu only at their lower sections, below the major rapids. At the rio Negro, the species is also confined to its lower section, migrating dowstream into the rio Amazonas/Solimões to spawn ( Borges, 1986). At the RioOrinoco basin,  Brycon amazonicusis widespread at the middle/lower sections in both muddy- and clear-water tributaries.  Brycon amazonicusis known from the northwestern portion of Guyana, near the border with Venezuela, at the Amacuro Riverdrainage, a river system connected with the Orinoco delta. The species is recorded from the island of Trinidad, an odd occurrence which is discussed at the “Biogeography” section. As some other highlyfecund, total spawners characiforms as  Colossoma macropomum(Serrasalmidae),  Brycon amazonicusis only rarely found in the lower Amazon, apparently because the circadian variations of water level due to tidal influence does not allow the establishment of a population of the species in that river stretch (  Lima& Ribeiro, 2011: 161).  Brycon amazonicushas been extensively stocked, and escaped individuals are recorded from several river drainages in southeastern and central Brazil, but so far there is no evidence of self-sustaining, established populations outside its native range. These records are not mapped in Fig. 74.  Comparisons.  Brycon amazonicusis overall more similar, and possibly closely related to  B. gouldingi. Besides the caudal-fin color pattern, there are two additional differences between the species. One, the presence of a straight, well-defined dark stripe on the anal-fin base in  B. gouldingi(vs. a diffuse dark stripe on the anal-fin base in  B. amazonicus), cannot, however, be used to unequivocally distinguish both species because a dark stripe is often absent in  B. gouldingispecimens larger than 200 mmSL and in some specimens of  B. amazonicusof all sizes. The second distinguishing character is lateral line counts, which present a large overlap, but are generally lower in  Brycon amazonicus(vs. 57–75, modally 68 in  B. amazonicus, vs. 66–82, modally 74, in  B. gouldingi). There is a striking resemblance between specimens of  Brycon amazonicusand  B. hilariifrom the Peruvian portion of the Amazon basin (from Iquitos, Depto. Loreto, upriver to Pucallpa, Depto. Ucayali). Most specimens of  Brycon amazonicusfrom this portion of the basin possess a color pattern reminiscent of  B. hilarii, with dark pigmentantion concentrated on the middle/distal portion of the caudal peduncle and middle caudal-fin rays (see item “Variation”, above). Though the majority of the specimens of  Brycon amazonicusfrom the Peruvian portion of the Amazon basin present this color pattern, a few specimens from the area near Iquitos display the “typical” color pattern (e.g., ANSP 178374, MUSM 7020).  Brycon amazonicusfrom the Peruvian portion of the Amazon basin are not easily distinguished from the sympatric  B. hilarii, though the latter are typically more slender fish, with less angled predorsal and pre-pelvic body profiles, with clear-colored pectoral and pelvic fins (pectoral and pelvic fins typically darkened in  B. amazonicus), and with a more developed caudal peduncle/caudal fin stripe (which in  B. amazonicusis more blotch-like). Both species are sympatric and often collected together along the Río Amazonasand  RíoUcayalifrom Iquitos to Pucallpa. There are no records of  Brycon hilariidownstream from the Iquitos area, and no records of  Brycon amazonicusupstream from the Pucallpa area. See the discussion under the item “Putative examples of mimicry involving  Brycon”, below.  Ecological notes.Detailed information on the ecology of  Brycon amazonicuswere provided by Goulding (1979, 1980; as  Bryconsp.), and Borges (1986; as  Bryconcf. erythropterum). Goulding (1979, 1980) studied the species at the rio Machado (rio Madeirabasin, Rondônia). Goulding (1980)considered  Brycon amazonicusas a primarily seed/fruit eater during the flood season. Most importantat seed/fruits species found in guts of  Brycon amazonicusspecimens caught in the flooded forest of the rio Machado were  Hevea spruceana(Euphorbiaceae),  Hevea brasiliensis(Euphorbiaceae),  Luffasp. (Curcubitaceae), Neobalatiasp. ( Sapotaceae), and  Calyptranthes ruizana(Myrtaceae)( Goulding, 1980). Also found were terrestrial arthropods, leaves and rodent remains. Specimens caught during the dry season generally possessed empty guts ( Goulding, 1979, 1980). Complex migratory patterns are reported between the rio Madeiraand clearwater tributaries, which can be summarized as a migration into the flooded forests during the early flood season, a downstream spawning migration from the clearwater tributaries into the muddy-water rio Madeiraduring the middle of the flood season, return to the flooded forests after the spawning, and a massive dispersive migratory movement in the early dry season, when the schools of  Brycon amazonicusmay contain hundreds to thousands of individuals ( Goulding, 1979).   FIGURE 74.Map of northern South America, showing known localities of  Brycon amazonicus(red dots) and  B. gouldingi(purple dots).  Borges (1986)studied diet and migrations of the species in rio Negro. Adult specimens ( 260–455 mmSL) presented a mean stomach fulness higher during the flood season. Fruits, seeds and arthropods were the main dietary itens, with fruits and seeds more common during the flood season and arthropods more expressive during the dry season. Among the fruits/seeds, Euphorbiaceae(  Hevea spruceana,  Mabea caudata, and  Alchornea schomburgkiana) were dominant in guts contents, followed by Lauraceae, “Leguminosae”, Arecaceae, Moraceae, Melastomataceae, and Annonaceae(  Pseudoxandra polypheba). Borges (1986: 50–51)noticed that the fruit/seed species that dominated in the diet were generally found crushed in stomach contents, while species presenting a relative smaller importance were generally found intact. Fishes and reptiles (lizards and snakes) were also found in low frequences in gut contents. Juvenile specimens (smaller than 185 mmSL) ingested a considerably larger proportion of arthropods and fishes when compared with adult specimens. Similarly to the observations of Goulding (1979, 1980), specimens collected in migratory schools or terra firme streams during the dry season generally possessed empty stomachs. Borges (1986: 123–125)summarized the available natural history information on  Brycon amazonicusat the rio Negrobasin. This author hypothesized that  Brycon amazonicusdoes not spawn in this river system, since juvenile specimens are never collected in the area (nor larvae; Lima& Araújo- Lima, 2004), but are very common in the floodplains lakes of the rio Solimões/ Amazonas. Also, downstream migrations are observed in the rio Negroduring the flood season (December/January), implying that in fact the species spawn in the rio Solimões/ Amazonas. Afew other characiform fishes that possess similar migratory/ spawning habits are  Colossoma macropomum,  Semaprochilodus taeniurus, and  S. insignis( Ribeiro & Petrere, 1990; Araújo-Lima & Goulding, 1997; Goulding et al., 1988), and in fact  Brycon amazonicuswas reported to be associated with both  Semaprochilodusspecies in multi-species schools during its downstream migration ( Araújo & Ruffino, 2003), though most often they migrate in their own monospecific schools (M.C.L. Ribeiro, pers. comm..). This typeof migratory behavior probably evolved as a response to the extreme oligotrophic water of the rio Negrobasin, which does not allow an effective recruitment of larvae and juveniles of these highly-fecund species ( Borges, 1986; Araújo-Lima & Ruffino, 2003;  Lima& Araújo-Lima, 2004). Interestingly, all the aforementioned species, as well as  Brycon amazonicus, only occur in the lower section of the rio Negrobasin (see Araújo-Lima & Goulding, 1997; Castro & Vari, 2004). Similarly to the findings of Goulding (1979, 1980) in the rio Madeirabasin, Borges (1986)noticed that  Brycon amazonicusreturn to the flooded forests of the lower rio Negroafter spawning in February and March, primarily to eat seeds and fruits, and leave them for the terra firme large streams or the channel of the nearby muddy/whitewater river system (in that case, the rio Solimões/ Amazonas) during the the beginning of low water season (May to August) ( Borges, 1986; Araújo-Lima & Ruffino, 2003). Though in fact juvenile specimens of  Brycon amazonicusare abundant in the floodplains of the rio Solimões/ Amazonas(e.g., Bayley, 1988, as  B. melanopterus; Petry et al., 2003, as  B. cephalus), contrary to the view by Borges (1986)and  Lima& Araújo-Lima (2004), they are not completely absent from the rio Negro, since a few lots of juveniles have been located in collections (INPA 11072, MZUSP 60311, USNM 307069), indicating that a limited recruitment may occur at this system as well. Zaniboni Filho & Resende (1988, as  B. cephalus) analysed with light microscopy the gonadal development in the species using specimens collected in the lower rio Negroand middle rio Solimões/ Amazonasand concluded that the species is, as expected, a total spawner, and that specimens smaller than 160 mmSL cannot be identified to sex by a macrocospic examination of gonads. Females are estimated to reach maturity at 3 years of age and 28 cmSL ( Arias, 2006). The species is reported to reach 50 cmTL in the rio Madeirabasin ( Goulding, 1980: 68), and the largest specimen examined by Santos Filho & Batista (2009)during their broad survey of  Brycon amazonicusspecimens landed at the Manaus market measured 52 cmTL.  Brycon amazonicusis well-known for the hability in developing a transitory dermal lip protuberance during periods of hypoxia ( Braum, 1983a, b; as  Bryconcf. melanopterum), an adaptation in fact shared with some other characids (Winemiller, 1989b). An increase in number of maxillary teeth and gill rakers is reported to occur during the ontogeny of the species (Zaniboni Filho & Resende, 1988). The species presents a great importance in fisheries across its entire range (see Barthem, 1999; Araújo-Lima & Ruffino, 2003; Santos et al., 2006) and has been one of most aquacultured fish species both in Brazil(e.g., Werder & Saint-Paul, 1979; Mendonça, 1994) and Colombia( Arias, 2006).   Remarks.  Chalceus amazonicuswas described by Agassiz (in Spix & Agassiz, 1829: 68–69) for the “fluvio Amazonum” (= rio Amazonas, Brazil). The species is named as  Characinus amazonicusat its depiction (plate 35), which is supposedly how Spix intended to name it, since he only supervised the execution of the plates ( Kottelat, 1988). The genus  Characinuswas never described, and consequently constitutes a nomen nudum.  Chalceus amazonicuswas considered in the literature as a synonym of  Brycon opalinusby Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennnes, 1850), and that practice was followed subsequently ( Günther, 1864; Eigenmann, 1910; Fowler, 1950), until Howes (1982: 9)removed it from that synonymy. Howes (1982: 9)considered that the description of  Chalceus amazonicusby Agassiz (in Spix & Agassiz, 1829) was very similar to the syntypesof  C.carpophagus, but he preferred to consider the name as a nomen dubiumdue the precariousness of the original description. Howes (1982: 9)erroneously inferred that the species was based on an iconotype, when actually the holotypewas deposited at Munich (“In the Museum at Munich there is a fine specimen, 10 incheslong, preserved in spirits of wine”; translation of the original description by Pethiyagoda & Kottelat, 1998: 155). Kottelat (1988)was not able to find the holotypeof  Chalceus amazonicusamong the material that Agassiz moved to the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Neuchâtel, and inferred that as most of Spix’s Brazilian material, it was very likely destroyed during the British bombing of the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften during the night of 24–25 April 1944. The original description of  Chalceus amazonicusonly provides very general information on the species, which does not allow a clear association of the name to any of the known  Bryconspecies from the Amazon basin. The illustration of the holotypeshows a relatively elongated fish, with an olivaceous dorsal coloration, a brown body and a grayish head. Counts of the illustrated holotypeare 62 lateral-line scales, 9 scales rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral-line, 7 horizontal scales between the lateral line and the pelvic-fin insertion, and 17 branched anal-fin rays. However, as noticed by Howes (1982: 9), there is a discrepancy between the number of anal-fin rays in the illustration and the number given in the description (iii, 24). The rather vague type-locality “fluvio Amazonum” indicate that the type-specimen may have been collected across a vast expanse of the Amazon basin. The expedition leaded by J. B. Spix and C. F. Martius crossed the whole extension of the rio Amazonas/Solimões in Braziland moved upstream into the lower course of some of its tributaries, namely, the rio Negro, rio Tapajós, rio Madeira, and rio Japurá ( Papavero, 1971: map 7). However, in the diary of the expedition, Spix & Martius (1981: 96)reported that  Chalceus amazonicuswas collected at the rio Amazonas, a little above the canal de Uruará, which is situated slightly below Monte Alegre, Parástate. It is therefore assumed that the lower Amazon should be considered the area of provenance of the holotypeof  Chalceus amazonicus. Two  Bryconspecies are commonly found in the lower rio Amazonaschannel and floodplains. One of them is  Brycon melanopterus, a species diagnosed by the presence of a conspicuous oblique dark stripe extending from pelvic-fin basis to the upper lobe of caudal fin (see under this species, below). As remarked above, the plate of  Chalceus amazonicusin Spix & Agassiz (1829)shows a specimen with a uniform color pattern, without blotches or stripes. The description by Agassiz is also uninformative in regard to any dark pigmentary feature that might eventually be present in the specimen (“head bluish, but the rest of the entire fish is olive grey and bright gold”; Pethiyagoda & Kottelat, 1998). Since the oblique stripe in  Brycon melanopterusis conspicuous even in highly-faded specimens, it seems unlikely that  Chalceus amazonicuscorresponds to this species. It is more likely that  Chalceus amazonicusrefers to a species described subsequently several times under different names, beginning with Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850) as  Chalceus carpophaga. Since the holotypeof  Chalceus amazonicuswas lost, a neotypeneed to be designated in order to dispel any doubt concerning the identity of the species. Therefore, we herein designate the specimen INPA 3415, collected in the rio Trombetas, a tributary of the Rio Amazonasat Parástate, a locality relatively close to Monte Alegre, as the neotypeof  Chalceus amazonicusAgassiz.    Brycon amazonicus, as herein recognized, comprises seven synonyms. Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850: 252–253) described  Chalceus carpophagafrom the “Essequibo” and “Amazone”. In spite of the fact that Valenciennes have not selected a holotype for the species, the description of the species is clearly based on a specimen said as have being collected at the Essequibo River by Schomburgk. Bertin (1948: 15)reported three syntypes for the species: MNHN A.9832 (“Fl. Essequibo”), MNHN 98 (Amazon River), and MNHN A.8615 (Sabará, Minas Gerais). Géry & Mahnert (1992: 816)appropriately designated the specimen MNHN A.9832 as the lectotype of the species, and noticed that while the paralectotype MNHN 98 is possibly conspecific to the lectotype, the paralectotype MNHN A.8615 is probably a specimen of  Brycon orthotaenia, a supposition confirmed in the present study (see item “Remarks” of  B. orthotaenia). The lectotype of  Chalceus carpophagais rather faded, but longitudinal wavy stripes can still be recognized in the specimen. This is a feature shared by some  Bryconspecies, among them,  B. amazonicus, which is the only species presenting this pigmentary feature known to occur in northeastern South America. Morphometric and meristic data are within the range of variation observed in  Brycon amazonicus.  Chalceus carpophagais therefore considered as a junior synonym of  Brycon amazonicus. Though Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850) mentions “Essequibo” as the locality for the lectotype of  Chalceus carpophaga, the label of the specimen records its locality as being merely “Guyane Anglaise”. Just a few more specimens of  Brycon amazonicusare known from Guyana (AMNH 14405 and FMNH 53353, the latter being the holotype of  B. siebenthalae, see below), all of which were collected in the Amacuro River system in northwestern Guyana (see item “Distribution”, above). Since no additional specimen of  Brycon amazonicushas ever been collected in the Essequibo River itself, we strongly suspect that the locality of the lectotype of  Chalceus carpophagagiven by Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850) is incorrect, though as a Schomburgk specimen, it was in fact very likely collected somewhere else in Guyana, more likely at the Amacuro river system (see below).  Günther (1869: 423–424)described  Megalobrycon cephalusbased on two specimens (BMNH 1869.5.21: 1–2) collected by Edward Bartlett at the “Upper Amazons”. Judging for another collections by Bartlett sent to the British Museum, these specimens were likely collected in the peruvian portion of the Amazon basin (e.g., Günther, 1868: 229; Sclater & Salvin, 1866). Günther (1869)did not compared  Megalobrycon cephalusto any  Bryconspecies, remarking only at the generic diagnosis that  Megalobryconwould be “closely allied to  Bryconops” (see comments on the item “Remarks” of the generic section, above). Both syntypesare now in a very poor state of preservation, with almost no scales left on the body, fins broken, and cranial bones in process of disarticulation. In fact, these specimens were already reported to be in a poor state of preservation when first studied ( Günther, 1869). The best preserved syntypepossess wavy longitudinal stripes in the scales of the upper portion of the caudal peduncle (the only portion of body with a large number of scales still present) and about 58 lateral-line scales (counts obtained through counting scale pockets). These two features combined suggests that the syntypesof  Brycon cephalusrefer to  B. amazonicus, since the other  Bryconspecies with wavy longitudinal stripes known to occur in the upper Amazon basin in Peru,  B. hilarii, possess considerably higher lateral-line scales counts (67–82). We thus consider  Brycon cephalusas a synonym of  B. amazonicus.  Brycon cephaluswas until the recent past the name usually employed for  B. amazonicusin the CentralAmazon basin (e.g., Regan, 1905; Howes, 1982; Zaniboni Filho & Resende, 1988; Géry & Mahnert, 1992; Ferreira et al., 1998; Araújo-Lima & Ruffino, 2003). Howes (1982), Zaniboni Filho & Resende (1988), and particularly Géry & Mahnert (1992)studied in detail the variation and diagnostic features of  Brycon amazonicus, under the name  B. cephalus, comparing it with the syntopic  B. melanopterus.   Cope (1872: 261–262)described  Brycon capitofrom “Ambyiacu” (= RíoAmpyiacu, near Pebas, Loreto, Peru), the same type-locality of  Megalobrycon erythropterum(a synonym of  B. hilarii, see item “Remarks” of the latter species). Cope (1872)did not compared  Brycon capitowith any other  Bryconspecies, nor discussed why he considered it to be a new species. The holotypeof  Brycon capito(ANSP 8058) was examined during the course of the present study, and is a juvenile  Bryconspecimen in very poor condition of preservation, being desiccated, scaleless, and faded ( Fig. 68). Lateral-line counts of the holotypeof  Brycon capitowere low, according to Cope (1872)(56 lateral line scales), a count considerably lower than counts of the sympatric  B. hilarii(67–82) but very close to the range of  B. amazonicus(57–75). The holotypeof  Brycon capitodoes not seem to be distinct from  B. amazonicusjuveniles (compare Figs. 70and 75), and thus, we consider the earlier as a synonym of the latter.  Steindachner (1879a: 150)briefly described  Brycon longiceps, without mentioning its type-locality. A little later, a proper description of the species was published ( Steindachner, 1879b: 156–157). Steindachner (1879b)described the species based on three juvenile specimens (NMW 62944: 1–3), collected in the Río Orinoco at Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. The examination of the three syntypes revealed them to represent juveniles of  Brycon amazonicus. Interestingly, Steindachner (1879b)suggested that the species was in fact more similar to  Brycon carpophagus(=  B. amazonicus), and that he was precluded of doing an adequate comparison between both species because the type series of  B. longicepsconsisted in juvenile specimens, while  B. carpophaguswas solely known from a few large and poorly preserved specimens.  Eigenmann (1912: 372)described  Brycon siebenthalaefrom a single specimen collected at “Mud Creek, Aruka River”, an independent coastal drainage from northwestern Guyana, near the border with Venezuela. We examined the holotype of the species and concluded it to be a synonym of  Brycon amazonicus, a conclusion actually earlier advanced by Géry & Mahnert (1992: 816:“présente tous le caractères de  B. carpophagus… il s’agit très probablement d’un synonym”). As remarked above, there are few  Brycon amazonicusspecimens reported from Guyana, and the species appears to be restricted in that country to the northwestern river basins, which are connected to the Orinoco delta via the Amacuro River (see item “Distribution”, above).  Holly (1929: 208–209)described  Brycon pellegrinifrom Manaus, in the lower rio Negro/central Amazon area, Brazil. Holly (1929)does not compared the species to any congener, only mentioning that it was probably related to  Brycon moorei. Both Howes (1982: 41)and Géry & Mahnert (1992: 797)considered this species to be a junior synonym of  B. cephalus(=  Brycon amazonicus). The holotypeof  Brycon pellegriniwas not examined during the present study, but its original description provides enough information to allow a safe judgement concerning its taxonomic status. At the Manaus area, four  Bryconare known:  B. pesu,  B. falcatus,  B. melanopterus, and  B. amazonicus. Holly (1929)mentions that the holotypeof  Brycon pellegrinipossess the caudal-fin basis darkened (“Schwanzflossenbasis ist dunkler”). The only  Bryconspecies occurring in the Manaus area to conform such a description of the caudal-fin basis is  B. amazonicus, since the remaining species either lack dark pigmentation at the basis of caudal fin (  B. pesu) or possess a very characteristic caudal-basis color pattern that would not be so succinctly described if present (  B. falcatusand  B. melanopterus). In addition, the stated scale counts for the holotypeof  Brycon pellegrini, 69/14/9( Holly, 1929) are beyond the upper limits known for  B. falcatusand  B. pesu, but within the range of both  B. melanopterusand  B. amazonicus. Finally, Holly (1929: 209)mentions that the fins are brownish (“Die flosse sind braun”). Darkened paired fins are found, among the  Bryconspecies present in the Manaus area, only in  B. amazonicus. Consequently, and confirming the view advanced by Howes (1982)and Géry & Mahnert (1992), there is enough evidence to consider  Brycon pellegrinias a synonym of  B. amazonicus.    Brycon siebenthalae iquitensis Nakashima (1941: 69–70)was described having as its type-locality “las cercanías del puerto de Iquitos”. The typematerial was apparently never deposited in a fish collection and is lost (H. Ortega, pers. com.). Nakashima (1941)did not provided any reasoning about why to describe a subspecies of  Brycon siebenthalaefrom the Amazonian portion of Peru. Presumably, he merely gave a subspecific status to a  Bryconpopulation he considered to be conspecific with  Brycon siebenthalaefrom Guyana. Though the inaccurate description given by Nakashima (1941), compounded with the lack of type-material precludes a definitive conclusion, we consider that the best alternative available to merely consider  Brycon siebenthalae iquitensisas a synonym of  B. amazonicus. Both Kner (1860)and Amaral-Campos (1950: 140) mixed in their accounts of  Brycon hilariispecimens authentically belonging to the latter species (from “Cujaba” and “ Mato Grosso”, respectively) with specimens of  B. amazonicus, probably because of the high scales counts shared by both species. Kner (1860: 11)cites a specimen collected by J. Natterer at “ SaltoTheotonio” (now spelled SaltoTeotônio, at the rio Madeira, Rondônia, Brazil), under the common name “Schatö-arana”, an obvious mispelling of “jatuarana”, the common name by which  Brycon amazonicusis still known in the rio Madeirabasin.   Braum (1983a, b) studied the ability of a  Bryconspecies from central Amazon in developing oral dermal protuberances to withstand hypoxia. Although he identified the species he studied as  Bryconcf. melanopterus, a picture published in one of the articles ( Braum, 1983a: fig. 1a) shows that, instead, that he has studied  B. amazonicus. Lasso (1992: 11)identified  Brycon melanopterusfrom the lower río Suapure, RíoOrinoco basin. The picture presented in the paper (fig. 3, p. 22) shows, instead, a specimen of  Brycon amazonicus.  Brycon melanopterusis in fact restricted to the Amazon basin (see item “Distribution” and “Comparisons” of this latter species). Bayley (1988)studied the growth of several young fish species occurring in the floodplains of rio Solimões near Manaus, including what that author has identified as  Brycon melanopterus. Examination of the material collected by Bayley in both USNM and MZUSP collections showed that, although there are in fact a few  Brycon melanopterusspecimens in his  Bryconsamples, the bulk of it is actually constituted by  B. amazonicus. Another possible misidentifications involving the species (e.g.,  Bryconcf. melanopterus; Junk et al., 1983;  Brycon hilarii; Marlier, 1968: 56) could not be checked due to lack of information on the material which based them, but are with great likelihood attributable to  B. amazonicus.  Galvis et al.(2006: 188–189) identified  Brycon cephalus(=  B. amazonicus) from Leticia, Colombia. Though the characters used in their description allow the identification of the material examined by them as  Brycon amazonicus(e.g., the pigmentary features of the scales; Galvis et al., 2006: 189, fig. 85d), the picture of the species (p. 457) depicts instead a specimen of  B. melanopterus.     Materialexamined. Typematerial:  INPA3415(1, 362.0 mm SL): Brazil, Pará, rio Trombetas, igarapé Caxipacoré, c. 0°34’S, 56°45’W; E. Ferreira& M. Jégu,  20 April 1985.  Neotypeof  Chalceus amazonicusAgassiz, in Spix & Agassiz, 1829, by present designation. MNHN A.9832 ( 1, 267.8 mmSL): “ GuyaneAnglaise”; Schomburgk, no date.  Lectotypeof  Chalceus carpophagaValenciennes(designated by  Géry& Mahnert, 1992: 816).  MNHN98( 1, 260.9 mmSL): “ Amazone”; Montravel, no date.  Paralectotypeof  Chalceus carpophagaValenciennes(designated by  Géry& Mahnert, 1992: 816). BMNH1869.5.21: 1 (2, 235.7–307.0 mm SL): “ Upper Amazons”; E. Bartlett, no date;  syntypesof  Megalobrycon cephalusGünther.  ANSP8058(1, 46.0 mm SL): “ Ecuador, Ambyiacu River” [= Peru, Depto. Loreto, Rio Ampyiacu, trib. Río Amazonas, c. 3°21’S, 71°48’W]; J. Hauxwell, no date.  Holotypeof  Brycon capitoCope. NMW62944 ( 49.1–67.7 mmSL): “ Orinocobei Ciudad Bolivar” [ Venezuela, Estado Bolivar, 8°8’N, 63°34’W]; Schilling, 1879; syntypesof  Brycon longicepsSteindachner.  FMNH53353( 1, 169.1 mmSL): Guyana, Mud Creekin Aruka River[c. 8°13’N, 59°44’W]; S.E. Shideler, 1908. Holotype of  Brycon siebenthalaeEigenmann.   Non types. Brazil, Parástate, rio Amazonasbasin: MCZ21134 ( 1, 174.7 mmSL);  MCZ21089 (3, 161.4– 174.0 mm SL): RioXingu,  Portode Moz, 1°45’S, 52°14’W; Thayer Expedition,  Aug–Sept 1865.   BMNH1926.10.27.7 ( 1, 190.4 mmSL): Monte Alegre, Rio Amazonas, 2°0’S, 54°4’W; C. Ternetz, no date.   MZUSP9501( 1, 121.6 mmSL): Monte Alegre, rio Amazonas, 2°0’S, 54°4’W; EPA,  14 Aug 1968.   MNRJ11263( 1, 200.8 mmSL): rio Amazonas, “ Maicura” (probably rio Maicuru, c. 2°9’S, 54°12’W); L. Travassos& J. de Freitas,  Feb 1960. MZUSP 9177 (1, 185.0 mm SL):  Santarém, rio Maicá, c. 2°27’S, 54°40’W; EPA,  19–27 Oct 1971.  CAS68830 (1, 159.0 mm SL): “ Lagoa Grandeinto RioAmazona at Castello Branco” (probably  Lagoa Grande de Curuaí, c. 2°14’S, 55°16’W); C. Ternetz,  14 Jul 1923.  CAS68884 ( 1, 174.7 mmSL): “ Lagoa Grandeinto RioAmazon” (probably  Lagoa Grande de Curuaí, c. 2°14’S, 55°16’W); C. Ternetz,  Nov 1924.   ZUEC8033(1, 223.0 mm SL), Curuá, Lago Preto, fazenda São Luís( Costado Cruzeiro, rio Amazonas), 2°6'22''S, 55° 10'17''W; F.C.T.  Lima, W.G.R. Crampton, J.S. Ready et al.,  22 Nov 2013. MCZ21099 (2, 139.2– 170.7 mmSL);  MCZ21098 ( 1, 155.7 mmSL): Rio Amazonas, Óbidos, 1°52’S, 55°30’W; Thayer Expedition,  Nov–Dec 1865.   MPEG11181( 1, 190.6 mmSL): Juruti, Igarapé Guaraná, 2°29’19’’S, 56°14’19’’ W; A. Hercos & V. Sena,  21 Aug 2006.  CAS66852 (1, 94.3 mmSL): Juruti, 2°9’S, 56°6’W; no collector specified.   ANSP82285(1, 207.0 mm SL): “ Para”; J.L. Troemner, no date.   Parástate, rio Tapajósbasin:  MZUSP8405(3, 146.6– 156.6 mmSL):  Santarém, igarapé Jacundá, Alter do Chão, c. 2°30’S, 54°58’W; EPA,  23 Dec 1967.   MZUSP57475( 1, 258.1 mmSL): Santarém, Alter do Chão, 2°28'5''S 54°55'34''W; M. Westneat et al.,  31 Oct 1994.   MZUSP60323( 1, 154.5 mmSL): Santarém, rio Tapajós, 2°25’S, 54°45’W;  A. Campos,  Oct 1944.  FMNH92083( 1, 159.6 mmSL):  Santarém, rio Tapajós, 2°25’S, 54°45’W; J.D. Haseman,  12 Dec 1909. MCZ20780 ( 1, 117.7 mmSL);  MCZ21094 ( 1, 176.3 mmSL): Santarém, rio Tapajós, 2°25’S, 54°45’W; D. Bourget, 1865.  MCZ21125 (3, 258.0–315.0 mm SL): RioTapajós, probably at its mouth; N. Dexter et al.,  26 Aug 1865. CAS 68858 ( 1, 150.2 mmSL);  CAS68854 ( 1, 128.4 mmSL): market at Santarém; C. Ternetz,  Aug–Sept 1924. CAS 68837 ( 1, 243 mmSL);  CAS68915 (3, 115.7– 121.3 mmSL): rio Tapajós, Santarém, 2°25’S, 54°45’W; C. Ternetz,  July 1924.   MNHN1909-070( 1, 115.1 mmSL): Santarém, 2°25’S, 54°45’W; C. Jobert, no date.   Parástate, rio Trombetasbasin:  MZUSP8255(1, 151.0 mm SL): rio Trombetas, Oriximiná, 1°47’S, 55°52’W; EPA,  16–18 Dec 1967.   MZUSP56777(3, 207.2– 231.6 mmSL): rio Trombetas, Cuminá, c. 1°31’S, 56°2’W; M. Goulding,  Oct–Nov 1983.   INPA16449( 1, 341.3 mmSL): rio Cachorro(trib. rio Trombetas), c. 1°0’S, 57°3’W; E. Ferreira& L.H.R. Py-Daniel,  18 Oct 1985.   INPA16440( 1, 364.1 mmSL): rio Trombetas, near the mouth of igarapé Caxipacoré, c. 0°35’S, 56°47’W; E. Ferreira& L.H.R. Py-Daniel,  16 Oct 1985.   INPA3416( 1, 317.6 mmSL): rio Mapuera(trib. rio Trombetas),  Cachoeira da Égua, c. 1°5’S, 57°20’W; E. Ferreira,  17 May 1985.   Amazonasstate, rio Solimões/ Amazonasbasin:  MZUSP5801(2, 317.2– 329.7 mmSL): Lago Saracá, Silves, c. 2°53’S, 58°21’W; EPA,  17–18 March 1967.  MCZ21124 ( 1, 176.5 mmSL): Lago Saracáat Silves, c. 2°53’S, 58°21’W; S.V.R. Thayer,  Dec 1865.  MCZ21086 (2, 147.0– 183.2 mmSL): Rio Amazonas, Parintins, 2°38’S, 56°45’W; L. Agassiz,  27 Aug–2 Sept 1865.  MCZ21091 ( 1, 160.4 mmSL): Lago José Assú[= Igarapé Açuor rio Andirá, 2°54’S, 57°8’W]; L. Agassiz,  27–30 Aug 1865.   MZUSP13430( 1, 323.2 mmSL): Itacoatiara, rio Amazonas, 3°9’S, 58°27’W; N. Smith,  28 Sept 1977. MNHN 1996-1085 (1, 184. mm SL); MNHN 1996-1089 ( 1, 191.8 mmSL); MNHN 1996-1081 ( 1, 291.6 mmSL); MNHN 1996-1082 ( 1, 215.1 mmSL); MNHN 1996-1083 ( 1, 218.3 mmSL);   MNHN1996-1087( 1, 171.5 mmSL): rio Urubu,  SaltoLindóia, c. 2°37’S, 59°22’W; M. Jégu,  Sept–Oct 1993.  MCZ92873 ( 1, 102.7 mmSL): Lago Jacaretinga, rio Amazonas, near Manaus; T.J. Zaret et al.,  9 Jan 1980. INPA 16384 (2, 88.5–101.6 mmSL);   INPA16450(3, 143.4– 293.8 mmSL): rio Amazonas, Ilhado Careiro, Lago do Rei, c. 3°9’S, 59°47’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, June–Oct 1986. USNM 307069 ( 1, 125.3 mmSL);   RioNegro, Lago Janauari, c. 3°13’S, 60°1’W; P. Bayley,  13 Oct 1977.   INPA4599(2, 228.7– 241.4 mmSL): rio Amazonas, Lago do Careiro, Ilhado Rei, c. 3°9’S, 59°47’W; M. Jégu et al.,  24 Feb 1986. INPA 5784 (16, 104.7– 161.9 mmSL); INPA 5785 (8, 65.9–77.5 mmSL); INPA 5787 (14, 99.9– 163.9 mmSL); INPA 11071 (18, 49.1–107.7 mmSL); MZUSP 60310 (4, 53.0– 95.1 mmSL); INPA 16348 (1, 44.8 mmSL); INPA 16390 (119, 27.2–77.1 mmSL); INPA 16432 (59, 42.5–99.0 mm SL); INPA 16430 (29, 34.0– 51.1 mmSL); INPA 16455 (3, 38.2–48.9 mmSL); INPA 16454 ( 1, 112.9 mmSL);   INPA16444(1, 44.5 mmSL): rio Solimões, Ilhada Marchantaria, c. 3°14’S, 59°55’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 1976–1981. INPA 13323 (11, 46.0– 93.7 mmSL); INPA 13346 (9, 41.1–66.6 mmSL); INPA 13315 (15, 38.0–74.0 mm SL); INPA 13311 (28, 30.3–82.7 mmSL); INPA 13320 (43, 14.2–60.9 mmSL); INPA 13316 (2, 42.5–43.4 mmSL); INPA 13319 (14, 36.8–68.1 mmSL); INPA 13306 (1, 59.9 mmSL); INPA 13314 ( 1, 100.4 mmSL); INPA 13319 (7, 47.6–53.6 mmSL); INPA 13300 (5, 43.6–83.9 mmSL); INPA 13310 (3, 50.8–57.8 mmSL); INPA 13326 (7, 61.6–70.3 mmSL); INPA 13339 (2, 64.0–71.0 mm SL); INPA 13299 (32, 26.4–49.7 mmSL); INPA 13317 (1, 39.8 mmSL); INPA 13303 (1, 60.5 mmSL); INPA 13307 (1, 25.4 mmSL); INPA 13324 (16, 31.9–70.9 mmSL); INPA 13328 (37, 12.7–37.7 mmSL); INPA 13329 (1, 62.5 mmSL); INPA 13309 (1, 34.7 mmSL); INPA 13321 (4, 39.4–57.2 mmSL); INPA 13327 (1, 64.6 mmSL); INPA 13312 (1, 37.6 mmSL); INPA 13301 (2, 28.8–40.3 mmSL); INPA 13302 (2, 16.9– 32.7 mmSL);   INPA13318(7, 40.0–65.0 mm SL): rio Solimões, Ilhada Marchantaria, c. 3°14’S, 59°55’W; P. Petry& R. Sotero,  Jan–March 1993. MZUSP 75565 (3, 72.8–80.9 mmSL); MZUSP 74668 (16, 44.8–66.5 mmSL); USNM 307081 (237, 13.4–31.6 mmSL); USNM 307028 (31, 13.5–19.4 mmSL); USNM 307064 (80, 13.0– 39.0 mm SL); USNM 371013 (10, 35.1–53.7 mmSL); USNM 371014 (1, 80.8 mmSL); USNM 307065 (2, 61.5– 66.9 mmSL); USNM 307032 (5, 31.0– 82.6 mmSL); USNM 307072 (7, 57.9–86.2 mmSL); USNM 307071 (261, 16.4–66.7 mmSL); USNM 307061 (2, 158.3–162.0 mm SL); USNM 307002 ( 1, 110.1 mmSL); USNM 307023 (1, 73.7 mmSL); USNM 307018 (2, 75.7–84.1 mmSL); USNM 307060 (2, 159.6– 174.6 mmSL);   USNM307024(6, 27.9–86.2 mmSL): rio Solimões, Ilhade Marchantaria, c. 3°14’S, 59°55’W; P. Bayley,  1977–1979. INPA 16421 (2, 29.2–40.7 mmSL): “Lago Janauacá com Marchantaria”; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 19 Jan 1977. MZUSP 75567 (2, 114.6– 116.3 mmSL); MZUSP 75568 (2, 108.0–117.0 mm SL); USNM 307062 ( 1, 160.5 mmSL); USNM 307014 (4, 59.7–76.5 mmSL); USNM 371015 ( 1, 126.2 mmSL); USNM 307070 (3, 108.5–124.0 mm SL); USNM 307154 (3, 43.5–96.2 mmSL); USNM 307006 (12, 18.6–46.6 mmSL);  RioSolimões, Lago Janauacálakes complex, c. 3°22’S, 60°12’W; P. Bayley,  1977–1979.  INPA16451(4, 37.4–54.9 mmSL);   INPA16364( 1, 156.7 mmSL): rio Solimões, Lago Janauacá, c. 3°24’S, 60°18’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, Jan 1977.   ZUEC7823( 1,159.1 mmSL): Manaquiri, Lago Janauacá, c. 3°24’S, 60°18’W; V.S. Uieda,  11–12 Aug 1979.   ZUEC5345(1, 89.9 mmSL): Manaquiri, Lago Janauacá, c. 3°24’S, 60°18’W; U. Caramaschi,  July 1977.   MZUSP6627(3, 123.1– 149.5 mmSL): igarapé tributary of Lago Manacapuru, c. 3°17’S.  60°54’W; EPA,  13 Nov 1967.  MZUSP5903(3, 84.5–176.4 mmSL): Lago Jacaré, right margin of rio Solimões, above Manacapuru, c. 3°30’S, 60°47’W; EPA, 29– 31 March 1967. BMNH 1925.10.28.90 (1, 240.0 mm SL): Manacapuru,  RioSolimões, c. 3°17’S.  60°54’W; Ehrhardt, no date.  MZUSP6306( 1, 164.6 mmSL): Lago Castro, rio Purusat its mouth, c. 3°43’S, 61°27’W; EPA, 7–8 Nov 1967.   MZUSP5990(1, 70.5 mmSL): rio Purus, at its mouth, c. 3°43’S, 61°27’W; EPA,  1–5 May 1967.   INPA17122(1, 207.0 mm SL): rio Purus, mouth of Paranádo Jarí, near lago Arunã, 4°55’33’’S, 62°21’58’’W; L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al.,  9 June 2001. INPA 19106 (1, 178.0 mm SL);  MCP29759 ( 1, 167.5 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of igarapé Uxi, 2°32’42’’S, 64°40’7’’W; W.G.R. Crampton,  14 Dec 1997.  MCP29757 ( 1, 162.1 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of rio Baré, 2°27’23’’S, 64°43’35’’W; W.G.R. Crampton,  17 Dec 1997.   MZUSP27924(2, 122.9– 165.6 mmSL): Lago Mamirauá, mouth of rio Japurá, c. 2°59’S, 64°56’W; P.E. Vanzolini,  25 Sept 1983.   INPA19108( 1, 139.6 mmSL): rio Solimões, Reserva Mamirauá, Lago Mamirauá; W.G.R. Crampton,  Oct 1993.   INPA19118(1, 39.0 mm SL): rio Solimões, Reserva Mamirauá, Lago Secretaria; W.G.R. Crampton,  March 2001.   INPA19107(2, 119.6– 133.5 mmSL): rio Solimões, Reserva Mamirauá, lago Curuçá; W.G.R. Crampton,  4 Nov 1997.  MCP29758 ( 1, 143.1 mmSL): Alvarães, Lago Rato(channel), Lago Mamirauásystem, 3° 2’58’’S, 64° 51’31’’W; W.G.R. Crampton,  11 Oct 1999.   INPA19111( 1, 159.6 mmSL): Tefé, rio Solimões, Lago Capivara, Costadas Capivaras; W.G.R. Crampton,  13 Jan 2001.   MCZ162214(1, 196.0 mm SL): Tefé, 3°24’S, 64°45’W; L. Agassiz et al.,  Oct 1865.   INPA19109( 1, 167.1 mmSL): rio Tefé, Ilhado Martelo; W.G.R. Crampton,  14 July 1999.   MNHN1909-0289( 1, 153.5 mmSL): RioSolimões, Tonantins, 2°52’S, 67°46’W; C. Jobert, no date.   MZUSP55821(1, 23.4 mmSL): rio Solimões, 17.1 kmdownstream rio Içá, 3°0’27’’S, 67°52’46’’W; J.P. Friel et al.,  22 Nov 1993.   MZUSP56153(3, 24.3–38.6 mmSL): rio Solimões, 26.1 kmdownstream rio Içá, 2°58’5’’S, 67°49’51’’W; J.P.Sullivan et al.,  23 Nov 1993. MZUSP 27334 (2, 236.0–237.0 mm SL): Benjamin Constant,  Costado Capacete, rio Solimões, c. 4°20’S, 69°58’W; L.P.  Portugal,  13 Nov 1982.  MZUSP27330(1, 184.0 mm SL): Tabatinga, Lago Caial, rio Solimões, c. 4°20’S, 69°58’W; L. P.  Portugal,  8 Oct 1982.  MNRJ11262( 1, 209.5 mmSL): rio Queixito, at its mouth at rio Javari, 4°20’S, 70°12’W; A. Parko, 1942.   Amazonasstate, rio Uatumãbasin:  INPA5685(1, 258.0 mm SL): rio Uatumã, Balbina, c. 1°55’S, 59°28’W; M. Jégu,  Sept 1985.   INPA15421(2, 286.1– 292.8 mmSL): rio Uatumã, Balbina, c. 1°55’S, 59°28’W; P. Chaves,  July 1985.   INPA16433(2, 270.2– 284.2 mmSL): rio Uatumã, igarapé do Barreto, c. 1°58’S, 59°27’W; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 27 April 1983.   INPA5517( 1, 274.7 mmSL): rio Uatumã, igarapé do Arraia; S. Amadio,  May 1985.   INPA16428( 1, 287.5 mmSL): igarapé do Arraia, rio Uatumã; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA,  15 April 1983.   INPA16429( 1, 289.4 mmSL): Amazonas, igarapé Água Branca, rio Pitinga(trib. rio Uatumã), c. 0°52’S, 59°27’W; P. Chaves,  17 Oct 1983.   INPA16374( 1, 228.9 mmSL): igarapé da Água Branca, rio Pitinga, c.  0°52’S, 59°27’W; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA,  17 April 1983.  Amazonasstate,  rio Negrobasin: MCZ15995 (2, 27.9–32.3 mmSL):   RioNegro, Lago Aleixo, c. 3°5’S, 59°53’W;. V.R. Thayer, 1865.  BMNH1943.4.24.37 ( 1, 196.3 mmSL): “ Manaos”; J.C. Anthony, no date. MZUSP 9574 ( 1, 178.3 mmSL): Manaus (fish market); EPA, 17–19 Sept 1968.   MZUSP6766(1, 206.0 mm SL): Manaus, igarapé Tarumãzinho, trib rio Negro, c. 3°3’S, 60°7’W; EPA,  17–18 Nov 1967.   INPA15925(1, 344.0 mm SL): rio Negro, Maruauru(not located); Cidomar,  March 2000.   MZUSP61882(5, 394.5– 412.5 mmSL): rio Puduari, upper portion, c. 2°8’S, 61°15’W; G. Borges,  Nov 1981. MZUSP 105603 (14, 235.7– 428.2 mmSL):  rio Negro, Praia Grande, c. 2°31’S, 69°59’W; G. Borges,  23 May 1982.  INPA2614( 1, 340.9 mmSL):  rio Negro, Praia Grande, c. 2°31’S, 69°59’W; Eq. Ictiologia,  2 Jan 1984.   UMMZ217848( 1, 221.5 mmSL): Arquipélago de Anavilhanas, rio Negro; W.F. Fink et al.,  Jan 1983.   UMMZ217803( 1, 229.4 mmSL): rio Negro, lago “ Chiclaua” (not located); W.L. Fink,  10 Jan 1983.   INPA9900( 1, 254.7 mmSL): rio Jaú, igarapé Miratuca, c. 1°58’S, 61°30’W; M. Garcia& Oliveira,  29 Oct 1994. INPA 11072 (20, 34.4–48.9 mmSL); MZUSP 60311 (8, 31.4–51.8 mmSL):   RioNegro, Anavilhanas, c. 2°31’S, 69°59’W; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA,  28 May 1976. INPA 16447 (13, 222.6– 316.8 mmSL):  rio Negro, “ Ponta da Piraíba” (not located); Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA,  15 Aug 1985.   MNRJ6268( 1, 147.4 mmSL): rio Negro, “ Uyipiranga” (not located);  A. Parko, 1941.   Amazonasstate, rio Madeirabasin:  MZUSP7039(11, 169.8– 269.7 mmSL): rio Canumã, c. 4°2’S, 59°6’W; EPA,  28–29 Nov 1967.   MZUSP59001( 1, 270.8 mmSL): mouth of rio Madeira(purchased at the Itacoatiarafish market);  A.M. Zanata,  3 Aug 1996. MCZ21090 ( 1, 203.8 mmSL): Rio Madeira, probably near confluence with rio Solimões; L. Agassiz et al.,  1 Sept 1865.   Rondôniastate, rio Madeirabasin:  MZUSP14017(4, 301.0– 348.6 mmSL): rio Machado, at its mouth, 8°4’S, 62°53’W; M.Goulding,  18 Sept 1977. UF 100627(1, 194.0 mm SL): rio Jamari, ca. 20 kmdownstream from Samueldam, locally called Pedra de Sant'anna, c.  8°44’S, 63°29’W; J. P. Viana,  3 June 1993.  INPA16383(11, 133.0– 156.8 mmSL): rio Jamari, Samueldam, diverting channel (cofferdam), c. 8°45’S, 63°27’W; G.M. Santos, 7–9 June 1988.   INPA16456( 1, 383.4 mmSL): rio Jamari, 5 kmabove Samueldam, c. 9°32’S, 63°8’W; G.M. Santos,  14 July 1985.   INPA16442(2, 282.8– 303.2 mmSL): rio Jamari, above Samueldam, c. 9°32’S, 63°8’W; G.M. Santos,  7 Dec 1984.   INPA16443(2, 273.9– 318.5 mmSL): rio Jamaribelow Samueldam, c. 8°30’, 63°29’W; G.M. Santos,  27 March 1986.  CAS96131 (1, 207.0 mm SL): Rio Madeira, “  Cachoele de Theotone” [= Cachoeira do Teotônio, 8°52’S, 64°3’W]; J.D. Haseman,  30 Oct 1909.  CAS18395 (1, 273.0 mm SL): Rio Madeira, “whirlpools at  Cachoele de Girao” [= Cachoeira do Girau, 9°17’S, 64°39’W]; J.D. Haseman,  26 Oct 1909.   MZUSP88028(1, 194.0 mm SL): rio Madeira, Estação Ecológica Antônio Mujica Nava, 9°24’50’’S, 64°56’32’’W; L.F. Silveira,  6–18 Feb 2002.  MCP39586 ( 1, 188.4 mmSL): Igarapé Taquarás, trib. RioMamoré, BR-425, 9°57’43’’S, 65°17’45’’W;  A.R. Cardoso, V. Bertaco, F.C.T.  Lima& J.F. Pezzi da Silva,  25 Jul 2004.  INPA16371(1, 249.0 mm SL): rio Novo, trib. rio Guaporé, at its mouth, c.  10°52’S, 65°16’W; G.M. Santos,  20 June 1985.  INPA16375(2, 192.7– 207.4 mmSL): Guajará-Mirim, rio Pacaás Novos(trib. rio Guaporé), c. 11°5’S, 65°8’W; G.M. Santos, 16 Nov 1984.   INPA16377( 1, 185.5 mmSL): rio Mamoré, mouth of rio Guaporé, Surpresa, 11°53’S, 65°1’W; G.M. Santos,  19 June 1984.   AMNH39956( 1, 392.4 mmSL): RioGuaporé, 5 kmSW CostaMarques, c. 12°30’S, 64°17’W; R.M. Bayley et al.,  23–24 Sept 1964.   Mato Grossostate, rio Madeirabasin:  MZUSP105602(2, 420.0–485.0 mm SL): rio Verde, trib. rio Guaporé, Brazil/ Boliviaborder, 14°7’36’’S, 60°28’30’’W; O.  A. Cantelmo & L. Barbosa,  13–21 Aug 2005.   Bolivia, rio Madeirabasin:  FMNH107242(1, 445.0 mm SL): Estado Pando,  RíoNareuda (trib. RíoOrthon,  Río Madre de Diosdrainage), c. 11°16’S, 69°3’W; N.  A. Menezes et al.,  4 Sept 1996.   MNHN1989–1430(3, 140.2– 158.8 mmSL): Estado Beni,  RíoTijamuchi (trib. Rio Beni), below Trinidad, c. 14°11’S, 65°3’W; L. Lauzanne& G. Loubens,  26–28 Apr 1984.   Peru, Depto. Loreto,   RioUcayali/Amazonas basin: NRM23671 ( 1, 113.7 mmSL); NRM 23672 ( 1, 123.8 mmSL): Quebrada Tocón Grande and marginal pools, at km 33 of carretera Iquitos-Nauta,  RíoItaya drainage, c. 4°2’S, 73°26’W; S.O. Kullander et al.,  3–4 Jul 1986.   MZUSP15266(2, 87.2–90.7 mmSL): Caño Lupuna, Río Amazonas(not located); M.V. Correa,  10 Jun 1980.   INHS55030(1, 118.0 mm SL): south bank trib. Río Napo, near Mazán, ca. 33 km Iquitos,c. 3°30’S, 73°6’W; M.H. Sabaj et al.,  31 Jul 1999.   INHS43857(1, 95.9 mmSL): small cocha trib. Río Napo, IslaMilagros across the town of Mázan, 3°28'59,9'’S, 73°05'05,5'’W; M.H. Sabaj et al.,  2 Aug 1997.   INHS106469( 1, 134.4 mmSL): RíoNanay, Pampa Chica, 3°45'08,8'’S, 73°17'00,1'’W; M.H. Sabaj& J.W. Armbruster,  22 Jul 1997. CAS 16031 ( 1, 293.7 mmSL);  CAS68880 ( 1, 198.4 mmSL): Rio Amazonas, Iquitos; W.R. Allen,  Sept 1920. CAS 160579( 1, 132.4 mmSL); CAS 160749( 1, 120.7 mmSL);   CAS136578( 1, 164.3 mmSL): Canodel Shansho, near Pebas, c. 3°21’S, 71°48’W; W.G. Scherer,  Sept 1936. ANSP 178374 (3, 114.2– 162.7 mmSL): Prov. Maynas,  RíoYanuyacu (trib. R. Amazonasat mouth of Cano Chincana,  Emerald ForestLodge, approx. 25 milesS. of Iquitos; M.H. Sabaj et al.,  11 Aug 2001.  MUSM7020( 1, 134.5 mmSL):  RíoPacaya, Cocha Zapote, 5°75’S, 74°25’W; H.W. Koepcke,  March 1960.  MUSM18177(1, 40.8 mmSL): San Pablo de Tipishca,  Río Marañon; H. Ortega et al.,  15 Apr 2001.   Depto. Ucayali,   RíoUcayalibasin:  MZUSP26219(3, 58.9–60.8 mmSL);   MZUSP26218(3, 60.7–66.1 mmSL):  RíoUcayali, Shanahao, Prov. Coronel Portillo; H. Ortega,  29 Apr 1976. MZUSP 25937 (6, 1 cs, 27.7–52.0 mm SL); AMNH 43338 (2, 66.1–73.5 mmSL);   MUSM41144(1, 50.7 mmSL):  RíoUcayali, Masisea, Prov. Coronel Portillo, 8°35’S, 74°20’W; H. Ortega,  21–23 Nov 1973.   MUSM41154( 1, 148.8 mmSL): Pucallpa,  RíoUcayali, Masisea, 8°35’S, 74°20’W; H. Ortega,  24 Sept 1975.   MUSM108(2, 133.0–134.0 mm SL): Ucayali, Pucallpa, Masisea, Lobococha, 8°35’S, 74°20’W; H. Ortega,  20 Apr 1983.   MUSM315(2, 130.5–132.0 mm SL): Pucallpa,  RíoUcayali, Utiquinía, 8°12’S, 74°34’W; H. Ortega,  20 Sept 1985.   Colombia, Rio Amazonasbasin:  UMMZ 191053( 1, 225.5 mmSL): Leticia,  Rio Amazonas, 4°13’S, 69°57’W; R. Faber,  17 May 1971.   Venezuela, rio Orinocobasin, Estado  DeltaAmacuro:  USNM236562(50, 122.7– 297.8 mmSL): tidal stream on river shore, 49 milesfrom sea buoy, 8°37’36’’N, 60°49’36’’W; J.N. Baskin& D.J. Stewart,  20 Nov 1979.  Estado Anzoategui:  ANSP166777(1, 172.0 mm SL): Soledad,  LagunaCurita, 8°9’30’’N, 63°35’55’’W; M. Rodriguez,  27 Apr 1988.   ANSP166480(4, 149.5– 170.9 mmSL): Soledad, LagunaAguilera, 8°11’30’’N, 63°26’45’’W; M. Rodriguez& S. Richardson,  22 Jan 1987.  Estado Guárico:  MZUSP54583(2, 142.9– 145.2 mmSL): Santa Rita,  RíoAguaro, near Santa Rita, 8°9’N, 66°14’W; J. Moscó et al.,  22 Nov 1968.   INHS33942(3, 122.8– 137.7 mmSL): Pozo Azul( RíoSan Bartolo), P.N. Aguaro-Guariquito; W. Mejo et al.,  4 Jan 1995.   INHS34335( 1, 217.5 mmSL): RíoAguaro, P.N. Aguaro-Guariquito, 15 kmS Paso Cachimbo, 8°3’6’’N, 66°25’34’’W; D.C. Taphorn et al.,  10 Jan 1995.   FMNH85402(6, 80.5–98.1 mmSL): borrow pit west of road, 9.7 kmN of Cabruta, c. 7°43’N, 66°15’W; J.E. Thomerson et al.,  5 Jan 1975. LBP 10224 (4, 128.2– 148.1 mmSL): Cabruta, Río Apure, 7°37’24’’N, 66°24’48’’W; C. Oliveira& V. Tagliacollo,  21 Apr 2010.  Estado Barinas:  FMNH103954( 1, 154.6 mmSL): Playa Los Chicosin the Rio Suripá, ca. 2.5 hrs. above Hato Las Mercedes, c. 7°47N, 70°9’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  12 Jan 1991.  Estado Apure:  INHS27660(2, 163.5– 184.4 mmSL): Caño Potrerito, hwy. bridge between San Fernando and Puerto Paez, 6° 24’48’’N, 67°31’56’’W; L.M. Page et al.,  22 Jan 1992.   INHS61402( 1, 178.5 mmSL): LagunaLarga ( RíoCínaruco drainage), 6°33’19’’N, 67°24’49’’W; L.M. Page et al.,  19 Jan 1992.   ANSP165393( 1, 144.4 mmSL):  RioClaro, 15 kmS of La Montaripaon San Fernandode Apure—Puerto Paez Hwy., 7°10’N, 67°25’W; S. Schaefer et al.,  7 Nov 1989.   ANSP165548(3, 120.5–129.0 mm SL): flooded savannah ca. 2.0 km S of intersection of  RioClaro and San Fernandode Apure— Puerto Paezhwy., 7°10’N, 67°25’W; S. Schaefer et al.,  7 Nov 1989.   ANSP165483(1, 232.0 mm SL): RíoCapanaparo, backwater lagoon (mouth of caño Las Varitas) near San Fernandode Apure—Puerto Paez hwy., 7°2’N, 67°25’W; S. Schaefer et al.,  7 Nov 1989. FMNH 69900 ( 1, 159.3 mmSL);   FMNH117234(1, 170.0 mm SL): Río Cinarucoat confl. Madreabout 60 milesS. of San Fernando de Apure, c. 6°33’N, 67°18’W; W.P. Braker& Zunwalt,  Feb 1967.  Estado Bolívar:  ANSP159722( 1, 125.3 mmSL):  Río Guacamayo, below bridge at crossing of Caicara-Ciudad Bolivarhwy., 7°40’N, 64°10’W; B. Chernoff& F. Provenzano,  21 Nov 1985.   ANSP159726(33, 99.1–144.4 mmSL): Cañocrossing road to Las Trincheras, 2.7 kmof intersection with Ciudad Bolivar-Caicarahwy., 7°22’N, 64°59’W; W. Saul et al.,  20 Nov 1985.   ANSP159720(5, 104.6–220.0 mm SL): Río Agua Blanca, below bridge at crossing of Caicara-Ciudad Bolivarhwy., 7°50’N, 63°51’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  21 Nov 1985.   ANSP159727( 1, 117.3 mmSL): RíoCaura at Maripaferry crossing, 7°27’N, 65°12’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  19 Nov 1985.   ANSP159728(2, 124.3– 194.7 mmSL): morichal Poso Vagabundo,  3 kmE of Maripa, just off Caicara-Ciudad Bolivarhwy., 7°25’30’’N, 65° 9°59’W; W. Saul& R. Royero,  19 Nov 1985.   ANSP135720( 1, 146.5 mmSL): Morichal Zamorai(caño), between Río Taucaand Río Tiquire, Maripa-Ciudad Bolivarhwy., 7°28’N, 64°54’W; J.E. Boehlke et al.,  7 Feb 1977.   ANSP135840(2, 238.0–245.0 mm SL): mouth of small caño feeding RíoCaura 15 min downstream from “hydrographic plant”, 6°20’N, 64°30’W; J.E. Boehlke et al.,  22 Jan 1977. CAS uncat. (1, 152.0 mm SL);   CAS156831(3, 134.6– 167.9 mmSL):  Caño de Quiribana, near Caicara, c. 7°36’N, 66°11’W; C. Ternetz,  April–May 1925. CAS 154565 ( 1, 156.1 mmSL);   CAS154568( 1, 134.9 mmSL): RioOrinoco, mouth of  Cano de Quiribana, Caicara, c. 7°36’N, 66°11’W; C. Ternetz,  5 May 1925.   CAS156758( 1, 130.1 mmSL): creeks into LagunaSan Raphael, Caicara, c. 7°36’N, 66°11’W; C. Ternetz,  28 Apr 1925. LBP 3026 (8, 113.7– 141.8 mmSL): Caicaradel Orinoco, RíoOrinoco, 7°38’12’’N, 66°19’4’’W; C. Oliveira& A.  Granado,  2 Oct 2005.   ANSP159740(14, 85.4–130.1 mmSL): Cano Caiman, at crossing of Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy, 19.2 kmof Ciudad Bolivar-Caicarahwy; B. Chernoff et al.,  29 Nov 1985.   ANSP159725(5, 96.7– 124.3 mmSL): Riverand flooded area 15 kmof Maniapureon Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy ( RíoChaviripa?), c. 7°0’N, 66°31’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  16 Nov 1985.   ANSP159724(16, 91.4–121.7 mmSL): small stream crossing Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy., 18 kmN of Maniapure; B. Chernoff et al.,  16 Nov 1985.   ANSP159737(2, 100.6– 107.5 mmSL): RíoManiapure at crossing of Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy., 6°55’34’’N, 66°33’32’’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  28 Nov 1985.   ANSP159723(2, 18.8–110.5 mmSL): RíoCaura at Puerto Las Majadas, 7°30’18’’N, 64°50’24’’W; L. Aguana,  23 Nov 1985.   ANSP159739( 1, 136.2 mmSL): Caño 15.1 kmE of RíoParguaza ferry crossing on Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy., c. 6°19’N, 67°6’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  28 Nov 1985.   ANSP159735( 1, 120.3 mmSL): Canocrossing dirt road near Hacienda Fundo Malana, c.  15 kmN of Sipao, 7°35’N, 65°22’W; W. Saul& R. Royero,  19 Nov 1985.   ANSP135771(1, 144.0 mm SL): RíoUrbana ( Urbani) on Maripa-Las Trincherasroad, 7°18’N, 65°0’W; J. Boehlke et al.,  20 Jan 1977. UF 80418 (2, 129.9– 140.5 mmSL): bridge of RíoChaviripa on Caicara-San Fernando do Atabapo(Puerto Ayacucho) road, c. 7°0’N, 66°31’W; D.C. Taphorn et al., 16 Apr 1984. UF 80409 ( 1, 174.1 mmSL); UF 80709 (2, 131.8– 146.5 mmSL); MZUSP 62442 (2, 121.7– 126.6 mmSL): Caño Caripo/Caripito; D.C. Taphorn et al., 17 Apr 1984.   FMNH85678(1, 157.0 mm SL): RioOrera, 13 kmS. of Puerto Nuevotoward Puerto Ayacucho; J. Thomerson et al.,  14 Jan 1975.  Estado Amazonas:  ANSP159738( 1, 127.3 mmSL): Caño 21 kmSW of El Burro, Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy., c. 6°0’N, 67°21’W; W. Saul et al.,  26 Nov 1985.   FMNH103953( 1, 162.6 mmSL): mouth of small caño on RíoCuao, 4°58’4’’N, 67°36’55’’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  12 Feb 1992.   Guyana:  AMNH14405(2, 106.5– 106.9 mmSL);   AMNH14323(2, 101.3– 123.9 mmSL): Santa Rosa, Amacuro River, 7°39’N, 58°57’W;  A.S. Pinkus, 1938.  Trinidad:  USNM235526( 1, 206.3 mmSL): Chatamstream, south west Trinidad, 10°5’N, 61°45’W; M. Atkins,  5 Sept 1980.  Uncertain locality:  MZUSP3815(7, 137.1– 151.6 mmSL): “ Amazonase Pará”; E. Garbe, 1902.  Introduced/escaped stocked specimens (all from Brazil):NUP uncat. (2, 298.5– 310.1 mmSL):  Goiás, Caldas Novas, rio Corumbá, trib. rio Paranaíba; Nupélia,  1996–2000.  MZUSP54008(8, 121.7– 203.6 mmSL):  São Paulo, Pirassununga, CEPTA(stocked specimens);  27 Feb 1998. MZUSP 82418 (6, 85.8–101.4 mmSL);   MZUSP82430(3, 111.6– 141.4 mmSL): São Paulo, Campinas, artificial pond near rio Atibaia;  A.M. Zanata & M.P. Geraldes,  March 2003.   MZUSP86779( 1, 217.5 mmSL):  Riode Janeiro, Campos, rio Paraíbado Sul (fish market); O.T. Oyakawa et al.,  Sept 2004. 1425222072 1985-04-20 INPA E. Ferreira & M. Jegu Brazil Material -0.56666666 Caxipacore 1308 -56.75 rio Trombetas 123 124 INPA 3415 1 Para holotype 1425222092 MNHN French Guiana Schomburgk 123 124 1 A neotype 1425222075 MNHN French Guiana Gery Montravel Mahnert 123 124 MNHN 98 1 Amazone lectotype 1425222089 BMNH E. Bartlett French Guiana Gery Upper Amazons Mahnert 123 124 1 Amazone paralectotype 1425222074 ANSP J. Hauxwell Ecuador Ambyiacu River -3.35 Rio Amazonas 1307 -71.8 Rio Ampyiacu 123 124 ANSP 8058 1 Loreto syntype 1425222097 NMW Venezuela 8.133333 Orinoco 1302 -63.566666 123 124 1 Bolivar holotype 1425222086 FMNH S. E. Shideler Guyana 8.216666 Mud Creek 1302 -59.733334 123 124 FMNH 53353 1 River syntype 1425222095 [199,1163,1807,1832] MCZ Brazil rio Amazonas 123 124 1 Para holotype 1425222091 MCZ Brazil Rio 123 124 1 Rio holotype 1425222099 [497,1333,1844,1869] 1865-08 1865-09-31 1865-08 Thayer Expedition Brazil -1.75 Porto 1308 -52.233334 123 124 1 Porto holotype 1425222093 BMNH C. Ternetz Brazil -2.0 Monte Alegre 1307 -54.066666 123 124 BMNH 1926.10 1 Rio Amazonas holotype 1425222084 1968-08-14 MZUSP Brazil -2.0 Monte Alegre 1307 -54.066666 123 124 MZUSP 9501 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222085 1960-02 MNRJ L. Travassos & J. de Freitas Brazil -2.15 rio Maicuru 1307 -54.2 Maicura 123 124 MNRJ 11263 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222081 [530,1256,1988,2013] 1971-10-19 1971-10-27 1971-10-19 Brazil -2.45 rio Maica 1307 -54.666668 123 124 1 Santarem holotype 1425222078 1923-07-14 CAS Lagoa Grande de Curuai & C. Ternetz Brazil Lagoa Grande 124 125 -2.2333333 Lagoa Grande de Curuai 1307 -55.266666 Castello Branco 123 124 1 Rio holotype 1425222082 1924-11 CAS Lagoa Grande de Curuai & C. Ternetz Brazil -2.2333333 Lagoa Grande de Curuai 1307 -55.266666 Lagoa Grande 124 125 1 Rio holotype 1425222076 ZUEC F. L. Castelnau Brazil Curua -2.106111 Sao Luis 21 -55.17139 Lago Preto 124 125 ZUEC 8033 1 Costa holotype 1425222090 2013-11-22 MCZ W. G. R. Crampton & J. S. Ready Brazil Lima 124 125 1 Lima holotype 1425222077 1865-11 1865-12-31 1865-11 MCZ Thayer Expedition Brazil -1.8666667 Obidos 1308 -55.5 124 125 1 Rio Amazonas holotype 1425222098 2006-08-21 MPEG V. Sena Brazil -2.4886112 Igarape Guarana 21 -56.238613 Juruti 124 125 MPEG 11181 1 A holotype 1425222105 CAS Brazil -2.15 Juruti 1307 -56.1 124 125 1 A holotype 1425222112 ANSP J. L. Troemner Brazil Para 124 125 ANSP 82285 1 Para holotype 1425222106 [379,1216,439,464] MZUSP Brazil rio Tapajos 124 125 MZUSP 8405 1 Para holotype 1425222110 1967-12-23 Brazil -2.5 Alter do Chao 1307 -54.966667 Jacunda 124 125 1 Santarem holotype 1425222113 1994-10-31 MZUSP M. Westneat Brazil -2.4680555 Alter do Chao 21 -54.926113 124 125 MZUSP 57475 1 Santarem holotype 1425222094 MZUSP Brazil -2.4166667 rio Tapajos 1307 -54.75 124 125 MZUSP 60323 1 Santarem holotype 1425222118 [628,1271,548,573] 1944-10 FMNH Brazil A 124 125 FMNH 92083 1 A holotype 1425222100 1909-12-12 MCZ J. D. Haseman Brazil -2.4166667 rio Tapajos 1307 -54.75 124 125 1 Santarem holotype 1425222115 MCZ D. Bourget Brazil -2.4166667 rio Tapajos 1307 -54.75 124 125 1 Santarem holotype 1425222096 1865-08-26 MCZ N. Dexter Brazil Rio 124 125 1 Rio holotype 1425222125 1924-08 1924-09-31 1924-08 CAS C. Ternetz Brazil Santarem 124 125 1 Santarem holotype 1425222108 1924-07 CAS C. Ternetz Brazil -2.4166667 rio Tapajos 1307 -54.75 124 125 1 Santarem holotype 1425222121 MNHN C. Jobert Brazil -2.4166667 Santarem 1307 -54.75 124 125 MNHN 1909-070 1 Santarem holotype 1425222117 1967-12-16 1967-12-18 1967-12-16 MZUSP Brazil rio Trombetas -1.7833333 Oriximina 1308 -55.866665 rio Trombetas 124 125 MZUSP 8255 1 Para holotype 1425222120 1983-10 1983-11-31 1983-10 MZUSP M. Goulding Brazil -1.5166667 Cumina 1308 -56.033333 rio Trombetas 124 125 MZUSP 56777 1 Para holotype 1425222119 1985-10-18 INPA E. Ferreira & L. H. R. Py-Daniel Brazil -1.0 rio Trombetas 1308 -57.05 rio Cachorro 124 125 INPA 16449 1 Para holotype 1425222103 1985-10-16 INPA E. Ferreira & L. H. R. Py-Daniel Brazil -0.5833333 Caxipacore 1308 -56.783333 rio Trombetas 124 125 INPA 16440 1 Para holotype 1425222107 1985-05-17 INPA Cachoeira da Egua & E. Ferreira Brazil rio Mapuera -1.0833334 Cachoeira da Egua 1308 -57.333332 rio Trombetas 124 125 INPA 3416 1 Para holotype 1425222109 1967-03-17 1967-03-18 1967-03-17 MZUSP Brazil -2.8833332 Lago 1307 -58.35 rio Solimoes 124 125 MZUSP 5801 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222111 1865-12 MCZ S. V. R. Thayer Brazil -2.8833332 Silves 1307 -58.35 Lago Saraca 124 125 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222102 1865-08-27 1865-09-02 1865-08-27 MCZ L. Agassiz Brazil -2.6333332 Parintins 1307 -56.75 124 125 1 Rio Amazonas holotype 1425222101 1865-08-27 1865-08-30 1865-08-27 MCZ L. Agassiz Brazil Lago Jose Assu -2.9 rio Andira 1307 -57.133335 Igarape Acu 124 125 1 Rio Amazonas holotype 1425222114 1977-09-28 MZUSP N. Smith Brazil -3.15 Itacoatiara 1307 -58.45 124 125 MZUSP 13430 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222104 [793,1364,1231,1256] MNHN Brazil rio Urubu 124 125 MNHN 1996-1087 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222122 1993-09 1993-10-31 1993-09 M. Jegu Brazil -2.6166668 Salto 1307 -59.366665 124 125 1 Salto holotype 1425222137 1980-01-09 MCZ Lago Jacaretinga & Manaus & T. J. Zaret Brazil Amazonas 124 125 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222130 INPA Lago do Rei Iceland Amazonas 124 125 INPA 16450 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222127 [628,1432,1375,1401] 1977-10-13 P. Bayley Iceland -3.2166667 Lago Janauari 1307 -60.016666 124 125 1 Rio Negro holotype 1425222129 1986-02-24 INPA M. Jegu Iceland -3.15 Lago do Careiro 1307 -59.783333 124 125 INPA 4599 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222139 INPA Iceland rio Solimoes 124 125 INPA 16444 1 holotype 1425222116 1993-01 1993-03-31 1993-01 INPA P. Petry & R. Sotero Iceland -3.2333333 rio Solimoes 1307 -59.916668 124 125 INPA 13318 1 holotype 1425222144 1977 1979 1977 USNM P. Bayley Iceland -3.2333333 rio Solimoes 1307 -59.916668 125 126 USNM 307024 1 holotype 1425222124 1977 1979 1977 INPA P. Bayley Iceland -3.3666668 Lago Janauaca 1307 -60.2 125 126 INPA 16451 1 Rio holotype 1425222140 INPA Lago Janauaca Iceland rio Solimoes 125 126 INPA 16364 1 Rio holotype 1425222123 1979-08-11 1979-08-12 1979-08-11 ZUEC V. S. Uieda Iceland -3.4 Lago Janauaca 1307 -60.3 Manaquiri 125 126 ZUEC 7823 1 Rio holotype 1425222149 1977-07 ZUEC U. Caramaschi Iceland -3.4 Lago Janauaca 1307 -60.3 Manaquiri 125 126 ZUEC 5345 1 Rio holotype 1425222134 MZUSP Iceland -3.2833333 Lago Manacapuru 125 126 MZUSP 6627 1 Rio holotype 1425222145 1967-11-13 MZUSP Lago Jacare & Manacapuru Iceland rio Solimoes -60.9 125 126 MZUSP 5903 1 Rio holotype 1425222141 [1020,1309,692,717] Iceland -3.2833333 Rio 125 126 1 Rio holotype 1425222143 MZUSP Ehrhardt & Lago Castro Iceland rio Purus -60.9 125 126 MZUSP 6306 1 Rio holotype 1425222142 [327,1432,764,789] 1967-05-01 1967-05-05 1967-05-01 MZUSP Iceland -3.7166667 rio Purus 1307 -61.45 125 126 MZUSP 5990 1 Rio holotype 1425222128 2001-06-09 INPA L. Rapp Py-Daniel Iceland -4.925833 Aruna 21 -62.366108 rio Purus 125 126 INPA 17122 1 Parana holotype 1425222135 1997-12-14 MCP W. G. R. Crampton Iceland Maraa -2.545 Uxi 21 -64.66861 Lago Amana 125 126 1 Parana holotype 1425222132 1997-12-17 MCP W. G. R. Crampton Iceland Maraa -2.456389 rio Bare 21 -64.72639 Lago Amana 125 126 1 Parana holotype 1425222136 1983-09-25 MZUSP P. E. Vanzolini Iceland -2.9833333 rio Japura 1307 -64.933334 Lago Mamiraua 125 126 MZUSP 27924 1 Parana holotype 1425222133 1993-10 INPA Reserva Mamiraua & Lago Mamiraua & W. G. R. Crampton Iceland rio Solimoes 125 126 INPA 19108 1 Parana holotype 1425222126 2001-03 INPA Reserva Mamiraua & Lago Secretaria & W. G. R. Crampton Iceland rio Solimoes 125 126 INPA 19118 1 Parana holotype 1425222138 1997-11-04 INPA Reserva Mamiraua & Curuca & W. G. R. Crampton Iceland rio Solimoes 125 126 INPA 19107 1 Parana holotype 1425222131 1999-10-11 MCP W. G. R. Crampton Iceland Alvaraes -3.0494444 Lago Mamiraua 21 -64.85861 Lago Rato 125 126 1 Parana holotype 1425222148 2001-01-13 INPA Tefe & Lago Capivara & W. G. R. Crampton Iceland rio Solimoes 125 126 INPA 19111 1 Costa holotype 1425222162 1865-10 MCZ L. Agassiz Iceland -3.4 Tefe 1307 -64.75 125 126 MCZ 162214 1 Costa holotype 1425222158 1999-07-14 INPA W. G. R. Crampton Iceland rio Tefe 125 126 INPA 19109 1 holotype 1425222153 MNHN C. Jobert Iceland -2.8666668 Tonantins 1307 -67.76667 125 126 MNHN 1909-0289 1 Rio holotype 1425222159 1993-11-22 MZUSP J. P. Friel Iceland -3.0075 rio Solimoes 21 -67.87945 125 126 MZUSP 55821 1 Ica holotype 1425222161 1993-11-23 MZUSP J. P. Sullivan Iceland -2.9680555 rio Solimoes 21 -67.83083 125 126 MZUSP 56153 1 Ica holotype 1425222146 [499,1160,1375,1400] Iceland -4.3333335 rio Solimoes 1306 -69.96667 125 126 1 Costa holotype 1425222166 1982-11-13 MZUSP Portugal Tabatinga -4.3333335 rio Solimoes 1306 -69.96667 Lago Caial 125 126 MZUSP 27330 1 holotype 1425222147 1982-10-08 MNRJ Portugal -4.3333335 rio Javari 1306 -70.2 rio Queixito 125 126 MNRJ 11262 1 A holotype 1425222169 1985-09 INPA M. Jegu Portugal rio Uatuma -1.9166667 Balbina 1307 -59.466667 rio Uatuma 125 126 INPA 5685 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222150 1985-07 INPA P. Chaves Portugal -1.9166667 Balbina 1307 -59.466667 rio Uatuma 125 126 INPA 15421 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222173 [222,1051,1556,1581] INPA Barreto Portugal rio Uatuma 125 126 INPA 16433 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222156 [402,1362,1591,1617] 1985-05 INPA Arraia & S. Amadio Portugal rio Uatuma 125 126 INPA 5517 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222171 1983-04-15 INPA Arraia & Eq. Ictiologia Portugal rio Uatuma 125 126 INPA 16428 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222170 1983-10-17 INPA P. Chaves Portugal Agua Branca -0.8666667 rio Uatuma 1308 -59.45 rio Pitinga 125 126 INPA 16429 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222165 [268,1057,1700,1725] INPA da Agua Branca Portugal rio Pitinga 125 126 INPA 16374 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222168 1983-04-17 INPA Eq. Ictiologia Portugal -0.8666667 Amazonas 1308 -59.45 125 126 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222152 [613,1230,1735,1760] MCZ Portugal rio Negro 125 126 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222155 BMNH V. R. Thayer & Manaos & J. C. Anthony Portugal -3.0833333 Lago Aleixo 1307 -59.883335 125 126 BMNH 1943.4 1 Rio Negro holotype 1425222157 1967-11-17 1967-11-18 1967-11-17 MZUSP Portugal -3.05 Tarumazinho 1307 -60.116665 Manaus 125 126 MZUSP 6766 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222163 2000-03 INPA Maruauru & Cidomar Portugal rio Negro 125 126 INPA 15925 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222164 1981-11 MZUSP G. Borges Portugal -2.1333334 rio Puduari 1307 -61.25 125 126 MZUSP 61882 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222151 [210,1392,1952,1977] 1982-05-23 INPA G. Borges Portugal -2.5166667 Praia Grande 1307 -69.98333 125 126 INPA 2614 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222160 1984-01-02 Eq. Ictiologia Portugal -2.5166667 Praia Grande 1307 -69.98333 125 126 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222154 1983-01 UMMZ Arquipelago de Anavilhanas & W. F. Fink Portugal 126 127 rio Negro 125 126 UMMZ 217848 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222175 1983-01-10 UMMZ Chiclaua & W. L. Fink Portugal rio Negro 126 127 UMMZ 217803 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222188 1994-10-29 INPA Oliveira Portugal -1.9666667 Miratuca 1307 -61.5 rio Jau 126 127 INPA 9900 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222184 [377,1285,260,285] 1976-05-28 INPA Eq. Ictiologia Portugal -2.5166667 Anavilhanas 1307 -69.98333 126 127 1 Rio Negro holotype 1425222177 [460,1350,295,320] 1985-08-15 INPA Ponta da Piraiba & Eq. Ictiologia Portugal rio Negro 126 127 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222182 MNRJ Uyipiranga Portugal rio Negro 126 127 MNRJ 6268 1 rio Negro holotype 1425222186 [892,1069,332,357] Portugal A 126 127 1 A holotype 1425222167 1967-11-28 1967-11-29 1967-11-28 MZUSP Portugal -4.0333333 rio Canuma 1307 -59.1 Amazonas 126 127 MZUSP 7039 1 Madeira holotype 1425222195 MZUSP Itacoatiara Portugal Madeira 126 127 MZUSP 59001 1 Madeira holotype 1425222174 1996-08-03 MCZ Portugal A 126 127 1 A holotype 1425222193 1865-09-01 L. Agassiz Portugal rio Solimoes 126 127 1 Madeira holotype 1425222176 1977-09-18 MZUSP M. Goulding Portugal -8.066667 rio Machado 1302 -62.883335 Rondonia 126 127 MZUSP 14017 1 Madeira holotype 1425222199 Pedra de Sant'anna Portugal Samuel rio Jamari 126 127 1 Madeira holotype 1425222183 1993-06-03 INPA J. P. Viana & Samuel Portugal -8.733334 rio Jamari 1300 -63.483334 126 127 INPA 16383 1 Madeira holotype 1425222196 1985-07-14 INPA G. M. Santos Portugal -9.533334 Samuel 1299 -63.133335 rio Jamari 126 127 INPA 16456 1 Madeira holotype 1425222194 1984-12-07 INPA G. M. Santos Portugal -9.533334 Samuel 1299 -63.133335 rio Jamari 126 127 INPA 16442 1 Madeira holotype 1425222190 1986-03-27 INPA G. M. Santos Portugal Samuel -63.483334 rio Jamari 126 127 INPA 16443 1 Madeira holotype 1425222192 1909-10-30 CAS Cachoele de Theotone & J. D. Haseman Portugal -8.866667 Cachoeira do Teotonio 1300 -64.05 Cachoele de Theotone 126 127 1 Madeira holotype 1425222178 1909-10-26 CAS Cachoele de Girao & J. D. Haseman Portugal -9.283334 Cachoeira do Girau 1300 -64.65 Cachoele de Girao 126 127 1 Madeira holotype 1425222179 2002-02-06 2002-02-18 2002-02-06 MZUSP L. F. Silveira Portugal -9.413889 Estacao Ecologica Antonio Mujica Nava 21 -64.94222 126 127 MZUSP 88028 1 Madeira holotype 1425222181 MCP Portugal -9.961945 Igarape Taquaras 21 -65.29583 126 127 1 Rio holotype 1425222187 [550,911,908,933] Cardoso, V. & Bertaco, F. C. T Portugal A 126 127 1 A holotype 1425222189 2004-07-25 INPA J. F. Pezzi da Silva Portugal rio Guapore rio Novo 126 127 INPA 16371 1 Lima holotype 1425222172 1985-06-20 INPA G. M. Santos & Guajara-Mirim Portugal -10.866667 rio Guapore 1296 -65.26667 rio Pacaas Novos 126 127 INPA 16375 1 Lima holotype 1425222180 1984-06-19 INPA G. M. Santos Portugal rio Mamore -11.883333 Surpresa 1294 -65.01667 rio Guapore 126 127 INPA 16377 1 Lima holotype 1425222185 1964-09-23 1964-09-24 1964-09-23 AMNH R. M. Bayley Portugal -12.5 Rio 1293 -64.28333 126 127 AMNH 39956 1 Rio holotype 1425222200 MZUSP Brazil -14.126667 rio Guapore 21 -60.475002 rio Verde 126 127 MZUSP 105602 1 Mato Grosso holotype 1425222212 [341,869,1159,1184] 2005-08-13 2005-08-21 2005-08-13 L. Barbosa Brazil A 126 127 1 A holotype 1425222205 FMNH Bolivia rio Madeira 126 127 FMNH 107242 1 Pando holotype 1425222202 Bolivia -11.266666 Rio Madre de Dios 1295 -69.05 126 127 1 Rio holotype 1425222207 [178,528,1231,1256] 1996-09-04 Bolivia A 126 127 1 A holotype 1425222211 [540,1200,1231,1256] MNHN Bolivia Beni 126 127 MNHN 1989-1430 1 Beni holotype 1425222191 1984-04-26 1984-04-28 1984-04-26 L. Lauzanne & G. Loubens Trinidad and Tobago -14.183333 Rio 1289 -65.05 126 127 1 Rio holotype 1425222219 Peru Loreto 126 127 1 Loreto holotype 1425222197 [245,596,1303,1328] NRM Peru Rio Ucayali 126 127 1 Rio Ucayali holotype 1425222218 1986-07-03 1986-07-04 1986-07-03 S. O. Kullander Peru -4.0333333 Rio 1307 -73.433334 126 127 1 Rio holotype 1425222198 1980-06-10 MZUSP Cano Lupuna & M.M. Vaz Peru Rio Amazonas 126 127 MZUSP 15266 1 Rio Amazonas holotype 1425222222 1999-07-31 INHS M. H. Sabaj Peru -3.5 Iquitos 1307 -73.1 Mazan 126 127 INHS 55030 1 Rio Napo holotype 1425222209 1997-08-02 INHS Mazan & M. H. Sabaj Iceland Rio Napo 126 127 INHS 43857 1 Rio Napo holotype 1425222220 1997-07-22 INHS Pampa Chica & M. H. Sabaj & J. W. Armbruster Iceland Rio 126 127 INHS 106469 1 Rio holotype 1425222221 1920-09 CAS Iquitos & W. R. Allen Iceland Rio Amazonas 126 127 1 Rio Amazonas holotype 1425222213 1936-09 CAS W. G. Scherer Iceland Cano -3.35 Pebas 1307 -71.8 Shansho 126 127 CAS 136578 1 Rio Amazonas holotype 1425222216 2001-08-11 MUSM Cano Chincana & Emerald Forest Lodge & Iquitos & M. H. Sabaj Iceland Emerald Forest 126 127 MUSM 7020 1 Rio holotype 1425222203 1960-03 MUSM H. W. Koepcke & San Pablo de Tipishca Iceland -6.25 Cocha Zapote 1305 -74.416664 126 127 MUSM 18177 1 Rio holotype 1425222204 2001-04-15 H. Ortega Iceland Rio Maranon 126 127 1 Rio Maranon holotype 1425222206 [625,805,1772,1797] Iceland Depto. Ucayali 126 127 1 Depto. Ucayali holotype 1425222215 [819,1042,1772,1797] MZUSP Iceland Rio Ucayali 126 127 MZUSP 26219 1 Rio Ucayali holotype 1425222214 1976-04-29 MZUSP Shanahao & Prov. Coronel Portillo & H. Ortega Iceland Rio Ucayali 126 127 MZUSP 26218 1 Rio Ucayali holotype 1425222201 1973-11-21 1973-11-23 1973-11-21 MUSM H. Ortega Iceland -8.583333 Masisea 1301 -74.333336 126 127 MUSM 41144 1 Rio Ucayali holotype 1425222208 1975-09-24 MUSM H. Ortega Iceland -8.583333 Masisea 1301 -74.333336 Pucallpa 126 127 MUSM 41154 1 Rio Ucayali holotype 1425222210 1983-04-20 MUSM H. Ortega Iceland Pucallpa -8.583333 Lobococha 1301 -74.333336 Masisea 126 127 MUSM 108 1 Ucayali holotype 1425222223 1985-09-20 MUSM H. Ortega Iceland 127 128 -8.2 Utiquinia 1302 -74.566666 Pucallpa 126 127 MUSM 315 1 Rio Ucayali holotype 1425222237 [226,1146,151,176] UMMZ Leticia Colombia Rio Amazonas 127 128 UMMZ 191053 1 Rio Amazonas holotype 1425222231 1971-05-17 R. Faber Colombia -4.2166667 Rio Amazonas 1306 -69.95 127 128 1 Rio Amazonas holotype 1425222228 1979-11-20 USNM J. N. Baskin & D. J. Stewart Venezuela 8.626667 rio Orinoco 21 -60.826664 127 128 USNM 236562 1 Estado Delta Amacuro holotype 1425222233 [509,1250,260,285] ANSP Soledad Venezuela Anzoategui 127 128 ANSP 166777 1 Anzoategui holotype 1425222235 1988-04-27 M. Rodriguez Venezuela 8.158333 Laguna 21 -63.59861 127 128 1 Laguna holotype 1425222217 1987-01-22 ANSP M. Rodriguez & S. Richardson Venezuela 8.191667 Soledad 21 -63.445835 127 128 ANSP 166480 1 Laguna holotype 1425222244 MZUSP Santa Rita Venezuela Guarico 127 128 MZUSP 54583 1 Guarico holotype 1425222224 1968-11-22 J. Mosco Venezuela 8.15 Rio 1302 -66.23333 127 128 1 Rio holotype 1425222242 1995-01-04 INHS Pozo Azul & P. N. Aguaro-Guariquito & W. Mejo Venezuela Rio 127 128 INHS 33942 1 Rio holotype 1425222225 1995-01-10 INHS P. N. Aguaro-Guariquito & D. C. Taphorn Venezuela 8.051667 Paso Cachimbo 21 -66.42611 127 128 INHS 34335 1 Rio holotype 1425222247 1975-01-05 FMNH J. E. Thomerson Venezuela 7.7166667 Cabruta 1303 -66.25 127 128 FMNH 85402 1 Rio holotype 1425222230 2010-04-21 C. Oliveira & V. Tagliacollo Venezuela 7.6233335 Cabruta 21 -66.41334 127 128 1 Apure holotype 1425222245 1991-01-12 FMNH B. Chernoff Venezuela Playa Los Chicos Hato Las Mercedes -70.15 Rio Suripa 127 128 FMNH 103954 1 Barinas holotype 1425222246 1992-01-22 INHS L. M. Page Venezuela 6.4133334 Cano Potrerito 21 -67.53223 127 128 INHS 27660 1 Apure holotype 1425222238 1992-01-19 INHS L. M. Page Venezuela 6.555278 Laguna 21 -67.41361 127 128 INHS 61402 1 Laguna holotype 1425222241 1989-11-07 ANSP S. Schaefer Venezuela 7.1666665 La Montaripa 1303 -67.416664 127 128 ANSP 165393 1 Rio Claro holotype 1425222226 1989-11-07 ANSP S. Schaefer Venezuela 7.1666665 Puerto Paez 1303 -67.416664 127 128 ANSP 165548 1 Rio Claro and San Fernando holotype 1425222227 1989-11-07 ANSP S. Schaefer Venezuela 7.0333333 Las Varitas 1303 -67.416664 127 128 ANSP 165483 1 Rio holotype 1425222232 1967-02 FMNH W. P. Braker Venezuela 6.55 Madre 1304 -67.3 Rio Cinaruco 127 128 FMNH 117234 1 Apure holotype 1425222240 [426,1030,980,1005] ANSP Venezuela Bolivar 127 128 ANSP 159722 1 Bolivar holotype 1425222243 1985-11-21 B. Chernoff & F. Provenzano Venezuela 7.6666665 Rio Guacamayo 1303 -64.166664 127 128 1 Bolivar holotype 1425222229 1985-11-20 ANSP W. Saul Venezuela Cano 7.366667 Ciudad Bolivar-Caicara 1303 -64.98333 Las Trincheras 127 128 ANSP 159726 1 Bolivar holotype 1425222236 1985-11-21 ANSP B. Chernoff Venezuela 7.8333335 Rio Agua Blanca 1302 -63.85 127 128 ANSP 159720 1 Bolivar holotype 1425222234 1985-11-19 ANSP B. Chernoff Venezuela 7.45 Maripa 1303 -65.2 127 128 ANSP 159727 1 Rio holotype 1425222248 1985-11-19 ANSP W. Saul & R. Royero Venezuela 7.4249997 Poso Vagabundo 917 -9.983334 127 128 ANSP 159728 1 Bolivar holotype 1425222267 1977-02-07 ANSP J. E. Boehlke Venezuela Morichal Zamorai 7.4666667 Rio Tiquire 1303 -64.9 Rio Tauca 127 128 ANSP 135720 1 Bolivar holotype 1425222254 1977-01-22 ANSP J. E. Boehlke Venezuela 6.3333335 Rio 1304 -64.5 127 128 ANSP 135840 1 Rio holotype 1425222253 1925-04 1925-05-31 1925-04 CAS Cano de Quiribana & C. Ternetz Venezuela 7.6 Caicara 1303 -66.183334 Cano de Quiribana 127 128 CAS 156831 1 Rio holotype 1425222255 1925-05-05 CAS Cano de Quiribana & C. Ternetz Venezuela 7.6 Caicara 1303 -66.183334 Cano de Quiribana 127 128 CAS 154568 1 Rio holotype 1425222259 1925-04-28 CAS C. Ternetz Venezuela 7.6 Caicara 1303 -66.183334 127 128 CAS 156758 1 Laguna holotype 1425222239 C. Oliveira Venezuela 7.636667 Orinoco 21 -66.31778 Caicara 127 128 1 Rio holotype 1425222269 [151,406,1556,1581] 2005-10-02 Venezuela Granado 127 128 1 Granado holotype 1425222251 1985-11-29 ANSP Ciudad Bolivar-Caicara & B. Chernoff Cayman Islands Ayacucho 127 128 ANSP 159740 1 Ayacucho holotype 1425222265 1985-11-16 ANSP B. Chernoff Cayman Islands 7.0 Maniapure 1303 -66.51667 127 128 ANSP 159725 1 River holotype 1425222249 1985-11-16 ANSP B. Chernoff Cayman Islands Maniapure 127 128 ANSP 159724 1 Ayacucho holotype 1425222268 1985-11-28 ANSP B. Chernoff Cayman Islands 6.9261107 Rio 21 -66.55889 127 128 ANSP 159737 1 Rio holotype 1425222257 1985-11-23 ANSP L. Aguana Cayman Islands 7.505 Puerto Las Majadas 21 -64.840004 127 128 ANSP 159723 1 Rio holotype 1425222271 1985-11-28 ANSP B. Chernoff Cayman Islands 6.3166666 Cano 1304 -67.1 127 128 ANSP 159739 1 Rio holotype 1425222272 1985-11-19 ANSP W. Saul & R. Royero Cayman Islands 7.5833335 Hacienda Fundo Malana 1303 -65.36667 Cano 127 128 ANSP 159735 1 Rio holotype 1425222262 1977-01-20 ANSP J. Boehlke Cayman Islands 7.3 Maripa-Las Trincheras 1303 -65.0 Urbani 127 128 ANSP 135771 1 Rio holotype 1425222270 D. Calcagnotto Cayman Islands 7.0 Caicara-San Fernando do Atabapo 1303 -66.51667 127 128 1 Rio holotype 1425222250 1975-01-14 FMNH Puerto Nuevo & J. Thomerson Rio 128 129 FMNH 85678 1 Rio 1425222252 1985-11-26 ANSP Cano & W. Saul 6.0 El Burro 1305 -67.35 128 129 ANSP 159738 1 Amazonas 1425222260 1992-02-12 FMNH B. Chernoff 4.9677777 Rio 21 -67.61527 128 129 FMNH 103953 1 Rio 1425222264 [873,1431,332,357] AMNH Guyana Guyana 128 129 AMNH 14405 1 1425222266 [151,1199,367,392] AMNH Guyana 7.65 Santa Rosa 1303 -58.95 128 129 AMNH 14323 1 River 1425222258 1980-09-05 USNM Chatam & M. Atkins Trinidad and Tobago 10.083333 south west Trinidad 1298 -61.75 128 129 USNM 235526 1 A 1425222261 MZUSP Amazonas & E. Garbe & Introduced Brazil Para 128 129 MZUSP 3815 1 Para 1425222256 1996 2000 1996 MZUSP Brazil Caldas Novas rio Paranaiba rio Corumba 128 129 MZUSP 54008 1 Goias 1425222273 1998-02-27 CEPTA Pirassununga Brazil Sao Paulo 128 129 1 Sao Paulo 1425222290 MZUSP Campinas Brazil rio Atibaia 128 129 MZUSP 82430 1 Sao Paulo 1425222278 2003-03 M. P. Geraldes Brazil A 128 129 1 A 1425222279 2004-09 MZUSP Campos & O. T. Oyakawa Brazil Rio de Janeiro 128 129 MZUSP 86779 1 Rio de Janeiro