Spix & Agassiz, 1829 : 68
Howes, 1982 : 9
Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850 : 252
Géry & Mahnert (1992: 816)
Kner, 1860 : 12
Chalceus hilarii
Kner, 1860 : 10
Günther, 1869 : 423
Regan, 1905 : 190
Cope, 1872 : 261
Steindachner, 1879a : 150
Steindachner, 1879b : 157
Mago-Leccia, 1970 : 69
Lasso, 1988 : 127
Lima, 2003 : 175
B. amazonicus
Eigenmann, 1912 : 372
Géry, 1977 : 338
Howes, 1982 : 44
Cala, 1986 : 91
Useche-L. et al. , 1993 : 341
Cala, 1997 : 55
Lima, 2003 : 175
B. amazonicus
Holly, 1929 : 208
Howes, 1982 : 41
Brycon cephalus
Lima, 2003 : 175
B. amazonicus
Chalceus taeniatus
Magalhães, 1931 : 130
Nakashima, 1941 : 69
Brycon hilarii
Marlier, 1968 : 56
Amaral Campos, 1950 : 142
Brycon
Smith, 1979 : 131
Goulding, 1979 : 95
Goulding, 1980 : 68
Crampton, 1999 : 15
Barthem, 1999 : 82
Piza, 2002 : 122
Fernández et al. , 2006 : 58
Howes, 1982 : 15
Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 815
Brycon siebenthalae
Lima, 2003 : 175
B. amazonicus
Mérona et al. , 2001 : 387
Howes, 1982 : 18
Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 794
B. melanopterus
Ferreira et al. , 1998 : 93
Pizango-Paima et al. , 2001 : 509
Lima & Ruffino, 2003 : 253
Diaz-Sarmiento & Alvarez-Léon, 2003 : 311
Petry et al. , 2003 : 565
Mérona & Rankin-de-Mérona, 2004 : 77
Lima & Araújo-Lima, 2003 : 788
Galvis et al. , 2006 : 188
Galvis et al. , 2006 : 457
Brycon cf. melanopterum
Braum, 1983a : 355
Brycon cf. melanopterus
Braum, 1983b : 268
Werder, 1983 : 445
Junk et al. , 1983 : 408
Werder & Soares, 1984 : 398
Piedade et al. , 2006 : 1176
Astrocaryum jauari
Brycon melanopterus
Bayley, 1988 : 131
Lasso, 1992 : 11
Brycon cf. cephalus
Goulding et al. , 1988 : 124
Ferreira, 1993 : 56
Machado-Allison et al. , 1999 : 65
Almeida-Toledo et al. , 1996 : 36
Brycon erythropterum
Goulding et al. , 1988 : 124
Brycon amazonicus
Lima, 2003 : 175
Goulding et al. , 2003 : 138
Santos Filho & Batista, 2009 : 195
Lima & Ribeiro, 2011 : 151
Lima et al. , 2013 : 228
Phillip et al. , 2013 : 8
Leite, 2004 : 661
Mérona et al. , 2010 : 106
Brycon bicolor
Fernández et al. , 2006 : 54
Fernández et al. , 2006 : 55
Brycon amazonicus
Chalceus carpophaga
Brycon orthotaenia
B. orthotaenia
Chalceus carpophaga
Brycon
B. amazonicus
Brycon amazonicus
Chalceus carpophaga
Brycon amazonicus
Chalceus carpophaga
Brycon amazonicus
B. siebenthalae
Brycon amazonicus
Chalceus carpophaga
Megalobrycon cephalus
Megalobrycon cephalus
Brycon
Megalobrycon
Bryconops
Brycon cephalus
B. amazonicus
Brycon
B. hilarii
Brycon cephalus
B. amazonicus
Brycon cephalus
B. amazonicus
Brycon amazonicus
B. cephalus
B. melanopterus
Brycon siebenthalae iquitensis Nakashima (1941: 69–70)
Brycon siebenthalae
Brycon
Brycon siebenthalae
Brycon siebenthalae iquitensis
B. amazonicus
Brycon hilarii
B. amazonicus
Brycon amazonicus
A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae)
Lima, Flávio C. T.
Zootaxa
2017
4222
1
1
189
NH6M
Agassiz, 1829
Agassiz
1829
[151,584,1484,1510]
Actinopterygii
Bryconidae
Brycon
Animalia
Characiformes
111
112
Chordata
species
amazonicus
Chalceus amazonicusAgassiz, in Spix & Agassiz, 1829: 68–69, pl. 35 ( Typelocality: “in fluvio Amazonum”); Howes, 1982: 9(comments). Chalceus carpophagaValenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850: 252–253 ( Typelocality: “l’ Esséquibo” “l´ Amazone”, retricted by Géry & Mahnert (1992: 816)to “ Essequibo”). [not Kner, 1860: 12]. Chalceus hilarii(not Valenciennes): Kner, 1860: 10–11 (part; “ SaltoTheotonio”). Megalobrycon cephalus Günther, 1869: 423–424, fig. 1 (Type locality: “Upper Amazons”); Regan, 1905: 190(Rio Negro; based on Wallace’s drawing). Brycon capito Cope, 1872: 261–262 ( Typelocality: “Ambyiacu”); Fowler, 1906: 446, fig. 42 ( holotype, redescription). Brycon longiceps Steindachner, 1879a: 150(Type locality: “Orinoco bei Ciudad Bolívar”); Steindachner, 1879b: 157–158, pl.1, fig.5 (full description); Mago-Leccia, 1970: 69(listed, Venezuela; common name); Lasso, 1988: 127(Lower Río Orinoco, Laguna los Barrancos; common name); Lima, 2003: 175(primary type material; as a synonym of B. amazonicus). Brycon siebenthalae Eigenmann, 1912: 372, pl. 54, fig. 3 (Type locality: “Mud Creek, Aruka River”); Géry, 1977: 338(premaxillary teeth arrangement, holotype); Howes, 1982: 44(comments); Cala, 1986: 91(Río Ariari, Río Tomo; Río Guaviare; Río Vichada; western llanos of Colombia; common name; economic importance); Useche-L. et al., 1993: 341– 348, 350–351 (Río Cafre, trib. Río Guaybero, Depto. Meta, Colombia; breeding; length/weight relationship; condition factor; gonadossomatic index; fecundity; feeding habits); Bernal-Ramírez & Cala, 1997: 55–63 (Río Guayabero, Río Guaviare basin, Colombia: diet, seasonality); Lima, 2003: 175(primary type material; as a synonym of B. amazonicus). Brycon pellegrini Holly, 1929: 208–209 (Type locality: “Manaos”); Howes, 1982: 41(possible synonym of Brycon cephalus); Lima, 2003: 175(primary type material; as a synonym of B. amazonicus). Chalceus taeniatus(not Jardine, in Jardine & Schomburgk): Magalhães, 1931: 130( Amazonas; common name, natural history). Brycon siebenthalae iquitensis Nakashima, 1941: 69–70, fig. ( Typelocality: “cercanías del puerto de Iquitos”). Brycon hilarii(not Valenciennes): Amaral-Campos, 1950: 140 (in part; “ Pará, rio Amazonas”); Marlier, 1968: 56( Paranáda Eva, central Amazon).
? Brycon stubelli(not Steindachner): Amaral Campos, 1950: 142(rio Juruá, Amazonas).
Bryconsp.: Smith, 1979: 131(Amazonas, Itacoatiara); Goulding, 1979: 95–100, 133, 145–149 (Rio Machado, Rondônia; migrations, fisheries); Goulding, 1980: 68–73 (Rio Machado, Rondônia; common name, diet, migrations); Crampton, 1999: 15, 27 (Reserva Mamirauá, lower rio Japurá, Amazonas); Barthem, 1999: 82, 94 (Central Amazon; fishery); Toledo- Piza, 2002: 122–123 (drawing by A.R. Wallace; Yavita, rio Orinoco, Venezuela); Fernández et al., 2006: 58(photo; upper Río Cataniapo, Rio Orinoco basin, estado Amazonas, Venezuela). Brycon carpophagus: Howes, 1982: 15–18 (in part; syntypes); Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 815–817 (lectotype designation; Brycon siebenthalaeas a synonym); Lima, 2003: 175(primary type material; as a synonym of B. amazonicus). [Not Mérona et al., 2001: 387, 391]. Brycon cephalus: Howes, 1982: 18–20 (in part; Brazil, Manaus; Monte Alegre; “Manacapuni”); Zaniboni Filho et al., 1988: 41–50, fig. 7 (Brazil, rio Negro, rio Solimões, rio Japurá and rio Juruá; discussion); Zaniboni Filho & Resende, 1988: 833– 844 (gonad anatomy, maturity scale, type of spawning); Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 794–800, 802, figs. 1 (lower), 5 (Central Amazon; diagnosis; common name; comparison with B. melanopterus); Ferreira et al., 1998: 93, fig. 61 (Pará, rio Tapajós, Santarém; common name; fisheries); Pizango-Paima et al., 2001: 509–520 (diet, seasonality, Central Amazon); Araújo- Lima & Ruffino, 2003: 253–254 (migrations, fisheries; Amazon basin, Brazil); Diaz-Sarmiento & Alvarez-Léon, 2003: 311(Amazon basin, Colombia; fisheries); Petry et al., 2003: 565, 575 (Ilha de Marchantaria, rio Solimões; occurrence related to macrophytes and other environmental gradients); Mérona & Rankin-de-Mérona, 2004: 77(Lago do Rei, Ilha do Careiro, rio Amazonas; diet); Lima & Araújo-Lima, 2003: 788–790, 792–793, 795, 797 (distribution of larvae and juveniles, central Amazon); Galvis et al., 2006: 188–189 (Colombia, Rio Amazonas at Leticia; short description, drawing). [Not Galvis et al., 2006: 457, photo]. Bryconcf. melanopterum(not Cope): Braum, 1983a: 355–371, fig. 1a (lip extension during hypoxia). Bryconcf. melanopterus(not Cope): Braum, 1983b: 268–269 (lip extension during hypoxia); Werder, 1983: 445–461 (age estimates through circuli analysis); Junk et al., 1983: 408, 414, 426–427 (Lago Camaleão, Ilhada Marchantaria, rio Solimões; abundance, morphological adaptations to endure hypoxia); Werder & Soares, 1984: 398–416 (Manaus; age determination thorugh circuli; scale variation); Piedade et al., 2006: 1176(ingestion of Astrocaryum jauarifruits in the lower RioNegro, Brazil). Brycon melanopterus(not Cope): Bayley, 1988: 131–133, 136 (in part; rio Solimões floodplains, Manaus area; growth rates of young specimens related to density and seasonality); Lasso, 1992: 11, 22, fig. 2 (río Suapure, Serranía de Los Pijiguaos, Rio Orinoco basin, Est. Bolivar, Venezuela). Bryconcf. cephalus(not Günther): Goulding et al., 1988: 124(Rio Negro); Ferreira, 1993: 56, 63, 86 (Pará, rio Trombetas basin: Oriximiná; igarapé Caxipacoré; rio Cachorro; rio Mapuera); Machado-Allison et al., 1999: 65(Rio Caura, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela); Almeida-Toledo et al., 1996: 36, 39 (karyotype). Brycon erythropterum(not Cope): Goulding et al., 1988: 124(Rio Negro). Brycon amazonicus: Lima, 2003: 175(new combination; synonymic list, distribution, maximum length); Goulding et al., 2003: 138(picture; rio Madre de Dios basin); Santos et al.2006: 39 (retouched picture; description, biology, common name, fishery importance; Manaus area); Santos Filho & Batista, 2009: 195–203 (growth, mortality rates; rio Madeira; rio Purus; Central Amazon); Lima & Ribeiro, 2011: 151, 161(“lowland” distributional pattern; influence of blackwater and tidal movements on distribution in Amazon basin); Lima et al., 2013: 228–229 (Brazil, Rondônia, rio Madeira basin; distribution in the rio Madeira basin, short description, photo); Phillip et al., 2013: 8, 16 (Trinidad southern coast; occurrence as a vagrant species). Brycon amazonicum: Leite, 2004: 661–664 (Ilha da Marchantaria, rio Solimões, Amazonas; diet of juveniles). [Not Mérona et al., 2010: 106, 194] Brycon bicolor(not Pellegrin): Fernández et al., 2006: 54(photo; Río Cataniapo basin, Rio Orinoco basin, estado Amazonas, Venezuela).
Bryconcf. falcatus(not Müller & Troschel): Fernández et al., 2006: 55(photo; upper Río Cataniapo, Rio Orinoco basin, estado Amazonas, Venezuela).
Diagnosis. Brycon amazonicusis distinguished from all its congeners, except B. falcatus, B. melanopterus, B. whitei, B. orbygnianus, B. orthotaenia, B. hilarii, and B. gouldingiby the possession of the fifth infraorbital bone higher than wide (vs. fifth infraorbital bone about as high as wide, or wider than high in the remaining species), and the presence of several narrow, longitudinal stripes along the dorsolateral surfaces of the body (vs. no narrow, longitudinal stripes along the dorsolateral surfaces of the body). It can be distinguished from B. falcatusand B. melanopterusby the possession of wavy longitudinal stripes along the dorsolateral surfaces of the body (vs. straight longitudinal stripes along the dorsolateral surfaces of the body), and darkened pectoral and pelvic fins (vs. pale pectoral and pelvic fins). Brycon amazonicusis distinguished from B. orbygnianus, B. hilarii, B. orthotaenia, and B. whiteiby the lack of a broad, midlateral stripe along the caudal peduncle and middle caudal-fin rays (vs. presence of such a stripe), and darkened pectoral and pelvic fins (vs. pale pectoral and pelvic fins). The species most similar to Brycon amazonicusis B. gouldingi,from which it can be distinguished by the presence of dark pigment on the caudal peduncle and caudal fin diffuse, never crescent- or V-shaped (vs. a distinct crescent- or Vshaped blotch on the caudal peduncle and caudal fin). See the item “Comparisons”, below, for more details on the diagnosis between both species, as well as a discussion on the similarity in color pattern between Brycon amazonicusspecimens from the Amazon basin in Peruwith specimens of the partially sympatric B. hilarii.
Description.Morphometric data are presented in Table 18. Large-sized species, largest examined specimen 485.0 mm SL. Body moderately slender to moderately high. Largest body height slightly ahead of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal body profile slightly convex from upper lip margin to vertical through anterior naris, straight to slightly convex from latter point to basis of supraoccipital process, moderately convex from latter point to dorsal-fin origin, straight along dorsal-fin basis, and straight to slightly convex from dorsal-fin basis to adipose-fin origin. Dorsal profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Ventral profile slightly convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin insertion, straight to slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin and approximately straight along anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. TABLE 18.Morphometric data of Brycon amazonicus(A: neotype of Chalceus amazonicus, INPA 3415; B: lectotype and paralectotype of Chalceus carpophagus, MNHN 9835 and MNHN 98; C: largest syntype of Brycon longiceps, NMW 62944; D; holotype of Brycon siebenthalae, FMNH 53353). A B C D n Range Mean Standard length (SL) 362.0 260.9–267.8 67.7 169.1 120 67.7–485.0 - Percentages of standard length Depth at dorsal-fin origin 33.9 27.9–37.0 31.0 32.9 118 27.0–37.9 31.9 Snout to dorsal-fin origin 49.9 48.9–54.8 52.6 51.0 120 43.6–54.8 49.6 Dorsal-fin base length 11.8 13.3 12.6 11.9 120 9.7–14.1 12.2 Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose fin 25.5 25.7–28.2 21.0 22.9 119 21.0–27.7 24.5 Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to hypural joint 38.6 43.7–47.0 35.6 34.9 120 33.2–47.0 37.6 Snout to pelvic-fin insertion 46.5 47.8–48.9 53.2 48.9 118 43.7–53.2 47.3 Snout to anal-fin origin 67.5 67.0–69.2 99.7 72.8 115 63.1–72.8 67.7 Anal-fin base length 23.0 22.8–23.0 21.0 21.1 119 17.4–25.3 22.0 Caudal peduncle length 15.2 15.1–16.6 16.1 15.9 120 12.8–20.1 15.9 Dorsal-fin height 16.2 19.8 24.5 22.5 116 15.8–24.5 20.8 Pectoral-fin length 20.3 19.0 20.1 20.2 117 16.3–23.1 19.2 Pelvic-fin length - 13.7–17.1 19.6 17.2 112 10.1–19.6 16.0 Caudal peduncle depth 9.7 8.0–10.6 9.6 10.0 120 8.1–10.4 9.4 Head length 24.9 25.5–26.0 32.9 26.5 120 22.0–33.9 26.7 Percentages of head length Head height 84.0 78.5–87.6 75.3 81.7 119 70.0–91.2 80.6 Snout length 36.2 31.8–33.1 29.1 33.3 120 27.0–39.2 32.7 Upper jaw length 48.1 46.6–48.8 44.8 44.2 118 43.3–51.6 46.2 Horizontal eye diameter 20.3 22.7–25.0 32.3 23.9 120 17.7–33.3 25.0 Post-orbital length 48.9 43.8–46.4 40.8 46.4 120 40.1–51.5 47.0 Least interorbital width 50.7 47.1–47.3 33.2 47.3 120 33.2–52.1 45.3 FIGURE 66. Brycon amazonicus, neotype, INPA 3415, 362.0 mm SL: Brazil, Pará, rio Trombetas. FIGURE 67. Brycon amazonicus, BMNH 1869.5.21:1, 235.7 mm SL: “Upper Amazons”; lectotype of Megalobrycon cephalusGünther. FIGURE 68. Brycon amazonicus, ANSP 8058, 46.0 mm SL: Peru, Loreto, Río Ampyiacu. Holotype of Brycon capitoCope. Photoby M.W. Littmann. FIGURE 69. Brycon amazonicus, NMW 62944, 67.7 mm SL: Venezuela, Bolívar, Río Orinoco. Syntype of Brycon longicepsSteindachner. FIGURE 70. Brycon amazonicus, FMNH 53353, 169.1 mm SL: Guyana, Aruka River. Holotype of Brycon siebenthalaeEigenmann. Photoby P. Willink. FIGURE 71. Brycon amazonicus, INPA 16428, 287.5 mm SL: Brazil, Amazonas, igarapé do Arraia. FIGURE 72. Brycon amazonicus, INHS 27660, 184.4 mm SL: Venezuela, Apure, Caño Potrerito. FIGURE 73. Brycon amazonicus, MZUSP 74668, 66.5 mm SL: Brazil, Amazonas, rio Solimões. Head profile slightly acute anteriorly, mouth terminal. Jaws approximately isognathous to slightly anisognathous, outer row of premaxillary teeth partially exposed when mouth is closed. Maxillary moderately long, extending posteriorly to anterior third of pupil. Adipose eyelid well developed. Premaxillary teeth in three rows; teeth of third row largest. Eight (6), 9 (16), 10 (32), 11 (33), 12 (21), 13 (7), or 14 (1) relatively small tricuspidate teeth in outer series. Three (2), 4 (28), 5 (52), 6 (30), or 7 (1) tri- to pentacuspidate teeth in second, inner premaxillary row, plus 3 (15), 4 (84), 5 (13), or 6 (1) tricuspidate teeth between the first and third rows. Two teeth in third premaxillary row, medial teeth largest, symphyseal teeth smaller, slightly tilted towards each other, medial teeth hexa- to heptacuspidate, symphyseal teeth penta- to hexacuspidate. Maxillary margins approximately parallel, straight in profile. Twelve to 24 maxillary teeth, slightly smaller than teeth of first premaxillary row, anterior teeth tricuspidate, posterior teeth unicuspidate. Dentary with 8 (11), 9 (13), 10 (16), 11 (4), 12 (5), 16 (1), or 19 (1) teeth in main series. Anterior four dentary teeth assymetrical, considerably larger and bulkier than remaining teeth, penta- to hexacuspidate, each with central cusp distinctly larger than remaining cusps. Remaining dentary teeth progressivelly smaller, penta- to unicuspidate. Inner (lingual) series consisting of a small, single unicuspid symphyseal tooth, situated immediately posterior to symphyseal dentary teeth of main series, plus row of 11–16 small, aciculated, unicuspidate teeth, originating on lingual crest of dentary replacement trench at the level of fifth main series dentary teeth. Scales cycloid. Lateral line complete, from supracleithrum to caudal-fin base. Fifty-seven (1), 61 (2), 62 (4), 63 (7), 64 (9), 65 (12), 66 (12), 67 (13), 68 (14), 69 (11), 70 (14), 71 (5), 72 (8), 73 (2), 74 (4), or 75 (2) scales in lateral line series. Laterosensory tube simple in specimens smaller than 100 mmSL, ramified in specimens larger than 100 mmSL. Tubules ramification increasing in complexity along ontogeny, specimens up to 150 mmSL with tubules with two or three branches, three to six branches in specimens between 150–250 mmSL, and with more than 10 branches and developing a dendritic pattern of ramification, with tubules often overlapping each other in larger (> 300 mmSL) specimens. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 11 (12), 12 (18), 13 (56), 14 (30), or 15 (2). Horizontal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin 5 (1), 6 (6), 7 (38), 8 (53), 9 (18), or 10 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 17(2), 18 (11), 19 (17), 20 (32), 21 (31), 22 (17), 23 (7), or 24 (1). Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9. Dorsal fin origin slightly ahead middle of SL. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 11th (1), 12 th (2), or 13 th (5) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays iii (not including first, small unbranched ray only visible in cs specimens), 20 (10), 21 (17), 22 (26), 23 (24), 24 (32), 25 (9), or 26 (1). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind haemal spine of 24th (1), 25th (1), or 26th (3) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays decreasing only slightly in size towards anal-fin end. Sheath of scales covering basis of anal-fin rays composed of four scale rows, lower scale row formed by 20–25 rectangular scales. Pectoral-fin rays i, 12 (5), 13 (29), 14 (71), or 15 (15). Pelvic-fin rays i, 6 (4), 7 (103), or 8 (13). Main caudal-fin rays 10/9. Caudal fin slightly forked, distal margin slightly concave. Laterosensory tube extending over interradial membrane between upper and lower caudal-fin lobes to the distal portion of fin. Laterosensory tube on caudal fin with dorsally and ventrally oriented side branches across its length. Four branchiostegal rays, three on anterior ceratohyal and one on posterior ceratohyal. First branchial arch with 13 (2), 15 (11), 16 (15), or 17 (2) lower, 1 at angle, and 13 (2), 14 (2), 15 (11), 16 (16), 17 (3), or 18 (1) upper gill rakers. Vertebrae 46 (1), 47 (1), or 48 (2). Supraneurals 8(3), 9(3), or 10 (2). Coloration in alcohol.Top of head, snout, supraorbital, and sixth infraorbital light- to dark-brown. Dorsal portion of body light-brown to dark-brown. Second, third, fourth, and fifth infraorbitals, and opercle silvery in specimens that retained guanine, light-brown in specimens that lost this pigment due to a long storage in formalin. Dentary, maxillary, gular area, and lower portion of body light-brown. Lateral portion of body light brown, with a silvery hue. Humeral blotch present, conspicuous, approximately rounded in shape, situated immediately above lateral line, its anterior margin at level of second to third, extending longitudinally to posterior margin of sixth lateral line scales, and vertically one and half scales high. Dark, wavy longitudinal stripes formed by dark pigment concentrated on upper and lower scale margins extending along trunk moderately to highly conspicuous. Stripes more discernible dorsally. Series of irregular, narrow vertical stripes present in small (up to 80 mmSL) specimens. Diffuse dark pigmentation present at anal-fin basis, extending as a diffuse stripe into caudal-peduncle and upper caudal-fin lobe, forming an oblique stripe. Pigmentation on caudal peduncle and upper caudal-fin lobe generally less conspicuous and not forming an oblique stripe in specimens from the RíoOrinoco basin, which possess instead a diffuse dark pigmentation on caudal fin. Juveniles (up to 80 mmSL) with a large, slightly assymetrical caudal peduncle extending into middle and upper caudal-fin rays basis, and anal-fin basis clear, without diffuse dark stripe. Most specimens from the upper Amazon basin in Peru(e.g., MZUSP 15266, MUSM 41154, MUSM 108, MUSM 315) with dark pigmentation concentrated on middle portion of caudal peduncle and middle caudal-fin rays. Pectoral and pelvic-fins generally dark in larger (> 150 mmSL) specimens. Lower caudal-fin rays, dorsal and anal-fins clear, with a variable amount of interradial dark pigmentantion. Adipose-fin light- to dark-grey. Coloration in life.Based in pictures of fresh collected specimens from rio Guaporé (Rondônia), rio Sucunduri (Amazonas), lower rio Tapajós ( Ferreira et al., 1998: 93, fig. 61), rio Madre de Dios basin ( Goulding et al., 2003: 138), rio Gueppi (Loreto, Peru), and rio Solimões (Amazonas, Brazil). Overal color pattern light-grey, darker dorsally, with a silvery/plumbeous hue. Branchiostegal rays and lower half of opercle orangish in some specimens. Dark markings on anal and caudal fins and longitudinal wavy dark stripes generally very conspicuous, except in specimens collected in muddy/white waters, which generally present a drab overall coloration. All fins, but specially anal- and caudal-fins, pinkish. Variation.There is relatively little geographical variation within Brycon amazonicus, except that, as discussed in the item “Coloration in alcohol”, most specimens from Peruvian Amazon present dark pigmentation concentrated on the middle portion of the caudal peduncle and caudal-fin, forming a dark stripe. These specimens are attributed to Brycon amazonicusdue to their overall body shape and pectoral and pelvic fin dark coloration, and were often found in the same localities with the similar-looking B. hilarii(see the item “Comparisons”, below). Common names. Brazil, Manaus: “matrinchã”, “ matrinchão” ( Borges, 1986, Zaniboni et al., 1988; Santos et al., 2006: 39); rio Madeirabasin, Rondônia: “jatuarana” ( Goulding, 1979, 1980). The same common names are applied, but with an inverse usage, to Brycon melanopteruson those same regions (see under “Common names” of B. melanopterus). Venezuela: “palambra”, “bocón” ( Mago-Leccia, 1970: 69); “äi” (Piaroa language) ( Fernández et al., 2006: 54). Colombia: “yamú”, “bócon” ( Cala, 1986).
Distribution.Widespread in northern cis-andean SouthAmerica, in the Rio Amazonasand RioOrinoco basins ( Fig. 74). Brycon amazonicusis a typical lowland, muddy-water species. Its distribution in the Amazon basin encompasses the middle and upper section of the Rio Amazonas/Solimões, from Pucallpa ( 8°23’S, 74°31’W) at the RíoUcayaliin Perueastward to Portode Moz at the lower rio Xingu ( 1°45’S, 52°14’W) in Brazil, and the rio Madeiraup to its upstream reaches at Boliviaand Brazil. The species occurs in clear-water rivers as the rio Tapajós and rio Xingu only at their lower sections, below the major rapids. At the rio Negro, the species is also confined to its lower section, migrating dowstream into the rio Amazonas/Solimões to spawn ( Borges, 1986). At the RioOrinoco basin, Brycon amazonicusis widespread at the middle/lower sections in both muddy- and clear-water tributaries. Brycon amazonicusis known from the northwestern portion of Guyana, near the border with Venezuela, at the Amacuro Riverdrainage, a river system connected with the Orinoco delta. The species is recorded from the island of Trinidad, an odd occurrence which is discussed at the “Biogeography” section. As some other highlyfecund, total spawners characiforms as Colossoma macropomum(Serrasalmidae), Brycon amazonicusis only rarely found in the lower Amazon, apparently because the circadian variations of water level due to tidal influence does not allow the establishment of a population of the species in that river stretch ( Lima& Ribeiro, 2011: 161). Brycon amazonicushas been extensively stocked, and escaped individuals are recorded from several river drainages in southeastern and central Brazil, but so far there is no evidence of self-sustaining, established populations outside its native range. These records are not mapped in Fig. 74. Comparisons. Brycon amazonicusis overall more similar, and possibly closely related to B. gouldingi. Besides the caudal-fin color pattern, there are two additional differences between the species. One, the presence of a straight, well-defined dark stripe on the anal-fin base in B. gouldingi(vs. a diffuse dark stripe on the anal-fin base in B. amazonicus), cannot, however, be used to unequivocally distinguish both species because a dark stripe is often absent in B. gouldingispecimens larger than 200 mmSL and in some specimens of B. amazonicusof all sizes. The second distinguishing character is lateral line counts, which present a large overlap, but are generally lower in Brycon amazonicus(vs. 57–75, modally 68 in B. amazonicus, vs. 66–82, modally 74, in B. gouldingi). There is a striking resemblance between specimens of Brycon amazonicusand B. hilariifrom the Peruvian portion of the Amazon basin (from Iquitos, Depto. Loreto, upriver to Pucallpa, Depto. Ucayali). Most specimens of Brycon amazonicusfrom this portion of the basin possess a color pattern reminiscent of B. hilarii, with dark pigmentantion concentrated on the middle/distal portion of the caudal peduncle and middle caudal-fin rays (see item “Variation”, above). Though the majority of the specimens of Brycon amazonicusfrom the Peruvian portion of the Amazon basin present this color pattern, a few specimens from the area near Iquitos display the “typical” color pattern (e.g., ANSP 178374, MUSM 7020). Brycon amazonicusfrom the Peruvian portion of the Amazon basin are not easily distinguished from the sympatric B. hilarii, though the latter are typically more slender fish, with less angled predorsal and pre-pelvic body profiles, with clear-colored pectoral and pelvic fins (pectoral and pelvic fins typically darkened in B. amazonicus), and with a more developed caudal peduncle/caudal fin stripe (which in B. amazonicusis more blotch-like). Both species are sympatric and often collected together along the Río Amazonasand RíoUcayalifrom Iquitos to Pucallpa. There are no records of Brycon hilariidownstream from the Iquitos area, and no records of Brycon amazonicusupstream from the Pucallpa area. See the discussion under the item “Putative examples of mimicry involving Brycon”, below. Ecological notes.Detailed information on the ecology of Brycon amazonicuswere provided by Goulding (1979, 1980; as Bryconsp.), and Borges (1986; as Bryconcf. erythropterum). Goulding (1979, 1980) studied the species at the rio Machado (rio Madeirabasin, Rondônia). Goulding (1980)considered Brycon amazonicusas a primarily seed/fruit eater during the flood season. Most importantat seed/fruits species found in guts of Brycon amazonicusspecimens caught in the flooded forest of the rio Machado were Hevea spruceana(Euphorbiaceae), Hevea brasiliensis(Euphorbiaceae), Luffasp. (Curcubitaceae), Neobalatiasp. ( Sapotaceae), and Calyptranthes ruizana(Myrtaceae)( Goulding, 1980). Also found were terrestrial arthropods, leaves and rodent remains. Specimens caught during the dry season generally possessed empty guts ( Goulding, 1979, 1980). Complex migratory patterns are reported between the rio Madeiraand clearwater tributaries, which can be summarized as a migration into the flooded forests during the early flood season, a downstream spawning migration from the clearwater tributaries into the muddy-water rio Madeiraduring the middle of the flood season, return to the flooded forests after the spawning, and a massive dispersive migratory movement in the early dry season, when the schools of Brycon amazonicusmay contain hundreds to thousands of individuals ( Goulding, 1979). FIGURE 74.Map of northern South America, showing known localities of Brycon amazonicus(red dots) and B. gouldingi(purple dots). Borges (1986)studied diet and migrations of the species in rio Negro. Adult specimens ( 260–455 mmSL) presented a mean stomach fulness higher during the flood season. Fruits, seeds and arthropods were the main dietary itens, with fruits and seeds more common during the flood season and arthropods more expressive during the dry season. Among the fruits/seeds, Euphorbiaceae( Hevea spruceana, Mabea caudata, and Alchornea schomburgkiana) were dominant in guts contents, followed by Lauraceae, “Leguminosae”, Arecaceae, Moraceae, Melastomataceae, and Annonaceae( Pseudoxandra polypheba). Borges (1986: 50–51)noticed that the fruit/seed species that dominated in the diet were generally found crushed in stomach contents, while species presenting a relative smaller importance were generally found intact. Fishes and reptiles (lizards and snakes) were also found in low frequences in gut contents. Juvenile specimens (smaller than 185 mmSL) ingested a considerably larger proportion of arthropods and fishes when compared with adult specimens. Similarly to the observations of Goulding (1979, 1980), specimens collected in migratory schools or terra firme streams during the dry season generally possessed empty stomachs. Borges (1986: 123–125)summarized the available natural history information on Brycon amazonicusat the rio Negrobasin. This author hypothesized that Brycon amazonicusdoes not spawn in this river system, since juvenile specimens are never collected in the area (nor larvae; Lima& Araújo- Lima, 2004), but are very common in the floodplains lakes of the rio Solimões/ Amazonas. Also, downstream migrations are observed in the rio Negroduring the flood season (December/January), implying that in fact the species spawn in the rio Solimões/ Amazonas. Afew other characiform fishes that possess similar migratory/ spawning habits are Colossoma macropomum, Semaprochilodus taeniurus, and S. insignis( Ribeiro & Petrere, 1990; Araújo-Lima & Goulding, 1997; Goulding et al., 1988), and in fact Brycon amazonicuswas reported to be associated with both Semaprochilodusspecies in multi-species schools during its downstream migration ( Araújo & Ruffino, 2003), though most often they migrate in their own monospecific schools (M.C.L. Ribeiro, pers. comm..). This typeof migratory behavior probably evolved as a response to the extreme oligotrophic water of the rio Negrobasin, which does not allow an effective recruitment of larvae and juveniles of these highly-fecund species ( Borges, 1986; Araújo-Lima & Ruffino, 2003; Lima& Araújo-Lima, 2004). Interestingly, all the aforementioned species, as well as Brycon amazonicus, only occur in the lower section of the rio Negrobasin (see Araújo-Lima & Goulding, 1997; Castro & Vari, 2004). Similarly to the findings of Goulding (1979, 1980) in the rio Madeirabasin, Borges (1986)noticed that Brycon amazonicusreturn to the flooded forests of the lower rio Negroafter spawning in February and March, primarily to eat seeds and fruits, and leave them for the terra firme large streams or the channel of the nearby muddy/whitewater river system (in that case, the rio Solimões/ Amazonas) during the the beginning of low water season (May to August) ( Borges, 1986; Araújo-Lima & Ruffino, 2003). Though in fact juvenile specimens of Brycon amazonicusare abundant in the floodplains of the rio Solimões/ Amazonas(e.g., Bayley, 1988, as B. melanopterus; Petry et al., 2003, as B. cephalus), contrary to the view by Borges (1986)and Lima& Araújo-Lima (2004), they are not completely absent from the rio Negro, since a few lots of juveniles have been located in collections (INPA 11072, MZUSP 60311, USNM 307069), indicating that a limited recruitment may occur at this system as well. Zaniboni Filho & Resende (1988, as B. cephalus) analysed with light microscopy the gonadal development in the species using specimens collected in the lower rio Negroand middle rio Solimões/ Amazonasand concluded that the species is, as expected, a total spawner, and that specimens smaller than 160 mmSL cannot be identified to sex by a macrocospic examination of gonads. Females are estimated to reach maturity at 3 years of age and 28 cmSL ( Arias, 2006). The species is reported to reach 50 cmTL in the rio Madeirabasin ( Goulding, 1980: 68), and the largest specimen examined by Santos Filho & Batista (2009)during their broad survey of Brycon amazonicusspecimens landed at the Manaus market measured 52 cmTL. Brycon amazonicusis well-known for the hability in developing a transitory dermal lip protuberance during periods of hypoxia ( Braum, 1983a, b; as Bryconcf. melanopterum), an adaptation in fact shared with some other characids (Winemiller, 1989b). An increase in number of maxillary teeth and gill rakers is reported to occur during the ontogeny of the species (Zaniboni Filho & Resende, 1988). The species presents a great importance in fisheries across its entire range (see Barthem, 1999; Araújo-Lima & Ruffino, 2003; Santos et al., 2006) and has been one of most aquacultured fish species both in Brazil(e.g., Werder & Saint-Paul, 1979; Mendonça, 1994) and Colombia( Arias, 2006).
Remarks. Chalceus amazonicuswas described by Agassiz (in Spix & Agassiz, 1829: 68–69) for the “fluvio Amazonum” (= rio Amazonas, Brazil). The species is named as Characinus amazonicusat its depiction (plate 35), which is supposedly how Spix intended to name it, since he only supervised the execution of the plates ( Kottelat, 1988). The genus Characinuswas never described, and consequently constitutes a nomen nudum. Chalceus amazonicuswas considered in the literature as a synonym of Brycon opalinusby Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennnes, 1850), and that practice was followed subsequently ( Günther, 1864; Eigenmann, 1910; Fowler, 1950), until Howes (1982: 9)removed it from that synonymy. Howes (1982: 9)considered that the description of Chalceus amazonicusby Agassiz (in Spix & Agassiz, 1829) was very similar to the syntypesof C.carpophagus, but he preferred to consider the name as a nomen dubiumdue the precariousness of the original description. Howes (1982: 9)erroneously inferred that the species was based on an iconotype, when actually the holotypewas deposited at Munich (“In the Museum at Munich there is a fine specimen, 10 incheslong, preserved in spirits of wine”; translation of the original description by Pethiyagoda & Kottelat, 1998: 155). Kottelat (1988)was not able to find the holotypeof Chalceus amazonicusamong the material that Agassiz moved to the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Neuchâtel, and inferred that as most of Spix’s Brazilian material, it was very likely destroyed during the British bombing of the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften during the night of 24–25 April 1944. The original description of Chalceus amazonicusonly provides very general information on the species, which does not allow a clear association of the name to any of the known Bryconspecies from the Amazon basin. The illustration of the holotypeshows a relatively elongated fish, with an olivaceous dorsal coloration, a brown body and a grayish head. Counts of the illustrated holotypeare 62 lateral-line scales, 9 scales rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral-line, 7 horizontal scales between the lateral line and the pelvic-fin insertion, and 17 branched anal-fin rays. However, as noticed by Howes (1982: 9), there is a discrepancy between the number of anal-fin rays in the illustration and the number given in the description (iii, 24). The rather vague type-locality “fluvio Amazonum” indicate that the type-specimen may have been collected across a vast expanse of the Amazon basin. The expedition leaded by J. B. Spix and C. F. Martius crossed the whole extension of the rio Amazonas/Solimões in Braziland moved upstream into the lower course of some of its tributaries, namely, the rio Negro, rio Tapajós, rio Madeira, and rio Japurá ( Papavero, 1971: map 7). However, in the diary of the expedition, Spix & Martius (1981: 96)reported that Chalceus amazonicuswas collected at the rio Amazonas, a little above the canal de Uruará, which is situated slightly below Monte Alegre, Parástate. It is therefore assumed that the lower Amazon should be considered the area of provenance of the holotypeof Chalceus amazonicus. Two Bryconspecies are commonly found in the lower rio Amazonaschannel and floodplains. One of them is Brycon melanopterus, a species diagnosed by the presence of a conspicuous oblique dark stripe extending from pelvic-fin basis to the upper lobe of caudal fin (see under this species, below). As remarked above, the plate of Chalceus amazonicusin Spix & Agassiz (1829)shows a specimen with a uniform color pattern, without blotches or stripes. The description by Agassiz is also uninformative in regard to any dark pigmentary feature that might eventually be present in the specimen (“head bluish, but the rest of the entire fish is olive grey and bright gold”; Pethiyagoda & Kottelat, 1998). Since the oblique stripe in Brycon melanopterusis conspicuous even in highly-faded specimens, it seems unlikely that Chalceus amazonicuscorresponds to this species. It is more likely that Chalceus amazonicusrefers to a species described subsequently several times under different names, beginning with Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850) as Chalceus carpophaga. Since the holotypeof Chalceus amazonicuswas lost, a neotypeneed to be designated in order to dispel any doubt concerning the identity of the species. Therefore, we herein designate the specimen INPA 3415, collected in the rio Trombetas, a tributary of the Rio Amazonasat Parástate, a locality relatively close to Monte Alegre, as the neotypeof Chalceus amazonicusAgassiz.
Brycon amazonicus, as herein recognized, comprises seven synonyms. Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850: 252–253) described Chalceus carpophagafrom the “Essequibo” and “Amazone”. In spite of the fact that Valenciennes have not selected a holotype for the species, the description of the species is clearly based on a specimen said as have being collected at the Essequibo River by Schomburgk. Bertin (1948: 15)reported three syntypes for the species: MNHN A.9832 (“Fl. Essequibo”), MNHN 98 (Amazon River), and MNHN A.8615 (Sabará, Minas Gerais). Géry & Mahnert (1992: 816)appropriately designated the specimen MNHN A.9832 as the lectotype of the species, and noticed that while the paralectotype MNHN 98 is possibly conspecific to the lectotype, the paralectotype MNHN A.8615 is probably a specimen of Brycon orthotaenia, a supposition confirmed in the present study (see item “Remarks” of B. orthotaenia). The lectotype of Chalceus carpophagais rather faded, but longitudinal wavy stripes can still be recognized in the specimen. This is a feature shared by some Bryconspecies, among them, B. amazonicus, which is the only species presenting this pigmentary feature known to occur in northeastern South America. Morphometric and meristic data are within the range of variation observed in Brycon amazonicus. Chalceus carpophagais therefore considered as a junior synonym of Brycon amazonicus. Though Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850) mentions “Essequibo” as the locality for the lectotype of Chalceus carpophaga, the label of the specimen records its locality as being merely “Guyane Anglaise”. Just a few more specimens of Brycon amazonicusare known from Guyana (AMNH 14405 and FMNH 53353, the latter being the holotype of B. siebenthalae, see below), all of which were collected in the Amacuro River system in northwestern Guyana (see item “Distribution”, above). Since no additional specimen of Brycon amazonicushas ever been collected in the Essequibo River itself, we strongly suspect that the locality of the lectotype of Chalceus carpophagagiven by Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850) is incorrect, though as a Schomburgk specimen, it was in fact very likely collected somewhere else in Guyana, more likely at the Amacuro river system (see below). Günther (1869: 423–424)described Megalobrycon cephalusbased on two specimens (BMNH 1869.5.21: 1–2) collected by Edward Bartlett at the “Upper Amazons”. Judging for another collections by Bartlett sent to the British Museum, these specimens were likely collected in the peruvian portion of the Amazon basin (e.g., Günther, 1868: 229; Sclater & Salvin, 1866). Günther (1869)did not compared Megalobrycon cephalusto any Bryconspecies, remarking only at the generic diagnosis that Megalobryconwould be “closely allied to Bryconops” (see comments on the item “Remarks” of the generic section, above). Both syntypesare now in a very poor state of preservation, with almost no scales left on the body, fins broken, and cranial bones in process of disarticulation. In fact, these specimens were already reported to be in a poor state of preservation when first studied ( Günther, 1869). The best preserved syntypepossess wavy longitudinal stripes in the scales of the upper portion of the caudal peduncle (the only portion of body with a large number of scales still present) and about 58 lateral-line scales (counts obtained through counting scale pockets). These two features combined suggests that the syntypesof Brycon cephalusrefer to B. amazonicus, since the other Bryconspecies with wavy longitudinal stripes known to occur in the upper Amazon basin in Peru, B. hilarii, possess considerably higher lateral-line scales counts (67–82). We thus consider Brycon cephalusas a synonym of B. amazonicus. Brycon cephaluswas until the recent past the name usually employed for B. amazonicusin the CentralAmazon basin (e.g., Regan, 1905; Howes, 1982; Zaniboni Filho & Resende, 1988; Géry & Mahnert, 1992; Ferreira et al., 1998; Araújo-Lima & Ruffino, 2003). Howes (1982), Zaniboni Filho & Resende (1988), and particularly Géry & Mahnert (1992)studied in detail the variation and diagnostic features of Brycon amazonicus, under the name B. cephalus, comparing it with the syntopic B. melanopterus.
Cope (1872: 261–262)described Brycon capitofrom “Ambyiacu” (= RíoAmpyiacu, near Pebas, Loreto, Peru), the same type-locality of Megalobrycon erythropterum(a synonym of B. hilarii, see item “Remarks” of the latter species). Cope (1872)did not compared Brycon capitowith any other Bryconspecies, nor discussed why he considered it to be a new species. The holotypeof Brycon capito(ANSP 8058) was examined during the course of the present study, and is a juvenile Bryconspecimen in very poor condition of preservation, being desiccated, scaleless, and faded ( Fig. 68). Lateral-line counts of the holotypeof Brycon capitowere low, according to Cope (1872)(56 lateral line scales), a count considerably lower than counts of the sympatric B. hilarii(67–82) but very close to the range of B. amazonicus(57–75). The holotypeof Brycon capitodoes not seem to be distinct from B. amazonicusjuveniles (compare Figs. 70and 75), and thus, we consider the earlier as a synonym of the latter. Steindachner (1879a: 150)briefly described Brycon longiceps, without mentioning its type-locality. A little later, a proper description of the species was published ( Steindachner, 1879b: 156–157). Steindachner (1879b)described the species based on three juvenile specimens (NMW 62944: 1–3), collected in the Río Orinoco at Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela. The examination of the three syntypes revealed them to represent juveniles of Brycon amazonicus. Interestingly, Steindachner (1879b)suggested that the species was in fact more similar to Brycon carpophagus(= B. amazonicus), and that he was precluded of doing an adequate comparison between both species because the type series of B. longicepsconsisted in juvenile specimens, while B. carpophaguswas solely known from a few large and poorly preserved specimens. Eigenmann (1912: 372)described Brycon siebenthalaefrom a single specimen collected at “Mud Creek, Aruka River”, an independent coastal drainage from northwestern Guyana, near the border with Venezuela. We examined the holotype of the species and concluded it to be a synonym of Brycon amazonicus, a conclusion actually earlier advanced by Géry & Mahnert (1992: 816:“présente tous le caractères de B. carpophagus… il s’agit très probablement d’un synonym”). As remarked above, there are few Brycon amazonicusspecimens reported from Guyana, and the species appears to be restricted in that country to the northwestern river basins, which are connected to the Orinoco delta via the Amacuro River (see item “Distribution”, above). Holly (1929: 208–209)described Brycon pellegrinifrom Manaus, in the lower rio Negro/central Amazon area, Brazil. Holly (1929)does not compared the species to any congener, only mentioning that it was probably related to Brycon moorei. Both Howes (1982: 41)and Géry & Mahnert (1992: 797)considered this species to be a junior synonym of B. cephalus(= Brycon amazonicus). The holotypeof Brycon pellegriniwas not examined during the present study, but its original description provides enough information to allow a safe judgement concerning its taxonomic status. At the Manaus area, four Bryconare known: B. pesu, B. falcatus, B. melanopterus, and B. amazonicus. Holly (1929)mentions that the holotypeof Brycon pellegrinipossess the caudal-fin basis darkened (“Schwanzflossenbasis ist dunkler”). The only Bryconspecies occurring in the Manaus area to conform such a description of the caudal-fin basis is B. amazonicus, since the remaining species either lack dark pigmentation at the basis of caudal fin ( B. pesu) or possess a very characteristic caudal-basis color pattern that would not be so succinctly described if present ( B. falcatusand B. melanopterus). In addition, the stated scale counts for the holotypeof Brycon pellegrini, 69/14/9( Holly, 1929) are beyond the upper limits known for B. falcatusand B. pesu, but within the range of both B. melanopterusand B. amazonicus. Finally, Holly (1929: 209)mentions that the fins are brownish (“Die flosse sind braun”). Darkened paired fins are found, among the Bryconspecies present in the Manaus area, only in B. amazonicus. Consequently, and confirming the view advanced by Howes (1982)and Géry & Mahnert (1992), there is enough evidence to consider Brycon pellegrinias a synonym of B. amazonicus.
Brycon siebenthalae iquitensis Nakashima (1941: 69–70)was described having as its type-locality “las cercanías del puerto de Iquitos”. The typematerial was apparently never deposited in a fish collection and is lost (H. Ortega, pers. com.). Nakashima (1941)did not provided any reasoning about why to describe a subspecies of Brycon siebenthalaefrom the Amazonian portion of Peru. Presumably, he merely gave a subspecific status to a Bryconpopulation he considered to be conspecific with Brycon siebenthalaefrom Guyana. Though the inaccurate description given by Nakashima (1941), compounded with the lack of type-material precludes a definitive conclusion, we consider that the best alternative available to merely consider Brycon siebenthalae iquitensisas a synonym of B. amazonicus. Both Kner (1860)and Amaral-Campos (1950: 140) mixed in their accounts of Brycon hilariispecimens authentically belonging to the latter species (from “Cujaba” and “ Mato Grosso”, respectively) with specimens of B. amazonicus, probably because of the high scales counts shared by both species. Kner (1860: 11)cites a specimen collected by J. Natterer at “ SaltoTheotonio” (now spelled SaltoTeotônio, at the rio Madeira, Rondônia, Brazil), under the common name “Schatö-arana”, an obvious mispelling of “jatuarana”, the common name by which Brycon amazonicusis still known in the rio Madeirabasin.
Braum (1983a, b) studied the ability of a Bryconspecies from central Amazon in developing oral dermal protuberances to withstand hypoxia. Although he identified the species he studied as Bryconcf. melanopterus, a picture published in one of the articles ( Braum, 1983a: fig. 1a) shows that, instead, that he has studied B. amazonicus. Lasso (1992: 11)identified Brycon melanopterusfrom the lower río Suapure, RíoOrinoco basin. The picture presented in the paper (fig. 3, p. 22) shows, instead, a specimen of Brycon amazonicus. Brycon melanopterusis in fact restricted to the Amazon basin (see item “Distribution” and “Comparisons” of this latter species). Bayley (1988)studied the growth of several young fish species occurring in the floodplains of rio Solimões near Manaus, including what that author has identified as Brycon melanopterus. Examination of the material collected by Bayley in both USNM and MZUSP collections showed that, although there are in fact a few Brycon melanopterusspecimens in his Bryconsamples, the bulk of it is actually constituted by B. amazonicus. Another possible misidentifications involving the species (e.g., Bryconcf. melanopterus; Junk et al., 1983; Brycon hilarii; Marlier, 1968: 56) could not be checked due to lack of information on the material which based them, but are with great likelihood attributable to B. amazonicus. Galvis et al.(2006: 188–189) identified Brycon cephalus(= B. amazonicus) from Leticia, Colombia. Though the characters used in their description allow the identification of the material examined by them as Brycon amazonicus(e.g., the pigmentary features of the scales; Galvis et al., 2006: 189, fig. 85d), the picture of the species (p. 457) depicts instead a specimen of B. melanopterus.
Materialexamined. Typematerial: INPA3415(1, 362.0 mm SL): Brazil, Pará, rio Trombetas, igarapé Caxipacoré, c. 0°34’S, 56°45’W; E. Ferreira& M. Jégu, 20 April 1985. Neotypeof Chalceus amazonicusAgassiz, in Spix & Agassiz, 1829, by present designation. MNHN A.9832 ( 1, 267.8 mmSL): “ GuyaneAnglaise”; Schomburgk, no date. Lectotypeof Chalceus carpophagaValenciennes(designated by Géry& Mahnert, 1992: 816). MNHN98( 1, 260.9 mmSL): “ Amazone”; Montravel, no date. Paralectotypeof Chalceus carpophagaValenciennes(designated by Géry& Mahnert, 1992: 816). BMNH1869.5.21: 1 (2, 235.7–307.0 mm SL): “ Upper Amazons”; E. Bartlett, no date; syntypesof Megalobrycon cephalusGünther. ANSP8058(1, 46.0 mm SL): “ Ecuador, Ambyiacu River” [= Peru, Depto. Loreto, Rio Ampyiacu, trib. Río Amazonas, c. 3°21’S, 71°48’W]; J. Hauxwell, no date. Holotypeof Brycon capitoCope. NMW62944 ( 49.1–67.7 mmSL): “ Orinocobei Ciudad Bolivar” [ Venezuela, Estado Bolivar, 8°8’N, 63°34’W]; Schilling, 1879; syntypesof Brycon longicepsSteindachner. FMNH53353( 1, 169.1 mmSL): Guyana, Mud Creekin Aruka River[c. 8°13’N, 59°44’W]; S.E. Shideler, 1908. Holotype of Brycon siebenthalaeEigenmann. Non types. Brazil, Parástate, rio Amazonasbasin: MCZ21134 ( 1, 174.7 mmSL); MCZ21089 (3, 161.4– 174.0 mm SL): RioXingu, Portode Moz, 1°45’S, 52°14’W; Thayer Expedition, Aug–Sept 1865. BMNH1926.10.27.7 ( 1, 190.4 mmSL): Monte Alegre, Rio Amazonas, 2°0’S, 54°4’W; C. Ternetz, no date. MZUSP9501( 1, 121.6 mmSL): Monte Alegre, rio Amazonas, 2°0’S, 54°4’W; EPA, 14 Aug 1968. MNRJ11263( 1, 200.8 mmSL): rio Amazonas, “ Maicura” (probably rio Maicuru, c. 2°9’S, 54°12’W); L. Travassos& J. de Freitas, Feb 1960. MZUSP 9177 (1, 185.0 mm SL): Santarém, rio Maicá, c. 2°27’S, 54°40’W; EPA, 19–27 Oct 1971. CAS68830 (1, 159.0 mm SL): “ Lagoa Grandeinto RioAmazona at Castello Branco” (probably Lagoa Grande de Curuaí, c. 2°14’S, 55°16’W); C. Ternetz, 14 Jul 1923. CAS68884 ( 1, 174.7 mmSL): “ Lagoa Grandeinto RioAmazon” (probably Lagoa Grande de Curuaí, c. 2°14’S, 55°16’W); C. Ternetz, Nov 1924. ZUEC8033(1, 223.0 mm SL), Curuá, Lago Preto, fazenda São Luís( Costado Cruzeiro, rio Amazonas), 2°6'22''S, 55° 10'17''W; F.C.T. Lima, W.G.R. Crampton, J.S. Ready et al., 22 Nov 2013. MCZ21099 (2, 139.2– 170.7 mmSL); MCZ21098 ( 1, 155.7 mmSL): Rio Amazonas, Óbidos, 1°52’S, 55°30’W; Thayer Expedition, Nov–Dec 1865. MPEG11181( 1, 190.6 mmSL): Juruti, Igarapé Guaraná, 2°29’19’’S, 56°14’19’’ W; A. Hercos & V. Sena, 21 Aug 2006. CAS66852 (1, 94.3 mmSL): Juruti, 2°9’S, 56°6’W; no collector specified. ANSP82285(1, 207.0 mm SL): “ Para”; J.L. Troemner, no date. Parástate, rio Tapajósbasin: MZUSP8405(3, 146.6– 156.6 mmSL): Santarém, igarapé Jacundá, Alter do Chão, c. 2°30’S, 54°58’W; EPA, 23 Dec 1967. MZUSP57475( 1, 258.1 mmSL): Santarém, Alter do Chão, 2°28'5''S 54°55'34''W; M. Westneat et al., 31 Oct 1994. MZUSP60323( 1, 154.5 mmSL): Santarém, rio Tapajós, 2°25’S, 54°45’W; A. Campos, Oct 1944. FMNH92083( 1, 159.6 mmSL): Santarém, rio Tapajós, 2°25’S, 54°45’W; J.D. Haseman, 12 Dec 1909. MCZ20780 ( 1, 117.7 mmSL); MCZ21094 ( 1, 176.3 mmSL): Santarém, rio Tapajós, 2°25’S, 54°45’W; D. Bourget, 1865. MCZ21125 (3, 258.0–315.0 mm SL): RioTapajós, probably at its mouth; N. Dexter et al., 26 Aug 1865. CAS 68858 ( 1, 150.2 mmSL); CAS68854 ( 1, 128.4 mmSL): market at Santarém; C. Ternetz, Aug–Sept 1924. CAS 68837 ( 1, 243 mmSL); CAS68915 (3, 115.7– 121.3 mmSL): rio Tapajós, Santarém, 2°25’S, 54°45’W; C. Ternetz, July 1924. MNHN1909-070( 1, 115.1 mmSL): Santarém, 2°25’S, 54°45’W; C. Jobert, no date. Parástate, rio Trombetasbasin: MZUSP8255(1, 151.0 mm SL): rio Trombetas, Oriximiná, 1°47’S, 55°52’W; EPA, 16–18 Dec 1967. MZUSP56777(3, 207.2– 231.6 mmSL): rio Trombetas, Cuminá, c. 1°31’S, 56°2’W; M. Goulding, Oct–Nov 1983. INPA16449( 1, 341.3 mmSL): rio Cachorro(trib. rio Trombetas), c. 1°0’S, 57°3’W; E. Ferreira& L.H.R. Py-Daniel, 18 Oct 1985. INPA16440( 1, 364.1 mmSL): rio Trombetas, near the mouth of igarapé Caxipacoré, c. 0°35’S, 56°47’W; E. Ferreira& L.H.R. Py-Daniel, 16 Oct 1985. INPA3416( 1, 317.6 mmSL): rio Mapuera(trib. rio Trombetas), Cachoeira da Égua, c. 1°5’S, 57°20’W; E. Ferreira, 17 May 1985. Amazonasstate, rio Solimões/ Amazonasbasin: MZUSP5801(2, 317.2– 329.7 mmSL): Lago Saracá, Silves, c. 2°53’S, 58°21’W; EPA, 17–18 March 1967. MCZ21124 ( 1, 176.5 mmSL): Lago Saracáat Silves, c. 2°53’S, 58°21’W; S.V.R. Thayer, Dec 1865. MCZ21086 (2, 147.0– 183.2 mmSL): Rio Amazonas, Parintins, 2°38’S, 56°45’W; L. Agassiz, 27 Aug–2 Sept 1865. MCZ21091 ( 1, 160.4 mmSL): Lago José Assú[= Igarapé Açuor rio Andirá, 2°54’S, 57°8’W]; L. Agassiz, 27–30 Aug 1865. MZUSP13430( 1, 323.2 mmSL): Itacoatiara, rio Amazonas, 3°9’S, 58°27’W; N. Smith, 28 Sept 1977. MNHN 1996-1085 (1, 184. mm SL); MNHN 1996-1089 ( 1, 191.8 mmSL); MNHN 1996-1081 ( 1, 291.6 mmSL); MNHN 1996-1082 ( 1, 215.1 mmSL); MNHN 1996-1083 ( 1, 218.3 mmSL); MNHN1996-1087( 1, 171.5 mmSL): rio Urubu, SaltoLindóia, c. 2°37’S, 59°22’W; M. Jégu, Sept–Oct 1993. MCZ92873 ( 1, 102.7 mmSL): Lago Jacaretinga, rio Amazonas, near Manaus; T.J. Zaret et al., 9 Jan 1980. INPA 16384 (2, 88.5–101.6 mmSL); INPA16450(3, 143.4– 293.8 mmSL): rio Amazonas, Ilhado Careiro, Lago do Rei, c. 3°9’S, 59°47’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, June–Oct 1986. USNM 307069 ( 1, 125.3 mmSL); RioNegro, Lago Janauari, c. 3°13’S, 60°1’W; P. Bayley, 13 Oct 1977. INPA4599(2, 228.7– 241.4 mmSL): rio Amazonas, Lago do Careiro, Ilhado Rei, c. 3°9’S, 59°47’W; M. Jégu et al., 24 Feb 1986. INPA 5784 (16, 104.7– 161.9 mmSL); INPA 5785 (8, 65.9–77.5 mmSL); INPA 5787 (14, 99.9– 163.9 mmSL); INPA 11071 (18, 49.1–107.7 mmSL); MZUSP 60310 (4, 53.0– 95.1 mmSL); INPA 16348 (1, 44.8 mmSL); INPA 16390 (119, 27.2–77.1 mmSL); INPA 16432 (59, 42.5–99.0 mm SL); INPA 16430 (29, 34.0– 51.1 mmSL); INPA 16455 (3, 38.2–48.9 mmSL); INPA 16454 ( 1, 112.9 mmSL); INPA16444(1, 44.5 mmSL): rio Solimões, Ilhada Marchantaria, c. 3°14’S, 59°55’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 1976–1981. INPA 13323 (11, 46.0– 93.7 mmSL); INPA 13346 (9, 41.1–66.6 mmSL); INPA 13315 (15, 38.0–74.0 mm SL); INPA 13311 (28, 30.3–82.7 mmSL); INPA 13320 (43, 14.2–60.9 mmSL); INPA 13316 (2, 42.5–43.4 mmSL); INPA 13319 (14, 36.8–68.1 mmSL); INPA 13306 (1, 59.9 mmSL); INPA 13314 ( 1, 100.4 mmSL); INPA 13319 (7, 47.6–53.6 mmSL); INPA 13300 (5, 43.6–83.9 mmSL); INPA 13310 (3, 50.8–57.8 mmSL); INPA 13326 (7, 61.6–70.3 mmSL); INPA 13339 (2, 64.0–71.0 mm SL); INPA 13299 (32, 26.4–49.7 mmSL); INPA 13317 (1, 39.8 mmSL); INPA 13303 (1, 60.5 mmSL); INPA 13307 (1, 25.4 mmSL); INPA 13324 (16, 31.9–70.9 mmSL); INPA 13328 (37, 12.7–37.7 mmSL); INPA 13329 (1, 62.5 mmSL); INPA 13309 (1, 34.7 mmSL); INPA 13321 (4, 39.4–57.2 mmSL); INPA 13327 (1, 64.6 mmSL); INPA 13312 (1, 37.6 mmSL); INPA 13301 (2, 28.8–40.3 mmSL); INPA 13302 (2, 16.9– 32.7 mmSL); INPA13318(7, 40.0–65.0 mm SL): rio Solimões, Ilhada Marchantaria, c. 3°14’S, 59°55’W; P. Petry& R. Sotero, Jan–March 1993. MZUSP 75565 (3, 72.8–80.9 mmSL); MZUSP 74668 (16, 44.8–66.5 mmSL); USNM 307081 (237, 13.4–31.6 mmSL); USNM 307028 (31, 13.5–19.4 mmSL); USNM 307064 (80, 13.0– 39.0 mm SL); USNM 371013 (10, 35.1–53.7 mmSL); USNM 371014 (1, 80.8 mmSL); USNM 307065 (2, 61.5– 66.9 mmSL); USNM 307032 (5, 31.0– 82.6 mmSL); USNM 307072 (7, 57.9–86.2 mmSL); USNM 307071 (261, 16.4–66.7 mmSL); USNM 307061 (2, 158.3–162.0 mm SL); USNM 307002 ( 1, 110.1 mmSL); USNM 307023 (1, 73.7 mmSL); USNM 307018 (2, 75.7–84.1 mmSL); USNM 307060 (2, 159.6– 174.6 mmSL); USNM307024(6, 27.9–86.2 mmSL): rio Solimões, Ilhade Marchantaria, c. 3°14’S, 59°55’W; P. Bayley, 1977–1979. INPA 16421 (2, 29.2–40.7 mmSL): “Lago Janauacá com Marchantaria”; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 19 Jan 1977. MZUSP 75567 (2, 114.6– 116.3 mmSL); MZUSP 75568 (2, 108.0–117.0 mm SL); USNM 307062 ( 1, 160.5 mmSL); USNM 307014 (4, 59.7–76.5 mmSL); USNM 371015 ( 1, 126.2 mmSL); USNM 307070 (3, 108.5–124.0 mm SL); USNM 307154 (3, 43.5–96.2 mmSL); USNM 307006 (12, 18.6–46.6 mmSL); RioSolimões, Lago Janauacálakes complex, c. 3°22’S, 60°12’W; P. Bayley, 1977–1979. INPA16451(4, 37.4–54.9 mmSL); INPA16364( 1, 156.7 mmSL): rio Solimões, Lago Janauacá, c. 3°24’S, 60°18’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, Jan 1977. ZUEC7823( 1,159.1 mmSL): Manaquiri, Lago Janauacá, c. 3°24’S, 60°18’W; V.S. Uieda, 11–12 Aug 1979. ZUEC5345(1, 89.9 mmSL): Manaquiri, Lago Janauacá, c. 3°24’S, 60°18’W; U. Caramaschi, July 1977. MZUSP6627(3, 123.1– 149.5 mmSL): igarapé tributary of Lago Manacapuru, c. 3°17’S. 60°54’W; EPA, 13 Nov 1967. MZUSP5903(3, 84.5–176.4 mmSL): Lago Jacaré, right margin of rio Solimões, above Manacapuru, c. 3°30’S, 60°47’W; EPA, 29– 31 March 1967. BMNH 1925.10.28.90 (1, 240.0 mm SL): Manacapuru, RioSolimões, c. 3°17’S. 60°54’W; Ehrhardt, no date. MZUSP6306( 1, 164.6 mmSL): Lago Castro, rio Purusat its mouth, c. 3°43’S, 61°27’W; EPA, 7–8 Nov 1967. MZUSP5990(1, 70.5 mmSL): rio Purus, at its mouth, c. 3°43’S, 61°27’W; EPA, 1–5 May 1967. INPA17122(1, 207.0 mm SL): rio Purus, mouth of Paranádo Jarí, near lago Arunã, 4°55’33’’S, 62°21’58’’W; L. Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 9 June 2001. INPA 19106 (1, 178.0 mm SL); MCP29759 ( 1, 167.5 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of igarapé Uxi, 2°32’42’’S, 64°40’7’’W; W.G.R. Crampton, 14 Dec 1997. MCP29757 ( 1, 162.1 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of rio Baré, 2°27’23’’S, 64°43’35’’W; W.G.R. Crampton, 17 Dec 1997. MZUSP27924(2, 122.9– 165.6 mmSL): Lago Mamirauá, mouth of rio Japurá, c. 2°59’S, 64°56’W; P.E. Vanzolini, 25 Sept 1983. INPA19108( 1, 139.6 mmSL): rio Solimões, Reserva Mamirauá, Lago Mamirauá; W.G.R. Crampton, Oct 1993. INPA19118(1, 39.0 mm SL): rio Solimões, Reserva Mamirauá, Lago Secretaria; W.G.R. Crampton, March 2001. INPA19107(2, 119.6– 133.5 mmSL): rio Solimões, Reserva Mamirauá, lago Curuçá; W.G.R. Crampton, 4 Nov 1997. MCP29758 ( 1, 143.1 mmSL): Alvarães, Lago Rato(channel), Lago Mamirauásystem, 3° 2’58’’S, 64° 51’31’’W; W.G.R. Crampton, 11 Oct 1999. INPA19111( 1, 159.6 mmSL): Tefé, rio Solimões, Lago Capivara, Costadas Capivaras; W.G.R. Crampton, 13 Jan 2001. MCZ162214(1, 196.0 mm SL): Tefé, 3°24’S, 64°45’W; L. Agassiz et al., Oct 1865. INPA19109( 1, 167.1 mmSL): rio Tefé, Ilhado Martelo; W.G.R. Crampton, 14 July 1999. MNHN1909-0289( 1, 153.5 mmSL): RioSolimões, Tonantins, 2°52’S, 67°46’W; C. Jobert, no date. MZUSP55821(1, 23.4 mmSL): rio Solimões, 17.1 kmdownstream rio Içá, 3°0’27’’S, 67°52’46’’W; J.P. Friel et al., 22 Nov 1993. MZUSP56153(3, 24.3–38.6 mmSL): rio Solimões, 26.1 kmdownstream rio Içá, 2°58’5’’S, 67°49’51’’W; J.P.Sullivan et al., 23 Nov 1993. MZUSP 27334 (2, 236.0–237.0 mm SL): Benjamin Constant, Costado Capacete, rio Solimões, c. 4°20’S, 69°58’W; L.P. Portugal, 13 Nov 1982. MZUSP27330(1, 184.0 mm SL): Tabatinga, Lago Caial, rio Solimões, c. 4°20’S, 69°58’W; L. P. Portugal, 8 Oct 1982. MNRJ11262( 1, 209.5 mmSL): rio Queixito, at its mouth at rio Javari, 4°20’S, 70°12’W; A. Parko, 1942. Amazonasstate, rio Uatumãbasin: INPA5685(1, 258.0 mm SL): rio Uatumã, Balbina, c. 1°55’S, 59°28’W; M. Jégu, Sept 1985. INPA15421(2, 286.1– 292.8 mmSL): rio Uatumã, Balbina, c. 1°55’S, 59°28’W; P. Chaves, July 1985. INPA16433(2, 270.2– 284.2 mmSL): rio Uatumã, igarapé do Barreto, c. 1°58’S, 59°27’W; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 27 April 1983. INPA5517( 1, 274.7 mmSL): rio Uatumã, igarapé do Arraia; S. Amadio, May 1985. INPA16428( 1, 287.5 mmSL): igarapé do Arraia, rio Uatumã; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 15 April 1983. INPA16429( 1, 289.4 mmSL): Amazonas, igarapé Água Branca, rio Pitinga(trib. rio Uatumã), c. 0°52’S, 59°27’W; P. Chaves, 17 Oct 1983. INPA16374( 1, 228.9 mmSL): igarapé da Água Branca, rio Pitinga, c. 0°52’S, 59°27’W; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 17 April 1983. Amazonasstate, rio Negrobasin: MCZ15995 (2, 27.9–32.3 mmSL): RioNegro, Lago Aleixo, c. 3°5’S, 59°53’W;. V.R. Thayer, 1865. BMNH1943.4.24.37 ( 1, 196.3 mmSL): “ Manaos”; J.C. Anthony, no date. MZUSP 9574 ( 1, 178.3 mmSL): Manaus (fish market); EPA, 17–19 Sept 1968. MZUSP6766(1, 206.0 mm SL): Manaus, igarapé Tarumãzinho, trib rio Negro, c. 3°3’S, 60°7’W; EPA, 17–18 Nov 1967. INPA15925(1, 344.0 mm SL): rio Negro, Maruauru(not located); Cidomar, March 2000. MZUSP61882(5, 394.5– 412.5 mmSL): rio Puduari, upper portion, c. 2°8’S, 61°15’W; G. Borges, Nov 1981. MZUSP 105603 (14, 235.7– 428.2 mmSL): rio Negro, Praia Grande, c. 2°31’S, 69°59’W; G. Borges, 23 May 1982. INPA2614( 1, 340.9 mmSL): rio Negro, Praia Grande, c. 2°31’S, 69°59’W; Eq. Ictiologia, 2 Jan 1984. UMMZ217848( 1, 221.5 mmSL): Arquipélago de Anavilhanas, rio Negro; W.F. Fink et al., Jan 1983. UMMZ217803( 1, 229.4 mmSL): rio Negro, lago “ Chiclaua” (not located); W.L. Fink, 10 Jan 1983. INPA9900( 1, 254.7 mmSL): rio Jaú, igarapé Miratuca, c. 1°58’S, 61°30’W; M. Garcia& Oliveira, 29 Oct 1994. INPA 11072 (20, 34.4–48.9 mmSL); MZUSP 60311 (8, 31.4–51.8 mmSL): RioNegro, Anavilhanas, c. 2°31’S, 69°59’W; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 28 May 1976. INPA 16447 (13, 222.6– 316.8 mmSL): rio Negro, “ Ponta da Piraíba” (not located); Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 15 Aug 1985. MNRJ6268( 1, 147.4 mmSL): rio Negro, “ Uyipiranga” (not located); A. Parko, 1941. Amazonasstate, rio Madeirabasin: MZUSP7039(11, 169.8– 269.7 mmSL): rio Canumã, c. 4°2’S, 59°6’W; EPA, 28–29 Nov 1967. MZUSP59001( 1, 270.8 mmSL): mouth of rio Madeira(purchased at the Itacoatiarafish market); A.M. Zanata, 3 Aug 1996. MCZ21090 ( 1, 203.8 mmSL): Rio Madeira, probably near confluence with rio Solimões; L. Agassiz et al., 1 Sept 1865. Rondôniastate, rio Madeirabasin: MZUSP14017(4, 301.0– 348.6 mmSL): rio Machado, at its mouth, 8°4’S, 62°53’W; M.Goulding, 18 Sept 1977. UF 100627(1, 194.0 mm SL): rio Jamari, ca. 20 kmdownstream from Samueldam, locally called Pedra de Sant'anna, c. 8°44’S, 63°29’W; J. P. Viana, 3 June 1993. INPA16383(11, 133.0– 156.8 mmSL): rio Jamari, Samueldam, diverting channel (cofferdam), c. 8°45’S, 63°27’W; G.M. Santos, 7–9 June 1988. INPA16456( 1, 383.4 mmSL): rio Jamari, 5 kmabove Samueldam, c. 9°32’S, 63°8’W; G.M. Santos, 14 July 1985. INPA16442(2, 282.8– 303.2 mmSL): rio Jamari, above Samueldam, c. 9°32’S, 63°8’W; G.M. Santos, 7 Dec 1984. INPA16443(2, 273.9– 318.5 mmSL): rio Jamaribelow Samueldam, c. 8°30’, 63°29’W; G.M. Santos, 27 March 1986. CAS96131 (1, 207.0 mm SL): Rio Madeira, “ Cachoele de Theotone” [= Cachoeira do Teotônio, 8°52’S, 64°3’W]; J.D. Haseman, 30 Oct 1909. CAS18395 (1, 273.0 mm SL): Rio Madeira, “whirlpools at Cachoele de Girao” [= Cachoeira do Girau, 9°17’S, 64°39’W]; J.D. Haseman, 26 Oct 1909. MZUSP88028(1, 194.0 mm SL): rio Madeira, Estação Ecológica Antônio Mujica Nava, 9°24’50’’S, 64°56’32’’W; L.F. Silveira, 6–18 Feb 2002. MCP39586 ( 1, 188.4 mmSL): Igarapé Taquarás, trib. RioMamoré, BR-425, 9°57’43’’S, 65°17’45’’W; A.R. Cardoso, V. Bertaco, F.C.T. Lima& J.F. Pezzi da Silva, 25 Jul 2004. INPA16371(1, 249.0 mm SL): rio Novo, trib. rio Guaporé, at its mouth, c. 10°52’S, 65°16’W; G.M. Santos, 20 June 1985. INPA16375(2, 192.7– 207.4 mmSL): Guajará-Mirim, rio Pacaás Novos(trib. rio Guaporé), c. 11°5’S, 65°8’W; G.M. Santos, 16 Nov 1984. INPA16377( 1, 185.5 mmSL): rio Mamoré, mouth of rio Guaporé, Surpresa, 11°53’S, 65°1’W; G.M. Santos, 19 June 1984. AMNH39956( 1, 392.4 mmSL): RioGuaporé, 5 kmSW CostaMarques, c. 12°30’S, 64°17’W; R.M. Bayley et al., 23–24 Sept 1964. Mato Grossostate, rio Madeirabasin: MZUSP105602(2, 420.0–485.0 mm SL): rio Verde, trib. rio Guaporé, Brazil/ Boliviaborder, 14°7’36’’S, 60°28’30’’W; O. A. Cantelmo & L. Barbosa, 13–21 Aug 2005. Bolivia, rio Madeirabasin: FMNH107242(1, 445.0 mm SL): Estado Pando, RíoNareuda (trib. RíoOrthon, Río Madre de Diosdrainage), c. 11°16’S, 69°3’W; N. A. Menezes et al., 4 Sept 1996. MNHN1989–1430(3, 140.2– 158.8 mmSL): Estado Beni, RíoTijamuchi (trib. Rio Beni), below Trinidad, c. 14°11’S, 65°3’W; L. Lauzanne& G. Loubens, 26–28 Apr 1984. Peru, Depto. Loreto, RioUcayali/Amazonas basin: NRM23671 ( 1, 113.7 mmSL); NRM 23672 ( 1, 123.8 mmSL): Quebrada Tocón Grande and marginal pools, at km 33 of carretera Iquitos-Nauta, RíoItaya drainage, c. 4°2’S, 73°26’W; S.O. Kullander et al., 3–4 Jul 1986. MZUSP15266(2, 87.2–90.7 mmSL): Caño Lupuna, Río Amazonas(not located); M.V. Correa, 10 Jun 1980. INHS55030(1, 118.0 mm SL): south bank trib. Río Napo, near Mazán, ca. 33 km Iquitos,c. 3°30’S, 73°6’W; M.H. Sabaj et al., 31 Jul 1999. INHS43857(1, 95.9 mmSL): small cocha trib. Río Napo, IslaMilagros across the town of Mázan, 3°28'59,9'’S, 73°05'05,5'’W; M.H. Sabaj et al., 2 Aug 1997. INHS106469( 1, 134.4 mmSL): RíoNanay, Pampa Chica, 3°45'08,8'’S, 73°17'00,1'’W; M.H. Sabaj& J.W. Armbruster, 22 Jul 1997. CAS 16031 ( 1, 293.7 mmSL); CAS68880 ( 1, 198.4 mmSL): Rio Amazonas, Iquitos; W.R. Allen, Sept 1920. CAS 160579( 1, 132.4 mmSL); CAS 160749( 1, 120.7 mmSL); CAS136578( 1, 164.3 mmSL): Canodel Shansho, near Pebas, c. 3°21’S, 71°48’W; W.G. Scherer, Sept 1936. ANSP 178374 (3, 114.2– 162.7 mmSL): Prov. Maynas, RíoYanuyacu (trib. R. Amazonasat mouth of Cano Chincana, Emerald ForestLodge, approx. 25 milesS. of Iquitos; M.H. Sabaj et al., 11 Aug 2001. MUSM7020( 1, 134.5 mmSL): RíoPacaya, Cocha Zapote, 5°75’S, 74°25’W; H.W. Koepcke, March 1960. MUSM18177(1, 40.8 mmSL): San Pablo de Tipishca, Río Marañon; H. Ortega et al., 15 Apr 2001. Depto. Ucayali, RíoUcayalibasin: MZUSP26219(3, 58.9–60.8 mmSL); MZUSP26218(3, 60.7–66.1 mmSL): RíoUcayali, Shanahao, Prov. Coronel Portillo; H. Ortega, 29 Apr 1976. MZUSP 25937 (6, 1 cs, 27.7–52.0 mm SL); AMNH 43338 (2, 66.1–73.5 mmSL); MUSM41144(1, 50.7 mmSL): RíoUcayali, Masisea, Prov. Coronel Portillo, 8°35’S, 74°20’W; H. Ortega, 21–23 Nov 1973. MUSM41154( 1, 148.8 mmSL): Pucallpa, RíoUcayali, Masisea, 8°35’S, 74°20’W; H. Ortega, 24 Sept 1975. MUSM108(2, 133.0–134.0 mm SL): Ucayali, Pucallpa, Masisea, Lobococha, 8°35’S, 74°20’W; H. Ortega, 20 Apr 1983. MUSM315(2, 130.5–132.0 mm SL): Pucallpa, RíoUcayali, Utiquinía, 8°12’S, 74°34’W; H. Ortega, 20 Sept 1985. Colombia, Rio Amazonasbasin: UMMZ 191053( 1, 225.5 mmSL): Leticia, Rio Amazonas, 4°13’S, 69°57’W; R. Faber, 17 May 1971. Venezuela, rio Orinocobasin, Estado DeltaAmacuro: USNM236562(50, 122.7– 297.8 mmSL): tidal stream on river shore, 49 milesfrom sea buoy, 8°37’36’’N, 60°49’36’’W; J.N. Baskin& D.J. Stewart, 20 Nov 1979. Estado Anzoategui: ANSP166777(1, 172.0 mm SL): Soledad, LagunaCurita, 8°9’30’’N, 63°35’55’’W; M. Rodriguez, 27 Apr 1988. ANSP166480(4, 149.5– 170.9 mmSL): Soledad, LagunaAguilera, 8°11’30’’N, 63°26’45’’W; M. Rodriguez& S. Richardson, 22 Jan 1987. Estado Guárico: MZUSP54583(2, 142.9– 145.2 mmSL): Santa Rita, RíoAguaro, near Santa Rita, 8°9’N, 66°14’W; J. Moscó et al., 22 Nov 1968. INHS33942(3, 122.8– 137.7 mmSL): Pozo Azul( RíoSan Bartolo), P.N. Aguaro-Guariquito; W. Mejo et al., 4 Jan 1995. INHS34335( 1, 217.5 mmSL): RíoAguaro, P.N. Aguaro-Guariquito, 15 kmS Paso Cachimbo, 8°3’6’’N, 66°25’34’’W; D.C. Taphorn et al., 10 Jan 1995. FMNH85402(6, 80.5–98.1 mmSL): borrow pit west of road, 9.7 kmN of Cabruta, c. 7°43’N, 66°15’W; J.E. Thomerson et al., 5 Jan 1975. LBP 10224 (4, 128.2– 148.1 mmSL): Cabruta, Río Apure, 7°37’24’’N, 66°24’48’’W; C. Oliveira& V. Tagliacollo, 21 Apr 2010. Estado Barinas: FMNH103954( 1, 154.6 mmSL): Playa Los Chicosin the Rio Suripá, ca. 2.5 hrs. above Hato Las Mercedes, c. 7°47N, 70°9’W; B. Chernoff et al., 12 Jan 1991. Estado Apure: INHS27660(2, 163.5– 184.4 mmSL): Caño Potrerito, hwy. bridge between San Fernando and Puerto Paez, 6° 24’48’’N, 67°31’56’’W; L.M. Page et al., 22 Jan 1992. INHS61402( 1, 178.5 mmSL): LagunaLarga ( RíoCínaruco drainage), 6°33’19’’N, 67°24’49’’W; L.M. Page et al., 19 Jan 1992. ANSP165393( 1, 144.4 mmSL): RioClaro, 15 kmS of La Montaripaon San Fernandode Apure—Puerto Paez Hwy., 7°10’N, 67°25’W; S. Schaefer et al., 7 Nov 1989. ANSP165548(3, 120.5–129.0 mm SL): flooded savannah ca. 2.0 km S of intersection of RioClaro and San Fernandode Apure— Puerto Paezhwy., 7°10’N, 67°25’W; S. Schaefer et al., 7 Nov 1989. ANSP165483(1, 232.0 mm SL): RíoCapanaparo, backwater lagoon (mouth of caño Las Varitas) near San Fernandode Apure—Puerto Paez hwy., 7°2’N, 67°25’W; S. Schaefer et al., 7 Nov 1989. FMNH 69900 ( 1, 159.3 mmSL); FMNH117234(1, 170.0 mm SL): Río Cinarucoat confl. Madreabout 60 milesS. of San Fernando de Apure, c. 6°33’N, 67°18’W; W.P. Braker& Zunwalt, Feb 1967. Estado Bolívar: ANSP159722( 1, 125.3 mmSL): Río Guacamayo, below bridge at crossing of Caicara-Ciudad Bolivarhwy., 7°40’N, 64°10’W; B. Chernoff& F. Provenzano, 21 Nov 1985. ANSP159726(33, 99.1–144.4 mmSL): Cañocrossing road to Las Trincheras, 2.7 kmof intersection with Ciudad Bolivar-Caicarahwy., 7°22’N, 64°59’W; W. Saul et al., 20 Nov 1985. ANSP159720(5, 104.6–220.0 mm SL): Río Agua Blanca, below bridge at crossing of Caicara-Ciudad Bolivarhwy., 7°50’N, 63°51’W; B. Chernoff et al., 21 Nov 1985. ANSP159727( 1, 117.3 mmSL): RíoCaura at Maripaferry crossing, 7°27’N, 65°12’W; B. Chernoff et al., 19 Nov 1985. ANSP159728(2, 124.3– 194.7 mmSL): morichal Poso Vagabundo, 3 kmE of Maripa, just off Caicara-Ciudad Bolivarhwy., 7°25’30’’N, 65° 9°59’W; W. Saul& R. Royero, 19 Nov 1985. ANSP135720( 1, 146.5 mmSL): Morichal Zamorai(caño), between Río Taucaand Río Tiquire, Maripa-Ciudad Bolivarhwy., 7°28’N, 64°54’W; J.E. Boehlke et al., 7 Feb 1977. ANSP135840(2, 238.0–245.0 mm SL): mouth of small caño feeding RíoCaura 15 min downstream from “hydrographic plant”, 6°20’N, 64°30’W; J.E. Boehlke et al., 22 Jan 1977. CAS uncat. (1, 152.0 mm SL); CAS156831(3, 134.6– 167.9 mmSL): Caño de Quiribana, near Caicara, c. 7°36’N, 66°11’W; C. Ternetz, April–May 1925. CAS 154565 ( 1, 156.1 mmSL); CAS154568( 1, 134.9 mmSL): RioOrinoco, mouth of Cano de Quiribana, Caicara, c. 7°36’N, 66°11’W; C. Ternetz, 5 May 1925. CAS156758( 1, 130.1 mmSL): creeks into LagunaSan Raphael, Caicara, c. 7°36’N, 66°11’W; C. Ternetz, 28 Apr 1925. LBP 3026 (8, 113.7– 141.8 mmSL): Caicaradel Orinoco, RíoOrinoco, 7°38’12’’N, 66°19’4’’W; C. Oliveira& A. Granado, 2 Oct 2005. ANSP159740(14, 85.4–130.1 mmSL): Cano Caiman, at crossing of Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy, 19.2 kmof Ciudad Bolivar-Caicarahwy; B. Chernoff et al., 29 Nov 1985. ANSP159725(5, 96.7– 124.3 mmSL): Riverand flooded area 15 kmof Maniapureon Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy ( RíoChaviripa?), c. 7°0’N, 66°31’W; B. Chernoff et al., 16 Nov 1985. ANSP159724(16, 91.4–121.7 mmSL): small stream crossing Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy., 18 kmN of Maniapure; B. Chernoff et al., 16 Nov 1985. ANSP159737(2, 100.6– 107.5 mmSL): RíoManiapure at crossing of Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy., 6°55’34’’N, 66°33’32’’W; B. Chernoff et al., 28 Nov 1985. ANSP159723(2, 18.8–110.5 mmSL): RíoCaura at Puerto Las Majadas, 7°30’18’’N, 64°50’24’’W; L. Aguana, 23 Nov 1985. ANSP159739( 1, 136.2 mmSL): Caño 15.1 kmE of RíoParguaza ferry crossing on Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy., c. 6°19’N, 67°6’W; B. Chernoff et al., 28 Nov 1985. ANSP159735( 1, 120.3 mmSL): Canocrossing dirt road near Hacienda Fundo Malana, c. 15 kmN of Sipao, 7°35’N, 65°22’W; W. Saul& R. Royero, 19 Nov 1985. ANSP135771(1, 144.0 mm SL): RíoUrbana ( Urbani) on Maripa-Las Trincherasroad, 7°18’N, 65°0’W; J. Boehlke et al., 20 Jan 1977. UF 80418 (2, 129.9– 140.5 mmSL): bridge of RíoChaviripa on Caicara-San Fernando do Atabapo(Puerto Ayacucho) road, c. 7°0’N, 66°31’W; D.C. Taphorn et al., 16 Apr 1984. UF 80409 ( 1, 174.1 mmSL); UF 80709 (2, 131.8– 146.5 mmSL); MZUSP 62442 (2, 121.7– 126.6 mmSL): Caño Caripo/Caripito; D.C. Taphorn et al., 17 Apr 1984. FMNH85678(1, 157.0 mm SL): RioOrera, 13 kmS. of Puerto Nuevotoward Puerto Ayacucho; J. Thomerson et al., 14 Jan 1975. Estado Amazonas: ANSP159738( 1, 127.3 mmSL): Caño 21 kmSW of El Burro, Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy., c. 6°0’N, 67°21’W; W. Saul et al., 26 Nov 1985. FMNH103953( 1, 162.6 mmSL): mouth of small caño on RíoCuao, 4°58’4’’N, 67°36’55’’W; B. Chernoff et al., 12 Feb 1992. Guyana: AMNH14405(2, 106.5– 106.9 mmSL); AMNH14323(2, 101.3– 123.9 mmSL): Santa Rosa, Amacuro River, 7°39’N, 58°57’W; A.S. Pinkus, 1938. Trinidad: USNM235526( 1, 206.3 mmSL): Chatamstream, south west Trinidad, 10°5’N, 61°45’W; M. Atkins, 5 Sept 1980. Uncertain locality: MZUSP3815(7, 137.1– 151.6 mmSL): “ Amazonase Pará”; E. Garbe, 1902. Introduced/escaped stocked specimens (all from Brazil):NUP uncat. (2, 298.5– 310.1 mmSL): Goiás, Caldas Novas, rio Corumbá, trib. rio Paranaíba; Nupélia, 1996–2000. MZUSP54008(8, 121.7– 203.6 mmSL): São Paulo, Pirassununga, CEPTA(stocked specimens); 27 Feb 1998. MZUSP 82418 (6, 85.8–101.4 mmSL); MZUSP82430(3, 111.6– 141.4 mmSL): São Paulo, Campinas, artificial pond near rio Atibaia; A.M. Zanata & M.P. Geraldes, March 2003. MZUSP86779( 1, 217.5 mmSL): Riode Janeiro, Campos, rio Paraíbado Sul (fish market); O.T. Oyakawa et al., Sept 2004.
1425222072
1985-04-20
INPA
E. Ferreira & M. Jegu
Brazil
Material
-0.56666666
Caxipacore
1308
-56.75
rio Trombetas
123
124
INPA 3415
1
Para
holotype
1425222092
MNHN
French Guiana
Schomburgk
123
124
1
A
neotype
1425222075
MNHN
French Guiana
Gery
Montravel
Mahnert
123
124
MNHN 98
1
Amazone
lectotype
1425222089
BMNH
E. Bartlett
French Guiana
Gery
Upper Amazons
Mahnert
123
124
1
Amazone
paralectotype
1425222074
ANSP
J. Hauxwell
Ecuador
Ambyiacu River
-3.35
Rio Amazonas
1307
-71.8
Rio Ampyiacu
123
124
ANSP 8058
1
Loreto
syntype
1425222097
NMW
Venezuela
8.133333
Orinoco
1302
-63.566666
123
124
1
Bolivar
holotype
1425222086
FMNH
S. E. Shideler
Guyana
8.216666
Mud Creek
1302
-59.733334
123
124
FMNH 53353
1
River
syntype
1425222095
[199,1163,1807,1832]
MCZ
Brazil
rio Amazonas
123
124
1
Para
holotype
1425222091
MCZ
Brazil
Rio
123
124
1
Rio
holotype
1425222099
[497,1333,1844,1869]
1865-08
1865-09-31
1865-08
Thayer Expedition
Brazil
-1.75
Porto
1308
-52.233334
123
124
1
Porto
holotype
1425222093
BMNH
C. Ternetz
Brazil
-2.0
Monte Alegre
1307
-54.066666
123
124
BMNH 1926.10
1
Rio Amazonas
holotype
1425222084
1968-08-14
MZUSP
Brazil
-2.0
Monte Alegre
1307
-54.066666
123
124
MZUSP 9501
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222085
1960-02
MNRJ
L. Travassos & J. de Freitas
Brazil
-2.15
rio Maicuru
1307
-54.2
Maicura
123
124
MNRJ 11263
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222081
[530,1256,1988,2013]
1971-10-19
1971-10-27
1971-10-19
Brazil
-2.45
rio Maica
1307
-54.666668
123
124
1
Santarem
holotype
1425222078
1923-07-14
CAS
Lagoa Grande de Curuai & C. Ternetz
Brazil
Lagoa Grande
124
125
-2.2333333
Lagoa Grande de Curuai
1307
-55.266666
Castello Branco
123
124
1
Rio
holotype
1425222082
1924-11
CAS
Lagoa Grande de Curuai & C. Ternetz
Brazil
-2.2333333
Lagoa Grande de Curuai
1307
-55.266666
Lagoa Grande
124
125
1
Rio
holotype
1425222076
ZUEC
F. L. Castelnau
Brazil
Curua
-2.106111
Sao Luis
21
-55.17139
Lago Preto
124
125
ZUEC 8033
1
Costa
holotype
1425222090
2013-11-22
MCZ
W. G. R. Crampton & J. S. Ready
Brazil
Lima
124
125
1
Lima
holotype
1425222077
1865-11
1865-12-31
1865-11
MCZ
Thayer Expedition
Brazil
-1.8666667
Obidos
1308
-55.5
124
125
1
Rio Amazonas
holotype
1425222098
2006-08-21
MPEG
V. Sena
Brazil
-2.4886112
Igarape Guarana
21
-56.238613
Juruti
124
125
MPEG 11181
1
A
holotype
1425222105
CAS
Brazil
-2.15
Juruti
1307
-56.1
124
125
1
A
holotype
1425222112
ANSP
J. L. Troemner
Brazil
Para
124
125
ANSP 82285
1
Para
holotype
1425222106
[379,1216,439,464]
MZUSP
Brazil
rio Tapajos
124
125
MZUSP 8405
1
Para
holotype
1425222110
1967-12-23
Brazil
-2.5
Alter do Chao
1307
-54.966667
Jacunda
124
125
1
Santarem
holotype
1425222113
1994-10-31
MZUSP
M. Westneat
Brazil
-2.4680555
Alter do Chao
21
-54.926113
124
125
MZUSP 57475
1
Santarem
holotype
1425222094
MZUSP
Brazil
-2.4166667
rio Tapajos
1307
-54.75
124
125
MZUSP 60323
1
Santarem
holotype
1425222118
[628,1271,548,573]
1944-10
FMNH
Brazil
A
124
125
FMNH 92083
1
A
holotype
1425222100
1909-12-12
MCZ
J. D. Haseman
Brazil
-2.4166667
rio Tapajos
1307
-54.75
124
125
1
Santarem
holotype
1425222115
MCZ
D. Bourget
Brazil
-2.4166667
rio Tapajos
1307
-54.75
124
125
1
Santarem
holotype
1425222096
1865-08-26
MCZ
N. Dexter
Brazil
Rio
124
125
1
Rio
holotype
1425222125
1924-08
1924-09-31
1924-08
CAS
C. Ternetz
Brazil
Santarem
124
125
1
Santarem
holotype
1425222108
1924-07
CAS
C. Ternetz
Brazil
-2.4166667
rio Tapajos
1307
-54.75
124
125
1
Santarem
holotype
1425222121
MNHN
C. Jobert
Brazil
-2.4166667
Santarem
1307
-54.75
124
125
MNHN 1909-070
1
Santarem
holotype
1425222117
1967-12-16
1967-12-18
1967-12-16
MZUSP
Brazil
rio Trombetas
-1.7833333
Oriximina
1308
-55.866665
rio Trombetas
124
125
MZUSP 8255
1
Para
holotype
1425222120
1983-10
1983-11-31
1983-10
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Brazil
-1.5166667
Cumina
1308
-56.033333
rio Trombetas
124
125
MZUSP 56777
1
Para
holotype
1425222119
1985-10-18
INPA
E. Ferreira & L. H. R. Py-Daniel
Brazil
-1.0
rio Trombetas
1308
-57.05
rio Cachorro
124
125
INPA 16449
1
Para
holotype
1425222103
1985-10-16
INPA
E. Ferreira & L. H. R. Py-Daniel
Brazil
-0.5833333
Caxipacore
1308
-56.783333
rio Trombetas
124
125
INPA 16440
1
Para
holotype
1425222107
1985-05-17
INPA
Cachoeira da Egua & E. Ferreira
Brazil
rio Mapuera
-1.0833334
Cachoeira da Egua
1308
-57.333332
rio Trombetas
124
125
INPA 3416
1
Para
holotype
1425222109
1967-03-17
1967-03-18
1967-03-17
MZUSP
Brazil
-2.8833332
Lago
1307
-58.35
rio Solimoes
124
125
MZUSP 5801
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222111
1865-12
MCZ
S. V. R. Thayer
Brazil
-2.8833332
Silves
1307
-58.35
Lago Saraca
124
125
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222102
1865-08-27
1865-09-02
1865-08-27
MCZ
L. Agassiz
Brazil
-2.6333332
Parintins
1307
-56.75
124
125
1
Rio Amazonas
holotype
1425222101
1865-08-27
1865-08-30
1865-08-27
MCZ
L. Agassiz
Brazil
Lago Jose Assu
-2.9
rio Andira
1307
-57.133335
Igarape Acu
124
125
1
Rio Amazonas
holotype
1425222114
1977-09-28
MZUSP
N. Smith
Brazil
-3.15
Itacoatiara
1307
-58.45
124
125
MZUSP 13430
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222104
[793,1364,1231,1256]
MNHN
Brazil
rio Urubu
124
125
MNHN 1996-1087
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222122
1993-09
1993-10-31
1993-09
M. Jegu
Brazil
-2.6166668
Salto
1307
-59.366665
124
125
1
Salto
holotype
1425222137
1980-01-09
MCZ
Lago Jacaretinga & Manaus & T. J. Zaret
Brazil
Amazonas
124
125
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222130
INPA
Lago do Rei
Iceland
Amazonas
124
125
INPA 16450
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222127
[628,1432,1375,1401]
1977-10-13
P. Bayley
Iceland
-3.2166667
Lago Janauari
1307
-60.016666
124
125
1
Rio Negro
holotype
1425222129
1986-02-24
INPA
M. Jegu
Iceland
-3.15
Lago do Careiro
1307
-59.783333
124
125
INPA 4599
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222139
INPA
Iceland
rio Solimoes
124
125
INPA 16444
1
holotype
1425222116
1993-01
1993-03-31
1993-01
INPA
P. Petry & R. Sotero
Iceland
-3.2333333
rio Solimoes
1307
-59.916668
124
125
INPA 13318
1
holotype
1425222144
1977
1979
1977
USNM
P. Bayley
Iceland
-3.2333333
rio Solimoes
1307
-59.916668
125
126
USNM 307024
1
holotype
1425222124
1977
1979
1977
INPA
P. Bayley
Iceland
-3.3666668
Lago Janauaca
1307
-60.2
125
126
INPA 16451
1
Rio
holotype
1425222140
INPA
Lago Janauaca
Iceland
rio Solimoes
125
126
INPA 16364
1
Rio
holotype
1425222123
1979-08-11
1979-08-12
1979-08-11
ZUEC
V. S. Uieda
Iceland
-3.4
Lago Janauaca
1307
-60.3
Manaquiri
125
126
ZUEC 7823
1
Rio
holotype
1425222149
1977-07
ZUEC
U. Caramaschi
Iceland
-3.4
Lago Janauaca
1307
-60.3
Manaquiri
125
126
ZUEC 5345
1
Rio
holotype
1425222134
MZUSP
Iceland
-3.2833333
Lago Manacapuru
125
126
MZUSP 6627
1
Rio
holotype
1425222145
1967-11-13
MZUSP
Lago Jacare & Manacapuru
Iceland
rio Solimoes
-60.9
125
126
MZUSP 5903
1
Rio
holotype
1425222141
[1020,1309,692,717]
Iceland
-3.2833333
Rio
125
126
1
Rio
holotype
1425222143
MZUSP
Ehrhardt & Lago Castro
Iceland
rio Purus
-60.9
125
126
MZUSP 6306
1
Rio
holotype
1425222142
[327,1432,764,789]
1967-05-01
1967-05-05
1967-05-01
MZUSP
Iceland
-3.7166667
rio Purus
1307
-61.45
125
126
MZUSP 5990
1
Rio
holotype
1425222128
2001-06-09
INPA
L. Rapp Py-Daniel
Iceland
-4.925833
Aruna
21
-62.366108
rio Purus
125
126
INPA 17122
1
Parana
holotype
1425222135
1997-12-14
MCP
W. G. R. Crampton
Iceland
Maraa
-2.545
Uxi
21
-64.66861
Lago Amana
125
126
1
Parana
holotype
1425222132
1997-12-17
MCP
W. G. R. Crampton
Iceland
Maraa
-2.456389
rio Bare
21
-64.72639
Lago Amana
125
126
1
Parana
holotype
1425222136
1983-09-25
MZUSP
P. E. Vanzolini
Iceland
-2.9833333
rio Japura
1307
-64.933334
Lago Mamiraua
125
126
MZUSP 27924
1
Parana
holotype
1425222133
1993-10
INPA
Reserva Mamiraua & Lago Mamiraua & W. G. R. Crampton
Iceland
rio Solimoes
125
126
INPA 19108
1
Parana
holotype
1425222126
2001-03
INPA
Reserva Mamiraua & Lago Secretaria & W. G. R. Crampton
Iceland
rio Solimoes
125
126
INPA 19118
1
Parana
holotype
1425222138
1997-11-04
INPA
Reserva Mamiraua & Curuca & W. G. R. Crampton
Iceland
rio Solimoes
125
126
INPA 19107
1
Parana
holotype
1425222131
1999-10-11
MCP
W. G. R. Crampton
Iceland
Alvaraes
-3.0494444
Lago Mamiraua
21
-64.85861
Lago Rato
125
126
1
Parana
holotype
1425222148
2001-01-13
INPA
Tefe & Lago Capivara & W. G. R. Crampton
Iceland
rio Solimoes
125
126
INPA 19111
1
Costa
holotype
1425222162
1865-10
MCZ
L. Agassiz
Iceland
-3.4
Tefe
1307
-64.75
125
126
MCZ 162214
1
Costa
holotype
1425222158
1999-07-14
INPA
W. G. R. Crampton
Iceland
rio Tefe
125
126
INPA 19109
1
holotype
1425222153
MNHN
C. Jobert
Iceland
-2.8666668
Tonantins
1307
-67.76667
125
126
MNHN 1909-0289
1
Rio
holotype
1425222159
1993-11-22
MZUSP
J. P. Friel
Iceland
-3.0075
rio Solimoes
21
-67.87945
125
126
MZUSP 55821
1
Ica
holotype
1425222161
1993-11-23
MZUSP
J. P. Sullivan
Iceland
-2.9680555
rio Solimoes
21
-67.83083
125
126
MZUSP 56153
1
Ica
holotype
1425222146
[499,1160,1375,1400]
Iceland
-4.3333335
rio Solimoes
1306
-69.96667
125
126
1
Costa
holotype
1425222166
1982-11-13
MZUSP
Portugal
Tabatinga
-4.3333335
rio Solimoes
1306
-69.96667
Lago Caial
125
126
MZUSP 27330
1
holotype
1425222147
1982-10-08
MNRJ
Portugal
-4.3333335
rio Javari
1306
-70.2
rio Queixito
125
126
MNRJ 11262
1
A
holotype
1425222169
1985-09
INPA
M. Jegu
Portugal
rio Uatuma
-1.9166667
Balbina
1307
-59.466667
rio Uatuma
125
126
INPA 5685
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222150
1985-07
INPA
P. Chaves
Portugal
-1.9166667
Balbina
1307
-59.466667
rio Uatuma
125
126
INPA 15421
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222173
[222,1051,1556,1581]
INPA
Barreto
Portugal
rio Uatuma
125
126
INPA 16433
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222156
[402,1362,1591,1617]
1985-05
INPA
Arraia & S. Amadio
Portugal
rio Uatuma
125
126
INPA 5517
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222171
1983-04-15
INPA
Arraia & Eq. Ictiologia
Portugal
rio Uatuma
125
126
INPA 16428
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222170
1983-10-17
INPA
P. Chaves
Portugal
Agua Branca
-0.8666667
rio Uatuma
1308
-59.45
rio Pitinga
125
126
INPA 16429
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222165
[268,1057,1700,1725]
INPA
da Agua Branca
Portugal
rio Pitinga
125
126
INPA 16374
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222168
1983-04-17
INPA
Eq. Ictiologia
Portugal
-0.8666667
Amazonas
1308
-59.45
125
126
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222152
[613,1230,1735,1760]
MCZ
Portugal
rio Negro
125
126
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222155
BMNH
V. R. Thayer & Manaos & J. C. Anthony
Portugal
-3.0833333
Lago Aleixo
1307
-59.883335
125
126
BMNH 1943.4
1
Rio Negro
holotype
1425222157
1967-11-17
1967-11-18
1967-11-17
MZUSP
Portugal
-3.05
Tarumazinho
1307
-60.116665
Manaus
125
126
MZUSP 6766
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222163
2000-03
INPA
Maruauru & Cidomar
Portugal
rio Negro
125
126
INPA 15925
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222164
1981-11
MZUSP
G. Borges
Portugal
-2.1333334
rio Puduari
1307
-61.25
125
126
MZUSP 61882
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222151
[210,1392,1952,1977]
1982-05-23
INPA
G. Borges
Portugal
-2.5166667
Praia Grande
1307
-69.98333
125
126
INPA 2614
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222160
1984-01-02
Eq. Ictiologia
Portugal
-2.5166667
Praia Grande
1307
-69.98333
125
126
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222154
1983-01
UMMZ
Arquipelago de Anavilhanas & W. F. Fink
Portugal
126
127
rio Negro
125
126
UMMZ 217848
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222175
1983-01-10
UMMZ
Chiclaua & W. L. Fink
Portugal
rio Negro
126
127
UMMZ 217803
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222188
1994-10-29
INPA
Oliveira
Portugal
-1.9666667
Miratuca
1307
-61.5
rio Jau
126
127
INPA 9900
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222184
[377,1285,260,285]
1976-05-28
INPA
Eq. Ictiologia
Portugal
-2.5166667
Anavilhanas
1307
-69.98333
126
127
1
Rio Negro
holotype
1425222177
[460,1350,295,320]
1985-08-15
INPA
Ponta da Piraiba & Eq. Ictiologia
Portugal
rio Negro
126
127
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222182
MNRJ
Uyipiranga
Portugal
rio Negro
126
127
MNRJ 6268
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425222186
[892,1069,332,357]
Portugal
A
126
127
1
A
holotype
1425222167
1967-11-28
1967-11-29
1967-11-28
MZUSP
Portugal
-4.0333333
rio Canuma
1307
-59.1
Amazonas
126
127
MZUSP 7039
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222195
MZUSP
Itacoatiara
Portugal
Madeira
126
127
MZUSP 59001
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222174
1996-08-03
MCZ
Portugal
A
126
127
1
A
holotype
1425222193
1865-09-01
L. Agassiz
Portugal
rio Solimoes
126
127
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222176
1977-09-18
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Portugal
-8.066667
rio Machado
1302
-62.883335
Rondonia
126
127
MZUSP 14017
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222199
Pedra de Sant'anna
Portugal
Samuel
rio Jamari
126
127
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222183
1993-06-03
INPA
J. P. Viana & Samuel
Portugal
-8.733334
rio Jamari
1300
-63.483334
126
127
INPA 16383
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222196
1985-07-14
INPA
G. M. Santos
Portugal
-9.533334
Samuel
1299
-63.133335
rio Jamari
126
127
INPA 16456
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222194
1984-12-07
INPA
G. M. Santos
Portugal
-9.533334
Samuel
1299
-63.133335
rio Jamari
126
127
INPA 16442
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222190
1986-03-27
INPA
G. M. Santos
Portugal
Samuel
-63.483334
rio Jamari
126
127
INPA 16443
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222192
1909-10-30
CAS
Cachoele de Theotone & J. D. Haseman
Portugal
-8.866667
Cachoeira do Teotonio
1300
-64.05
Cachoele de Theotone
126
127
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222178
1909-10-26
CAS
Cachoele de Girao & J. D. Haseman
Portugal
-9.283334
Cachoeira do Girau
1300
-64.65
Cachoele de Girao
126
127
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222179
2002-02-06
2002-02-18
2002-02-06
MZUSP
L. F. Silveira
Portugal
-9.413889
Estacao Ecologica Antonio Mujica Nava
21
-64.94222
126
127
MZUSP 88028
1
Madeira
holotype
1425222181
MCP
Portugal
-9.961945
Igarape Taquaras
21
-65.29583
126
127
1
Rio
holotype
1425222187
[550,911,908,933]
Cardoso, V. & Bertaco, F. C. T
Portugal
A
126
127
1
A
holotype
1425222189
2004-07-25
INPA
J. F. Pezzi da Silva
Portugal
rio Guapore
rio Novo
126
127
INPA 16371
1
Lima
holotype
1425222172
1985-06-20
INPA
G. M. Santos & Guajara-Mirim
Portugal
-10.866667
rio Guapore
1296
-65.26667
rio Pacaas Novos
126
127
INPA 16375
1
Lima
holotype
1425222180
1984-06-19
INPA
G. M. Santos
Portugal
rio Mamore
-11.883333
Surpresa
1294
-65.01667
rio Guapore
126
127
INPA 16377
1
Lima
holotype
1425222185
1964-09-23
1964-09-24
1964-09-23
AMNH
R. M. Bayley
Portugal
-12.5
Rio
1293
-64.28333
126
127
AMNH 39956
1
Rio
holotype
1425222200
MZUSP
Brazil
-14.126667
rio Guapore
21
-60.475002
rio Verde
126
127
MZUSP 105602
1
Mato Grosso
holotype
1425222212
[341,869,1159,1184]
2005-08-13
2005-08-21
2005-08-13
L. Barbosa
Brazil
A
126
127
1
A
holotype
1425222205
FMNH
Bolivia
rio Madeira
126
127
FMNH 107242
1
Pando
holotype
1425222202
Bolivia
-11.266666
Rio Madre de Dios
1295
-69.05
126
127
1
Rio
holotype
1425222207
[178,528,1231,1256]
1996-09-04
Bolivia
A
126
127
1
A
holotype
1425222211
[540,1200,1231,1256]
MNHN
Bolivia
Beni
126
127
MNHN 1989-1430
1
Beni
holotype
1425222191
1984-04-26
1984-04-28
1984-04-26
L. Lauzanne & G. Loubens
Trinidad and Tobago
-14.183333
Rio
1289
-65.05
126
127
1
Rio
holotype
1425222219
Peru
Loreto
126
127
1
Loreto
holotype
1425222197
[245,596,1303,1328]
NRM
Peru
Rio Ucayali
126
127
1
Rio Ucayali
holotype
1425222218
1986-07-03
1986-07-04
1986-07-03
S. O. Kullander
Peru
-4.0333333
Rio
1307
-73.433334
126
127
1
Rio
holotype
1425222198
1980-06-10
MZUSP
Cano Lupuna & M.M. Vaz
Peru
Rio Amazonas
126
127
MZUSP 15266
1
Rio Amazonas
holotype
1425222222
1999-07-31
INHS
M. H. Sabaj
Peru
-3.5
Iquitos
1307
-73.1
Mazan
126
127
INHS 55030
1
Rio Napo
holotype
1425222209
1997-08-02
INHS
Mazan & M. H. Sabaj
Iceland
Rio Napo
126
127
INHS 43857
1
Rio Napo
holotype
1425222220
1997-07-22
INHS
Pampa Chica & M. H. Sabaj & J. W. Armbruster
Iceland
Rio
126
127
INHS 106469
1
Rio
holotype
1425222221
1920-09
CAS
Iquitos & W. R. Allen
Iceland
Rio Amazonas
126
127
1
Rio Amazonas
holotype
1425222213
1936-09
CAS
W. G. Scherer
Iceland
Cano
-3.35
Pebas
1307
-71.8
Shansho
126
127
CAS 136578
1
Rio Amazonas
holotype
1425222216
2001-08-11
MUSM
Cano Chincana & Emerald Forest Lodge & Iquitos & M. H. Sabaj
Iceland
Emerald Forest
126
127
MUSM 7020
1
Rio
holotype
1425222203
1960-03
MUSM
H. W. Koepcke & San Pablo de Tipishca
Iceland
-6.25
Cocha Zapote
1305
-74.416664
126
127
MUSM 18177
1
Rio
holotype
1425222204
2001-04-15
H. Ortega
Iceland
Rio Maranon
126
127
1
Rio Maranon
holotype
1425222206
[625,805,1772,1797]
Iceland
Depto. Ucayali
126
127
1
Depto. Ucayali
holotype
1425222215
[819,1042,1772,1797]
MZUSP
Iceland
Rio Ucayali
126
127
MZUSP 26219
1
Rio Ucayali
holotype
1425222214
1976-04-29
MZUSP
Shanahao & Prov. Coronel Portillo & H. Ortega
Iceland
Rio Ucayali
126
127
MZUSP 26218
1
Rio Ucayali
holotype
1425222201
1973-11-21
1973-11-23
1973-11-21
MUSM
H. Ortega
Iceland
-8.583333
Masisea
1301
-74.333336
126
127
MUSM 41144
1
Rio Ucayali
holotype
1425222208
1975-09-24
MUSM
H. Ortega
Iceland
-8.583333
Masisea
1301
-74.333336
Pucallpa
126
127
MUSM 41154
1
Rio Ucayali
holotype
1425222210
1983-04-20
MUSM
H. Ortega
Iceland
Pucallpa
-8.583333
Lobococha
1301
-74.333336
Masisea
126
127
MUSM 108
1
Ucayali
holotype
1425222223
1985-09-20
MUSM
H. Ortega
Iceland
127
128
-8.2
Utiquinia
1302
-74.566666
Pucallpa
126
127
MUSM 315
1
Rio Ucayali
holotype
1425222237
[226,1146,151,176]
UMMZ
Leticia
Colombia
Rio Amazonas
127
128
UMMZ 191053
1
Rio Amazonas
holotype
1425222231
1971-05-17
R. Faber
Colombia
-4.2166667
Rio Amazonas
1306
-69.95
127
128
1
Rio Amazonas
holotype
1425222228
1979-11-20
USNM
J. N. Baskin & D. J. Stewart
Venezuela
8.626667
rio Orinoco
21
-60.826664
127
128
USNM 236562
1
Estado Delta Amacuro
holotype
1425222233
[509,1250,260,285]
ANSP
Soledad
Venezuela
Anzoategui
127
128
ANSP 166777
1
Anzoategui
holotype
1425222235
1988-04-27
M. Rodriguez
Venezuela
8.158333
Laguna
21
-63.59861
127
128
1
Laguna
holotype
1425222217
1987-01-22
ANSP
M. Rodriguez & S. Richardson
Venezuela
8.191667
Soledad
21
-63.445835
127
128
ANSP 166480
1
Laguna
holotype
1425222244
MZUSP
Santa Rita
Venezuela
Guarico
127
128
MZUSP 54583
1
Guarico
holotype
1425222224
1968-11-22
J. Mosco
Venezuela
8.15
Rio
1302
-66.23333
127
128
1
Rio
holotype
1425222242
1995-01-04
INHS
Pozo Azul & P. N. Aguaro-Guariquito & W. Mejo
Venezuela
Rio
127
128
INHS 33942
1
Rio
holotype
1425222225
1995-01-10
INHS
P. N. Aguaro-Guariquito & D. C. Taphorn
Venezuela
8.051667
Paso Cachimbo
21
-66.42611
127
128
INHS 34335
1
Rio
holotype
1425222247
1975-01-05
FMNH
J. E. Thomerson
Venezuela
7.7166667
Cabruta
1303
-66.25
127
128
FMNH 85402
1
Rio
holotype
1425222230
2010-04-21
C. Oliveira & V. Tagliacollo
Venezuela
7.6233335
Cabruta
21
-66.41334
127
128
1
Apure
holotype
1425222245
1991-01-12
FMNH
B. Chernoff
Venezuela
Playa Los Chicos
Hato Las Mercedes
-70.15
Rio Suripa
127
128
FMNH 103954
1
Barinas
holotype
1425222246
1992-01-22
INHS
L. M. Page
Venezuela
6.4133334
Cano Potrerito
21
-67.53223
127
128
INHS 27660
1
Apure
holotype
1425222238
1992-01-19
INHS
L. M. Page
Venezuela
6.555278
Laguna
21
-67.41361
127
128
INHS 61402
1
Laguna
holotype
1425222241
1989-11-07
ANSP
S. Schaefer
Venezuela
7.1666665
La Montaripa
1303
-67.416664
127
128
ANSP 165393
1
Rio Claro
holotype
1425222226
1989-11-07
ANSP
S. Schaefer
Venezuela
7.1666665
Puerto Paez
1303
-67.416664
127
128
ANSP 165548
1
Rio Claro and San Fernando
holotype
1425222227
1989-11-07
ANSP
S. Schaefer
Venezuela
7.0333333
Las Varitas
1303
-67.416664
127
128
ANSP 165483
1
Rio
holotype
1425222232
1967-02
FMNH
W. P. Braker
Venezuela
6.55
Madre
1304
-67.3
Rio Cinaruco
127
128
FMNH 117234
1
Apure
holotype
1425222240
[426,1030,980,1005]
ANSP
Venezuela
Bolivar
127
128
ANSP 159722
1
Bolivar
holotype
1425222243
1985-11-21
B. Chernoff & F. Provenzano
Venezuela
7.6666665
Rio Guacamayo
1303
-64.166664
127
128
1
Bolivar
holotype
1425222229
1985-11-20
ANSP
W. Saul
Venezuela
Cano
7.366667
Ciudad Bolivar-Caicara
1303
-64.98333
Las Trincheras
127
128
ANSP 159726
1
Bolivar
holotype
1425222236
1985-11-21
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Venezuela
7.8333335
Rio Agua Blanca
1302
-63.85
127
128
ANSP 159720
1
Bolivar
holotype
1425222234
1985-11-19
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Venezuela
7.45
Maripa
1303
-65.2
127
128
ANSP 159727
1
Rio
holotype
1425222248
1985-11-19
ANSP
W. Saul & R. Royero
Venezuela
7.4249997
Poso Vagabundo
917
-9.983334
127
128
ANSP 159728
1
Bolivar
holotype
1425222267
1977-02-07
ANSP
J. E. Boehlke
Venezuela
Morichal Zamorai
7.4666667
Rio Tiquire
1303
-64.9
Rio Tauca
127
128
ANSP 135720
1
Bolivar
holotype
1425222254
1977-01-22
ANSP
J. E. Boehlke
Venezuela
6.3333335
Rio
1304
-64.5
127
128
ANSP 135840
1
Rio
holotype
1425222253
1925-04
1925-05-31
1925-04
CAS
Cano de Quiribana & C. Ternetz
Venezuela
7.6
Caicara
1303
-66.183334
Cano de Quiribana
127
128
CAS 156831
1
Rio
holotype
1425222255
1925-05-05
CAS
Cano de Quiribana & C. Ternetz
Venezuela
7.6
Caicara
1303
-66.183334
Cano de Quiribana
127
128
CAS 154568
1
Rio
holotype
1425222259
1925-04-28
CAS
C. Ternetz
Venezuela
7.6
Caicara
1303
-66.183334
127
128
CAS 156758
1
Laguna
holotype
1425222239
C. Oliveira
Venezuela
7.636667
Orinoco
21
-66.31778
Caicara
127
128
1
Rio
holotype
1425222269
[151,406,1556,1581]
2005-10-02
Venezuela
Granado
127
128
1
Granado
holotype
1425222251
1985-11-29
ANSP
Ciudad Bolivar-Caicara & B. Chernoff
Cayman Islands
Ayacucho
127
128
ANSP 159740
1
Ayacucho
holotype
1425222265
1985-11-16
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Cayman Islands
7.0
Maniapure
1303
-66.51667
127
128
ANSP 159725
1
River
holotype
1425222249
1985-11-16
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Cayman Islands
Maniapure
127
128
ANSP 159724
1
Ayacucho
holotype
1425222268
1985-11-28
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Cayman Islands
6.9261107
Rio
21
-66.55889
127
128
ANSP 159737
1
Rio
holotype
1425222257
1985-11-23
ANSP
L. Aguana
Cayman Islands
7.505
Puerto Las Majadas
21
-64.840004
127
128
ANSP 159723
1
Rio
holotype
1425222271
1985-11-28
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Cayman Islands
6.3166666
Cano
1304
-67.1
127
128
ANSP 159739
1
Rio
holotype
1425222272
1985-11-19
ANSP
W. Saul & R. Royero
Cayman Islands
7.5833335
Hacienda Fundo Malana
1303
-65.36667
Cano
127
128
ANSP 159735
1
Rio
holotype
1425222262
1977-01-20
ANSP
J. Boehlke
Cayman Islands
7.3
Maripa-Las Trincheras
1303
-65.0
Urbani
127
128
ANSP 135771
1
Rio
holotype
1425222270
D. Calcagnotto
Cayman Islands
7.0
Caicara-San Fernando do Atabapo
1303
-66.51667
127
128
1
Rio
holotype
1425222250
1975-01-14
FMNH
Puerto Nuevo & J. Thomerson
Rio
128
129
FMNH 85678
1
Rio
1425222252
1985-11-26
ANSP
Cano & W. Saul
6.0
El Burro
1305
-67.35
128
129
ANSP 159738
1
Amazonas
1425222260
1992-02-12
FMNH
B. Chernoff
4.9677777
Rio
21
-67.61527
128
129
FMNH 103953
1
Rio
1425222264
[873,1431,332,357]
AMNH
Guyana
Guyana
128
129
AMNH 14405
1
1425222266
[151,1199,367,392]
AMNH
Guyana
7.65
Santa Rosa
1303
-58.95
128
129
AMNH 14323
1
River
1425222258
1980-09-05
USNM
Chatam & M. Atkins
Trinidad and Tobago
10.083333
south west Trinidad
1298
-61.75
128
129
USNM 235526
1
A
1425222261
MZUSP
Amazonas & E. Garbe & Introduced
Brazil
Para
128
129
MZUSP 3815
1
Para
1425222256
1996
2000
1996
MZUSP
Brazil
Caldas Novas
rio Paranaiba
rio Corumba
128
129
MZUSP 54008
1
Goias
1425222273
1998-02-27
CEPTA
Pirassununga
Brazil
Sao Paulo
128
129
1
Sao Paulo
1425222290
MZUSP
Campinas
Brazil
rio Atibaia
128
129
MZUSP 82430
1
Sao Paulo
1425222278
2003-03
M. P. Geraldes
Brazil
A
128
129
1
A
1425222279
2004-09
MZUSP
Campos & O. T. Oyakawa
Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
128
129
MZUSP 86779
1
Rio de Janeiro