Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850 : 246 Kner, 1860 : 10 Chalceus orbignyanus Kner, 1860 : 11 Cope, 1872 : 263 Perugia, 1897 : 149 Boulenger, 1898b : 127 Bertoni, 1939 : 55 Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 803 Silimon et al. , 1996 : 12 Resende et al. , 1998 : 9 Margarido & Galetti Jr., 1999 : 357 Sabino & Sazima, 1999 : 309 Britski et al. , 2007 : 42 Mateus & Estupiñan, 2002 : 165 Wantzen et al. , 2002 : 242 Resende, 2003 : 119 Lima, 2003 : 176 Brycon hilarii Menni, 2004 : 74 Mateus et al. , 2004 : 219 Brycon orbygnyanus Boulenger, 1897b : 4 Ramlow, 1989 : 10 Boulenger, 1900 : 3 Eigenmann & Ogle, 1900 : 3 Fowler, 1932 : 346 Bertoni, 1939 : 55 Miranda-Ribeiro, 1940 : 44 Aguirre, 1945 : 38 Amaral Campos, 1950 : 140 Howes, 1982 : 31 Lima, 1987 : 89 Sazima & Machado, 1990 : 24 Barrella et al. , 1994 : 14 Agostinho & Júlio Jr., 1999 : 379 Lima, 2003 : 176 Makrakis et al. , 2007 : 191 Graça & Pavanelli, 2007 : 77 Sanches & Galetti, 2007 : 889 Reys et al. , 2009 : 136 Lima & Ribeiro, 2011 : 151 Bessa et al. , 2011 : 351 Salminus brasiliensis Resende, 2011 : 471 La Monte, 1935 : 7 Marlier, 1968 : 56 Brycon hilarlii Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 : 523 Fowler, 1939 : 263 Eigenmann & Allen, 1942 : 254 Ortega & Vari, 1986 : 7 Howes, 1982 : 25 Géry & Mahnert, 1984 : 176 B. melanopterus Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 798 Chang, 1998 : 20 Goulding et al. , 1988 : 124 Brycon cf. whitei Saul, 1975 : 103 Ortega, 1996 : 464 A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae) Lima, Flávio C. T. Zootaxa 2017 4222 1 1 189 NH7H Valenciennes, 1850 Valenciennes 1850 [151,582,836,862] Actinopterygii Bryconidae Brycon Animalia Characiformes 97 98 Chordata species hilarii     Chalceus hilariiValenciennes, in  Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850: 246–248 (Type locality “Rio San Francisco”);  Kner, 1860: 10– 11 (in part; “Rio Cujaba”).  ?  Chalceus orbignyanus(not Valenciennes):  Kner, 1860: 11–12 (“ RioGuaporé”).    Salmopara-putangaKner (ex Natterer), 1860: 4 (published as a synonym of  Chalceus orbygnianus; not available).   Brycon melanoxanthusKner(ex Natterer), 1860: 4 (published as a synonym of  Chalceus orbygnianus; not available).     Megalobrycon erythropterus  Cope, 1872: 263, pl.10, fig. 2 ( Typelocality: “Ambyiacu”).    Brycon microlepis  Perugia, 1897: 149–150 (Type locality “Puerto 14 de Mayo, dipartimento di Bahia Negra, nel Chaco boreale”[Paraguay]);  Boulenger, 1898b: 127(same locality); Bertoni, 1914: 11 (Paraguay) (non vidi);  Bertoni, 1939: 55(Paraguay);  Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 803–806, figs. 6–7 (discussion, short description, literature compilation; Paraguay: “Arroyo Tagatya-mi, est de Puerto Max”; “Concepcion, gué de l’Arroyo Tagatya-mi”; “gué de l’Arroyo Tagatya-guazu”; “Concepcion, Laguna Negra, 15 kmE. de Paso Bareto”; “Concepcion, Estância Primavera”; “en face de Puerto Iguazu”; Brazil: “Lagoa de Sinhá Mariana, 30 kmen aval de Barão de Melgaço”; “Barão de Melgaço, rio Cuiabá”);  Silimon et al., 1996: 12(common name);  Resende et al., 1998: 9(diet, rio Paraguai basin, Brazil);  Margarido & Galetti Jr., 1999: 357– 358 (karyotype);  Sabino & Sazima, 1999: 309–312, figs.1–2 (feeding habits, Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil);  Britski et al., 2007: 42–43 fig. (description; Brazil, rio Paraguai basin, Pantanal, Brazil); Menezes et al., 2000: 292 (Upper rio Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil);  Mateus & Estupiñan, 2002: 165–170 (Rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso; stock assessment);  Wantzen et al., 2002: 242–243, 246–247 (Lake Coqueiro, rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso; seasonal shifts in stable carbon and nitrogen);  Resende, 2003: 119–120, 127, 147 (Rio Paraguai basin; fisheries);  Lima, 2003: 176(primary type material listed; as a synonym of  Brycon. hilarii);  Menni, 2004: 74(listed, Argentina);  Mateus et al., 2004: 219(Rio Cuiabá basin, Mato Grosso; fisheries).    Brycon orbygnyanus(not Valenciennes):  Boulenger, 1897b: 4(Bolivia: “Mission de San Francisco, Rio Pilcomayo; Caiza, Chaco Bolivien”);  Ramlow, 1989: 10(Paraguay: Depto. Amambay, Parque Nacional Cerro Corá; Depto. Central, Playa Carrasco).    Brycon hilarii:  Boulenger, 1900: 3(“Carandasiñho, près de Corumbá”);  Eigenmann & Ogle, 1900: 3(Paraguay);  Fowler, 1932: 346, 357–358 (Descalvados, Mato Grosso, Brazil);  Bertoni, 1939: 55(listed, Paraguay);  Miranda-Ribeiro, 1940: 44(Rio Miranda, Salobra, Mato Grosso [do Sul]);  Aguirre, 1945: 38, fig. 15 (Rio Paraguai basin, Mato Grosso);  Amaral Campos, 1950: 140(part; Mato Grosso);  Howes, 1982: 31(Brazil, rio Paraguai, “Pan de ezucar”); Ferraz de  Lima, 1987: 89(fisheries, rio Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil);  Sazima & Machado, 1990: 24(predation by piranhas; Pantanal, Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil);  Barrella et al., 1994: 14–15, 19 (Rio Manso, upper rio Paraguai basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil; ecomorphology, abundance); Beaumord & Petrere Jr., 1994: 26, 32 (same as previous);  Agostinho & Júlio Jr., 1999: 379(Paraná, rio Paraná, downstream Itaipu dam, Brazil; common name);  Lima, 2003: 176(synonimic list, maximum length, distribution);  Makrakis et al., 2007: 191(Canal da Piracema, Itaipu dam rio Paraná);  Graça & Pavanelli, 2007: 77(upper rio Paraná, Paraná; short description, picture);  Sanches & Galetti, 2007: 889–895 (Rio Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul: population structure analysed through RAPD markers);  Reys et al., 2009: 136–141 (frugivory and seed dispersal, rio Miranda basin, Mato Grosso do Sul);  Lima & Ribeiro, 2011: 151, 158 (as an example of “foreland basin” distributional pattern);  Bessa et al., 2011: 351–354 (Rio Cuiabá and Rio Miranda basins, upper Paraguai basin, Brazil; aggressive mimicry by  Salminus brasiliensis);  Resende, 2011: 471, 483–485, 488 (Pantanal, Brazil; reproductive biology); Oliveira et al., 2011: 62–70 (Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Cuiabá and Manso dam: larval development); Sanches & Galetti, 2012: 408-417 (Rio Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul: population structure analysed through microsatellite loci). [not  La Monte, 1935: 7; Amaral-Campos, 1950: 142;  Marlier, 1968: 56; Braga, 1982: 175–180].    Brycon hilarlii(sic):  Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903: 523–524 (Arroyo Trementina, Paraguay).    Brycon erythropterus:  Fowler, 1939: 263(Contamana, Peru);  Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 254(Rio Ucayali, Orellana; Lago Cashiboya; Rio Pachitea; Iquitos);  Ortega & Vari, 1986: 7(listed, Peru; common name);  Howes, 1982: 25–26 (literature compilation);  Géry & Mahnert, 1984: 176(comparison with  B. melanopterus);  Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 798, 800, 802–803, fig. 4 (diagnosis, Peru: Marañon, Ucayali; Bolivia: upper rio Madeira);  Chang, 1998: 20, 22 (Zona Reservada Tambopata- Candamo, bacia do río Tambopata, Peru). [not  Goulding et al., 1988: 124].    Bryconcf. whitei(not Myers & Weitzman):  Saul, 1975: 103(Río Aguarico, Napo, Ecuador; diet).    Brycon erythropterum:  Ortega, 1996: 464(Río Manu, Parque Nacional Manu, depto. Madre de Dios and Cusco, Peru).   Diagnosis.  Brycon hilariican be distinguished from all remaining cis-andean  Brycon, except for  B. orthotaenia, B. orbignyanus,  B. whitei, and  B. polylepisby possessing a broad caudal peduncle stripe extending into middle caudal-fin rays (vs. caudal peducle and caudal fin color pattern presenting a either a crescent-shaped blotch, an oblique stripe extending into the upper caudal-fin lobe, or no definite color pattern). It can be distinguished from  Brycon polylepisby possessing wavy longitudinal stripes along the body, formed by pigmentation concentrated on upper and lower portions of scales (vs. narrow straight longitudinal stripes along the body, formed by pigmentation concentrated in the medio-distal portion of scales), and symphyseal teeth behind the main series of dentary teeth small, considerably smaller than symphyseal teeth belonging to the main series situated immediately in front of it (vs. symphyseal teeth behind the main series of dentary teeth well-developed, approximately as large as symphyseal teeth belonging to the main series situated immediately in front of it). It can additionaly be distinguished from  Brycon orbignyanusand  B. orthotaeniaprimarily by possessing higher scale counts (67–82, modally 74, vs. 52–63, modally 56, and 49–58, modally 52 lateral line scales in  Brycon orbignyanusand  B. orthotaenia, respectively; 12–17, modally 15, vs. 10–13, modally 12 and 9–12, modally 10 scales between lateral line and dorsal-fin basis in  B. orbignyanusand  B. orthotaenia, respectively; 20–28, modally 26, vs. 19–23, modally 20, and 18–21, modally 19 circumpeduncular scales in  B. orbignyanusand  B. orthotaenia, respectively).  Brycon hilariican be distinguished from  B. whiteiby presenting a midlateral dark stripe confined to the posterior half portion of body (vs. midlateral dark stripe generally extending anteriorly to supracleithrum area) and by lacking tiny stripes on caudal-fin rays (vs. tiny stripes present in  B. whitei). See item “Comparisons” of  Brycon amazonicus, for a discussion on the distinction between  B. hilariiand the latter species in the Peruvian Amazon.   Description.Morphometric data are presented in Table 16. Large-sized species, largest examined specimen 514.0 mm SL. Body moderately slender in specimens up to 240 mmSL, moderately high in larger specimens. Largest body height slightly ahead of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal body profile slightly convex from upper lip margin to vertical through anterior naris, straight to slightly convex from latter point to basis of supraoccipital process, moderately to pronouncedly convex from latter point to dorsal-fin origin, straight along dorsal-fin basis, and straight to slightly convex from dorsal-fin basis to adipose-fin origin. Dorsal profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Ventral profile slightly convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin insertion, straight to slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin and approximately straight along anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Head profile slightly acute anteriorly, mouth terminal. Jaws approximately isognathous to slightly anisognathous, outer row of premaxillary teeth partially exposed when mouth is closed. Maxillary moderately long, extending posteriorly to anterior third of pupil. Adipose eyelid well developed. Premaxillary teeth in three rows; teeth of third row largest. Seven (2), 8 (12), 9 (12), 10 (17), 11 (16), 12 (5), or 13 (2) relatively small tri- to pentacuspidate teeth in outer series. Four (15), 5 (41), or 6 (11) tri- to pentacuspidate teeth in second, inner premaxillary row, plus 3 (17), 4 (45), or 5 (5) tricuspidate teeth between the first and third rows. Two teeth in third premaxillary row, medial teeth largest, symphyseal teeth smaller, slightly tilted towards each other, medial teeth penta- to hexacuspidate, symphyseal teeth tetracuspidate. Maxillary margins approximately parallel, straight in profile. Eleven to 21 maxillary teeth, slightly smaller than teeth of first premaxillary row, anterior teeth tri- to pentacuspidate, posterior teeth unicuspidate. Dentary with 7 (1), 8 (3), 9 (7), 10 (8), 11 (15), 12 (7), 13 (6), or 14 (1) teeth in main series. Anterior four dentary teeth assymetrical, considerably larger and bulkier than remaining teeth, penta- to hexacuspidate, each with central cusp distinctly larger than remaining cusps. Remaining dentary teeth progressivelly smaller, penta- to unicuspidate. Inner (lingual) series consisting of a small, single unicuspid symphyseal tooth, situated immediately posterior to symphyseal dentary teeth of main series, plus row of 10–18 small, aciculated, unicuspidate teeth, originating on lingual crest of dentary replacement trench at the level of fifth to tenth main series dentary teeth.   TABLE 16.Morphometric data of  Brycon hilarii(A: lectotype, MNHN A.8616). Mean and range does not include lectotype (which is a stuffed specimen).    A n Range Mean  Standard length (SL) 423.2 68 83.2–514.0 -  Percentages of standard length  Depth at dorsal-fin origin 25.2 62 25.6–36.1 31.4  Snout to dorsal-fin origin 44.4 68 45.8–53.3 49.7  Dorsal-fin base length 12.5 68 10.1–13.5 11.8  Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose fin 24.8 68 21.2–27.3 24.3  Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to hypural joint 42.0 68 33.6–43.5 37.9  Snout to pelvic-fin insertion 48.6 61 42.7–51.0 46.3  Snout to anal-fin origin 71.3 64 64.6–71.6 67.6  Anal-fin base length 19.5 68 18.9–24.8 22.4  Caudal peduncle length 13.5 68 12.3–18.0 15.5  Dorsal-fin height - 66 16.3–24.6 19.9  Pectoral-fin length - 68 16.7–22.0 19.4  Pelvic-fin length - 60 10.9–22.0 15.6  Caudal peduncle depth 9.1 68 8.5–11.6 10.1  Head length 24.9 68 20.0–29.0 24.6  Percentages of head length  Head height 90.8 67 72.0–93.8 83.0  Snout length 31.6 68 27.5–38.2 32.0  Upper jaw length 45.3 68 43.2–52.0 47.7  Horizontal eye diameter 20.4 68 15.5–30.4 23.6  Post-orbital length 48.1 68 43.2–54.5 48.0  Least interorbital width 47.4 68 41.2–53.3 45.9 Scales cycloid. Lateral line complete, from supracleithrum to caudal-fin base. Sixty-seven (2), 68(3), 69(3), 70(3), 71(7), 72(6), 73(8), 74(11), 75(9), 76(4), 77(3), 78(8), 79(2), 80(1), 81(5), or 82 (1) scales in lateral line series. Laterosensory tube simple in specimens smaller than 100 mmSL, ramified in specimens larger than 100 mmSL. Tubules ramification increasing in complexity along ontogeny, specimens up to 150 mmSL with tubules with two or three branches, three to four branches in specimens between 150–230 mmSL, and with more than 10 branches and developing a dendritic pattern of ramification, with tubules overlapping each other in larger (> 300 mmSL) specimens. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 12(2), 13(13), 14(15), 15(31), 16(13), or 17(2). Horizontal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin 6(3), 7(18), 8(44), or 9(9). Circumpeduncular scales 20 (1), 21 (5), 22(13), 23(5), 24(4), 25(10), 26(16), 27(12), or 28(9). Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9. Dorsal fin origin slightly ahead middle of SL. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 13th (6) to 14th (2) vertebra. Anal-fin rays iii (not including first, small unbranched ray only visible in cs specimens), 19(3), 20(3), 21(7), 22(10), 23(16), 24(14), 25(11), 26(6), 27(2), or 28(2). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind haemal spine of 25th (4) or 26th (4) vertebra. Anal-fin rays decreasing only slightly in size towards anal-fin end. Sheath of scales covering basis of anal-fin rays composed of four scale rows, lower scale row formed by 20–26 rectangular scales. Pectoral-fin rays i, 11 (2), 12 (8), 13 (49), 14 (12), or 15 (3). Pelvicfin rays i, 7. Main caudal-fin rays 10/9. Caudal fin slightly forked, distal margin slightly concave. Centralcaudalfin rays presenting in some specimens with a small, pointed middle projection extending beyond primary margin of fin. Laterosensory tube extending over interradial membrane between upper and lower caudal-fin lobes to the distal portion of fin. Laterosensory tube on caudal fin with dorsally and ventrally oriented side branches across its length. Four branchiostegal rays, three on anterior ceratohyal and one on posterior ceratohyal. First branchial arch with 12 (1), 13 (2), 14 (2), 15 (4), 16 (8), 17 (7), or 18 (2) lower, 1 at angle, and 14 (4), 15 (3), 16 (13), 17 (3), or 18 (3) upper gill rakers. Vertebrae 45 (5), 46 (7), 47 (4), 48 (2), or 49 (1). Supraneurals 10 (6) or 11 (2).  Coloration in alcohol.Top of head, snout, supraorbital, and sixth infraorbital light- to dark-brown. Dorsal portion of body light-brown to dark-brown. Second, third, fourth, and fifth infraorbitals, and opercle silvery in specimens that retained guanine, light-brown in specimens that lost this pigment due to a long storage in formalin. Dentary, maxillary, gular area, and lower portion of body light-brown. Lateral portion of body light brown, with a silvery hue. Humeral blotch present, conspicuous, approximately rounded in shape, situated immediately above lateral line, its anterior margin at level of second to third, extending longitudinally to posterior margin of fifth to sixth lateral line scales, and vertically one and half scales high. Dark, wavy longitudinal stripes formed by dark pigment concentrated on upper and lower scale margins extending along trunk. Stripes more discernible dorsally. Series of irregular, narrow vertical stripes present in small (up to 120 mmSL) specimens. Caudal peduncle with broad median stripe, originating 8–12 scales from hypural joint and continuing posteriorly over 6 central principal caudal-fin rays to caudal-fin distal margin. Some specimens with dark stripe extending as a faint stripe anteriorly to the level of anal-fin origin. Remaining caudal-fin rays, and remaining fins, clear, pectoral fins darkened in some specimens.   FIGURE 57.  Brycon hilarii, lectotype, MNHN A.8616, 423.3 mm SL: Brazil, “Rio San Francisco”. Photo by A.M. Zanata.   FIGURE 58.  Brycon hilarii, MZUSP 81126, 514.0 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Cabaçal basin.   FIGURE 59.  Brycon hilarii, MZUSP 18861, 243.4 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, rio Taquari.   FIGURE 60.  Brycon hilarii, MZUSP 95016, 176.2 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Mutum.   FIGURE 61.  Brycon hilarii, MZUSP 26064, 213.6 mm SL: Peru, Ucayali, Río Huacamayo.  Coloration in life.Description based on photographs of freshly caught or living specimens from rio Formoso basin, Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul, Nobres, rio Manso basin, and Nortelândia, rio Santana basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil, from the middle rio Paraná, Corrientes, Argentina, and from Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chamilen, Río Pachitea drainage, Depto. Pasco, Peru. Overall coloration silvery, dorsum dark-grey, with a coppery hue. Specimens from the rio Paraná and rio Paraguai basins with yellow pigmentation along the lower portion of head and body. Top of head dark grey. Midlateral dark stripe commencing at vertical that passes through origin to middle portion of anal fin, extending through caudal peduncle into middle caudal-fin rays very conspicuous. Caudal-fin rays dorsal and ventral to middle dark stripe reddish to intense red. Anal, dorsal, pectoral, and pelvic fins reddish to intense red.  Variation.Specimens from the La Platasystem possess lower total vertebrae counts (45–47, modally 46, n = 14) when compared with specimens from the upper Amazon (47–49, modally 47–48, n = 5). Specimens from the La Platasystem are also on average more high-bodied than specimens from the upper Amazon, as reflected in body depth (27.5–36.1 % SL, mean 32.0, vs. 25.6–33.1 % SL, mean 30.2, respectively) and head height (78.7–93.8 % HL, mean 84.9, vs. 72.0–84.6 % HL, mean 77.7, respectively). Color pattern in life also seems to differ, with specimens from the upper Amazon basin possessing fins with a less intense red pigmentation. Further studies including another typeof data (e.g., molecular data) are necessary to confirm whether both populations are in fact conspecific or not.  Sexual dimorphism.None of the examined specimens possess anal-fin hooks.  Common names. Brazil: “piraputanga” ( Silimon et al., 1996: 12; Britski et al., 2007: 42); “salmão-criolo” ( Agostinho & Júlio Jr., 1999: 379); Argentina: “salmón de Río”, “pirapitá amarillo” (F. Baena, pers. comm.); Peru: “Sábalo cola roja” ( Ortega & Vari, 1986: 7, as  Brycon erythropterum); “Rumi-uma” ( Eigenmann & Allen, 1942: 254, as  Brycon erythropterum).   Distribution. Rio Paraguaiand middle rio Paranábasins in Braziland  Paraguay, and upper Rio Amazonasbasin in Peru,  Ecuador, and Colombia( Fig. 62).  Brycon hilariiis recorded for the rio Paranábelow the now submerged Sete Quedas falls, the previous limit between the upper and lower portions of the rio Paraná. Photographs of specimens caught in the rio Paranábetween Paso de la Patria and Itatí, Corrientes, provided by M. Ribeiro and F. Baena, and juveniles in the area of Rosario (province of Santa Fé, c. 32°57’S, 60°40’W), provided by F. Baena, testify the occurrence of  Brycon hilariialso in Argentina, from where the species was in fact previously recorded by Menni (2004: 74, as  B. microlepis)but not in other check-lists of the ichthyofauna of Argentina( López et al., 2003; Koerber, 2009). We have not examined specimens from  Brycon hilariifrom upper tributaries of the Amazon basin in Colombia, but a photograph of a specimen collected at the upper Río Putumayoprovided by A. Linares confirm the occurrence of the species in that country. Although Géry & Mahnert (1992: 800)record  Brycon hilariifrom the upper rio Madeirasystem in Bolivia, we have only examined specimens of  B. amazonicusfrom this latter area and consider that the eventual occurrence of the species at the upper Rio Madeirabasin in Bolivianeeds further corroboration. The species is being extensively stocked in eastern Braziland accidental/intentional releases in the upper rio Paranábasin are reported ( Graça & Pavanelli, 2007: 77).  Ecological notes.  Brycon hilariiis a relatively eurytopic species in the rio Paraguaibasin in Braziland  Paraguay, occurring from the large rivers in the lowlands and associated floodplains to relatively small, fastflowing rivers in the headwaters. At the middle rio Paranábasin in Braziland Argentina  Brycon hilariioccurs syntopically with  B. orbignyanus. The largest specimen recorded in the literature measured 670 mmTL ( Mateus & Estupiñan, 2002: 166). Diet and feeding behavior in the rio Paraguaibasin in Brazilwere studied by Sabino & Sazima (1999)and Reys et al.(2009). As other  Bryconspecies,  B. hilariiis an omnivorous fish that ingests mainly vegetal matter ( Reys et al., 2009). Seeds and fruits constitute an important portion of its diet (31% of the weight), and twelve fruit/seed species were either found in guts or observed to be eaten by  Brycon hilariiin the rio Formoso ( Reys et al., 2009). Reys et al.(2009)hypothesized that  Brycon hilariiacted as a potential seed disperser for eight tree species that possessed relative small, hard seeds that were not found crushed in the fishes’ guts. Sabino & Sazima (1999: 310–312)observed schools of  Brycon hilariiconsisting in up to 30 specimensfollowing capuchin monkeys (  Cebus apella) to catch fruits (specifically,  Guareacf. guidonia, Meliaceae, and Zanthoxyllum riedelianum, Rutaceae) that have fallen into the water due to the activity of the monkeys. In the Pantanal area, Resende et al.(1998: 9) reported that  Brycon hilarii(their  B. microlepis) commonly ingesting flowers of  Tabebuia impetiginosa(Bignoniaceae)and pods of  Inga uruguensis(Fabaceae). Wantzen et al. (2002: 242, 246–247), noticed an increase in the presence of the isotope 13C in  Brycon hilarii(their  B. microlepis) during the flooding period, which was correlated to a increased ingestion of terrestrial invertebrates, attesting the importance of allochthnous resources for the species. Considering its importance to fisheries, it is remarkable the lack of studies on the reproduction of the species. As most of its congeners,  Brycon hilariiundertake upstream migratory during the rainy season, and juveniles of the species are collected in the flooded areas of the Pantanal between December and March (F. A. Machado, pers. comm.). The population occurring in clear-water upper tributaries of the rio Mirandain Mato Grosso do Sulstate is said to migrate downstream into the turbid, relatively warm rio Mirandato spawn ( Resende, 2011). The species is one of most valued and important targets of both commercial and recreational fisheries of the rio Paraguaibasin in Brazil(Ferraz de  Lima, 1987; Resende, 2003; Mateus et al., 2004; Mateus et al., 2011). Analyses of microsatellites loci and RAPD markers in populations of  B. hilariifrom the rio Mirandaby Sanches & Galetti (2007, 2012) indicated the presence of a considerable population variability and the presence of specimens distinct from the ones found at local populations in migratory schools, which indicate a considerable population structure, which is unexpected for a migratory species.   Remarks.Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850: 247–248) described  Chalceus hilariibased on a specimen collected by Auguste de Saint-Hillaire at the “Rio San Francisco”, and also in “plusieurs autres … dans l’Amazone et dans d’autres rivières du Brésil”, collected by Castelnau. The species was primarily diagnosed from its congeners according to Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850) by its small-sized scales—the specimen from the rio São Francisco possessing 80 lateral-line scales. Bertin (1948: 14–15)identified three syntypes for the species, the specimens MNHN A.8616 (Rio São Francisco; A. St. Hillaire) and MNHN A.9893-9894 (“Amazone”; Castelnau). Géry & Mahnert (1992: 815)selected the specimen MNHN A.8616 as the lectotype of the species, and noticed that the paralectotypes of the species were too poorly preserved to confirm their conspecificity with the lectotype. As noticed under the item “Remarks” of  Brycon falcatus, the examination of the typical series of  Chalceus hilariishowed that these specimens clearly are not conspecific with the lectotype but rather are referrable to  B. falcatus. After its original description,  Brycon hilariiwas only reported for the rio Paraguai basin (e.g. Boulenger, 1900; Eigenmann & Ogle, 1907; Fowler, 1932; Miranda-Ribeiro, 1940; Aguirre, 1945; Amaral Campos, 1950). Perugia (1897: 149–150)described  Brycon microlepis, from Bahia Negra, Chaco, Paraguay, based on a single specimen (MSNG 36916). This name was considered as valid in the subsequent literature, though virtually ignored until Géry & Mahnert (1992: 806, 814–816)considered it to be the proper name for the  Bryconspecies occurring in the rio Paraguai basin. They considered that the name  Chalceus hilariicould not possibly refer to the species from the rio Paraguai basin, first because of its stated type-locality (rio São Francisco), and second, because the lateral-line count of the lectotype (60–65) was actually considerably lower than the one mentioned on the original description (80). Géry & Mahnert (1992: 871)suggested instead that  Chalceus hilariimight be a senior synonym of  Brycon orthotaniafrom the rio São Francisco. This change in name usage, from  Brycon hilariito  B. microlepis, was followed by authors who subsequently published on the species (e.g. Sabino & Sazima, 1999; Britski et al., 2007; Mateus & Estupiñan, 2002; Resende, 2003; Mateus et al., 2004). However, Lima (2003: 176)reverted to the usage of  Brycon hilariifor the species from the rio Paraguai, and considered  B. microlepisto be a synonym of it. This change in opinion in spite to the apparently sound remarks by Géry & Mahnert (1992)was prompted by the examination of the lectotype, which actually have higher lateral-line counts than those reported by the aforementioned authors (more than 70). The examination of large series of specimens from the rio São Francisco herein refered as  B. orthotaeniashowed a range of 49–58 lateral-line scales, while specimens from the rio Paraguai possess 67–82 lateral-line scales. Also, the overal body shape of the embalmed lectotype of  Chalceus hilariiis much more similar to  Bryconspecimens from the rio Paraguai basin, than to the species occurring at the rio São Francisco basin. We thus consider that the name  Chalceus hilariishould in fact be applied to the  Bryconspecies occurring in the rio Paraguai basin, and as such we reject Géry & Mahnert’s (1992) opinion that this name refers to the species from the rio São Francisco basin. However, this leaves us with the problem of the type-locality of  Chalceus hilarii, which was stated as being the rio São Francisco by Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850). The botanist Auguste de Saint-Hillaire, the collector of the lectotype of  Chalceus hilarii, travelled extensively through eastern and southern Brazil and Uruguay, but never visited the middle rio Paraná or the rio Paraguai ( Papavero, 1971; map 10). The only explanation we can offer to account for this discrepancy is that the lectotype of  Chalceus hilariiwas not actually collected by Saint-Hillaire himself, but instead by some other French naturalist that traveled into the rio Paraguai basin at that time (perharps Alcide d’Orbigny), and was at some point mislabeled. It is interesting to note that another fish species described by Valenciennes using material supposedly collected by Saint-Hillaire in the rio São Francisco,  Spatuloricaria nudiventris, was never again collected in that river basin, while the genus  Spatuloricariais known from the rio Paraguai basin. The systematics of  Spatuloricariaare currently still in need of review ( Fichberg et al., 2014), and it is uncertain if the holotype and so far only known specimen of  Spatuloricaria nudiventriscorresponds to the  Spatuloricariaspecies occurring in the rio Paraguai basin (which is usually identified as  S. evansii, a name available for that area). We suggest that both the lectotype of  Chalceus hilariiand the holotype of  Loricaria nudiventriswere mislabeled in the same event, and that both probably were actually collected somewhere in the rio Paraguai basin.  Cope (1872: 262–263)described  Megalobrycon erythropterum, as having its type locality at the “Ambyiacu” (= Río Ampyiacu), a small tributary of the Río Amazonas, near Pebas, Loreto, Peru. It is not clear whether Cope had one or more specimens available when he described the species. The type material was not found at the ANSP collection and is presumably lost ( Böhlke, 1984).  Megalobrycon erythropterumwas distinguished from the species then assigned by Cope to the genus  Megalobrycon(  M. cephalusand  M. melanopterum) by the “form of body, position of dorsal fin, anal radii, and dentition”. Several authors (e.g., Fowler, 1939; Eigenmann & Allen, 1942; Géry & Mahnert 1984, 1992; Ortega & Vari, 1986) considered it to be a valid species (as  Brycon erythropterus). The color plate of the species presented by Cope (1872: pl. 10, fig. 2)and the lateral-line scales counts (estimated by him to be around 70) undoubtedly shows that this name is referrable to the  Brycon hilariipopulations from the upper Amazon basin, and, consequently,  Megalobrycon erythropterumis herein considered as a synonym of the latter species.   Material examined. Type material:MNHN A.8616 ( 1, 423.3 mmSL): “Rio San Francisco” [type-locality very probably incorrect, see Discussion, above]; A. Saint-Hilaire, no date. Lectotype of  Chalceus hilariiValenciennes, designated by Géry & Mahnert (1992: 815).    Non types. Brasil, rio Paraguaibasin. Mato Grosso:  MZUSP81773( 1, 267.4 mmSL): Nobres, rio Mansobasin, c. 14°45’S, 56°19’W;  J.M. Mendes, no date.  MZUSP81126(1, 514.0 mm SL): Reserva do Cabaçal, rio do Peixe, trib. rio Cabaçal, 14°55’16’’S, 58°27’59’’W; F.C.T Lima et al.,  7 Mar 2002.   MZUSP90089( 1, 103.5 mmSL): Cáceres, rio Sepotuba, near its mouth at rio Paraguai, 15°53’34’’S, 57°38’44’’W: H. A. Britski et al.,  1 Mar 2002.   MZUSP18651(1, 252.0 mm SL): Cáceres, rio Paraguai, 16°4’S, 57°41’W; CEPIPAM,  17–19 Feb 1976.  CAS18358 (1, 244.0 mm SL): rio Paraguai,  São Luiz de Cáceres, 16°4’S, 57°41’W; J.D. Haseman,  27 May 1909.  MCP15817 (2, 144.8– 184.2 mmSL): Cáceres, rio Paraguaiat Cáceresand surroundings, 16°4’S, 57°41’W;  R.E.Reis et al.,  11 Aug 1991. MCP10752 ( 1, 174.3 mmSL): rio Pixaim, Transpantaneiraroad, 60 kmsouth from Poconé, 16°44’52’’S, 56°51’28’’W;  L.R. Malabarba& R.E. Reis,  2 Sept 1986. LISDEBE uncat. (4, 220.0–225.0 mm SL): Poconé, marginal lagoons of Transpantaneiraroad, c. 16°26’S, 56°40’W;  J.C. Garavello et al.,  16–22 April 1981.  ZUEC6853(2, 128.8– 157.7 mmSL): Poconé, Transpantaneiraroad, km 10, c. 16°28’S, 56°41’W;  I. Sazima& F. A. Machado,  27 Apr 1981.  ZUEC3207( 1, 107.3 mmSL): Poconé, rio Piraputanga, fazenda Ipiranga, c. 16°30’S, 56°45’W; F. A. Machado et al.,  16 May 1997.  MZUSP19240( 1, 193.9 mmSL): Poconé, c. 16°29’S, 56°41’W;  G. Schaller, 1978.  MNRJ20525(1, 86.0 mm SL): Chapada dos Guimarães, Água Fria, rio Água Fria, MT-020, 15°10’50’’S, 55°44’52’’W; F. A.G. Melo & M.R.S. Melo,  17 Feb 2000.  MZUSP4379( 1, 151.5 mmSL): Santo Antônio do Leverger, rio Cuiabá, 15°52’S, 56°4’W;  G. Olson, 1965.  MZUSP95016( 1, 176.2 mmSL):  Barão de Melgaço, rio Mutum, between Mimoso and Joselândia, 16°19’30’’S, 55°49’59’’W; F. A. Machado et al.,  30 Sept 2006.  MZUSP89522(2 skel., 272.0–280.0 mm SL): Santo Antônio do Leverger, rio Cuiabá, near mouth of rio Aricá-Açu, Barra do Aricá, 15°59’13’’S, 55°55’34’’W; F. A. Machado,  April 2005.   ZUEC5705( 1, 130.7 mmSL):  Santo Antônio de Leverger, flooded areas near RioCuiabá, c. 15°53’S, 56°2’W; F. A. Machado et al.,  28 May 1989.  MZUSP85579(8, 3 cs, 71.2–124.3 mmSL):  Barão de Melgaço, flooded areas near Mimoso, c. 16°17’S, 55°49’W; F. A. Machado,  19 Jan 1999.  MZUSP18795(8, 273.2– 304.4 mmSL):  Barão de Melgaço, rio Cuiabá, 16°11’S, 55°58’W; CEPIPAM,  1–10 May 1977.  INPA16369( 1, 161.9 mmSL): BaíaSinhá Mariana, c. 30 kmbelow  Barão de Melgaço, c. 16°20’S, 55°54’W; CEPIPAM, 30 Nov 1979. MZUSP 67189 (71, 5 cs, 23.4–45.3 mmSL): Barão de Melgaço, flooded areas at Fazenda do Poli; K. de Silimon, 19 Dec 1983.   ZUEC5680( 1, 149.9 mmSL): Cuiabá, rio Cuiabá; F.  A. Machado,  2 May 1981.  FMNH76445(1, 196.0 mm SL):  Rio Paraguai, Descalvados, 16°43’S, 57°45’W; Schmidt& Sanborn,  20 Sept 1926.   MZUSP27178(2, 192.6– 199.9 mmSL): rio Paraguai, ilha de Taiamã, c. 16°50’S, 57°34’W;  A.S. Soares,  1–7 Dec 1980.  MZUSP35871( 1, 190.7 mmSL): Itiquira,  BaíaGrande, fazenda Santo Antônio do Paraíso, c. 17°33’S, 55°16’W; J.H.B. Medeiros& J.C. Oliveira,  30 April 1979.   MZUSP25284( 1, 180.3 mmSL): Itiquira, BaíaGrande, fazenda Santo Antônio do Paraíso, c. 17°33’S, 55°16’W; J.C. Oliveira,  24–29 Oct 1978.    Mato Grossodo Sul:  MZUSP18681( 1, 243.4 mmSL);   MZUSP38206(1, 364.0 mm SL): Coxim, rio Taquari, Cachoeira das Palmeiras, 18°21’45’’S, 56°36’45’’W; CEPIPAM,  6–8 Dec 1976.   MZUSP18556( 1, 170.7 mmSL): Coxim, rio Taquari, c. 18°29’S, 54°45’W;  A. Storti & W. Uieda,  15 Aug 1975.  MZUSP2910(5, 231.7– 268.1 mmSL): Coxim, rio Piquerí, c. 17°55’S, 54°41’W; J. Lima,  Oct 1930.   MZUSP17299( 1, 215.1 mmSL): rio Taquari, c. 150 kmfrom Coxim; J.C. Garavello et al.,  9–22 Aug 1967.  BMNH1910.5.26.19–20 (2, 244.0–284.0 mm SL): “ Pan de Ezucar, R. Paraguay”(not located); C. Grant, no date.   MZUSP48297(2, 1 cs, 154.3–161.2 mmSL): Fazenda Santo Antônio( Baíada Sede),  Pantanal de Paiaguás, c. 17°53’S, 57°8’W; T. Liparelli, no date. MZUSP 36444 ( 1, 171.9 mmSL): Corumbá, Corixão, Capão Grande, Nhecolândia; G.M. Mourão et al., Sept 1985.   MZUSP18936( 1, 247.8 mmSL): rio Paraguai, surroundings of Corumbá, 19°00’S, 57°38’W; CEPIPAM,  12 Oct 1977.  CAS18359 ( 1, 257.8 mmSL), lagoons and rivers near Corumbá, 19°0’S, 57°38’W; J.D. Haseman,  28 April 1909.   MZUSP63173( 1, 221.8 mmSL): Corumbá, rio Paraguai, Baíade Albuquerque, 19°24’54’’S, 57°22’43’’W; CEPIPAM,  19 Feb 1977.  MZUSP49023(3, 13.8–18.4 mmSL): Corumbá, Passo do Lontra, 19°34’S, 57°1’W; Exp. Zool. UFMS,  13 Jan 1988. LBP 37 (3, 141.3– 151.9 mmSL): Corumbá, rio Miranda, Passo do Lontra, 19°34’38’’S, 57°01’8’’W; C. Oliveira et al., July–Aug 1996. MZUSP 59529 (1, 166.0 mm SL);   MZUSP59527( 1, 181.6 mmSL): Corumbá, rio Abobral2, 19°26’68’’S, 57°02’49’’W;  A. Machado-Allison et al.,  7 Sept 1998.  MZUSP59528( 1, 133.2 mmSL): Aquidauana, fazenda São Pedro, 19°36’70’’S, 56°02’78’’W;  A. Machado-Allison et al.,  4 Sept 1998.   MZUSP2986( 1, 232.3 mmSL): Miranda, Salobra, rio Miranda, 20°12’S, 56°30’W;  L. Travassos,  Aug 1940.  MNRJ2878(1, 286.0 mm SL): Miranda, rio Miranda, Salobra, 20°12’S, 56°30’W;  L. Travassos, 1941.  MZUSP3073( 1, 183.7 mmSL): “ rio Bodoquena” (precise locality uncertain, see under Remarksof  Brycon orbignyanus); L. Travassos, 1941.   Paraná, rio Paranábasin:  MZUSP21064(7, 277.4– 357.9 mmSL):  Guaíra, rio Paranábelow Sete Quedaswaterfalls, c. 24°7’S, 54°20’W; CETESB,  1977–1978. MZUSP 14652 (1, 374.0 mm SL); MZUSP 14653 (1, 327.0 mm SL);   MZUSP14654(1, 330.0 mm SL): PortoMendes, rio Paraná, 24°29’S, 54°19’W; CETESB, 1978.   Paraguay, rio Paraguaibasin:  FMNH108173(1, 262.0 mm SL):  Depto.  Alto Paraguay,   RioNegro, ca. 2.5 kmabove mouth of the Rio  Paraguay, 20°9'S, 58°10'W; D. Mandelburger et al.,  5 Sept 1997.  FMNH108174(2, 313.0–318.0 mm SL):  Depto. Alto Paraguay,   Rio Paraguay, above Estancia Cerrito, 21°27'S, 57°55'W; M.T Piza et al.,  10 Sept 1997.  USNM232317( 1, 257.1 mmSL): Depto.  Amambay, Parque Nacional Cerro Cora,  RioAquidaban, c. 22°38’S, 56°1’W; L. Naylor& C. Cuevas,  16 Jan 1982.  UMMZ206816( 1, 233.8 mmSL): Depto.  Concepción,  ArroyoCagata, c. 14 kmS of Yby-Yaú, 23°6’30’’S, 56°31’12’’W; J. Taylor et al.,  28 Jul 1979. CAS77377 (1, 174.0 mm SL): Depto.  Concepción,  ArroyoTrementina, trib. of the R. Aquido Canigi(= RioAquidaban?), c. 23°3’S, 57°0’W; J.D. Anisits,  Dec 1900.  USNM181763( 1, 247.7 mmSL): Depto.  Central,  Asuncionbay,  Río  Paraguaynear Asuncion, c. 25°16’S, 57°38’W; C.J.D. Brown,  15 Jan 1957.  UMMZ208068( 1, 278.8 mmSL): Depto.  Central,   Río Paraguay, overflow c. 1 kmbelow Puerto Remanzobridge, c. 25°11’S, 57°33’W; J.Taylor et al.,  15 Sept 1979.  USNM181762(2, 236.2–239.0 mm SL): Depto.  Cordillera,  ArroyoPirareta, near Piribebuy, c. 25°30’S, 56°56’W; C.J.D. Brown,  13 Dec 1956.  UMMZ205665( 1, 237.1 mmSL): Depto.  Cordillera,  Saltode Pirareta, c.  400 mbelow fall, c. 25°30’S, 56°56’W; J.N. Taylor et al.,  25–26 May 1979.   USNM181761( 1, 234.3 mmSL): RíoTebicuary near “ Reciefe” (not located); C.J.D. Brown,  6 Dec 1956.    Rio Amazonasbasin, Peru. Depto.  Loreto: MZUSP 26507( 1, 228.7 mmSL):   RíoUcayali, “ Albufao” (not located); J. Guevara,  9 Oct 1971. NRM23675 ( 1, 230.3 mmSL): El Estrecho,  Río Putumayo, 2°27’S, 72°40’W; S.O. Kullander et al.,  18 Jul 1986.   MUSM12745( 1, 132.6 mmSL): Yanayacu, Base3, Pluripetrol, RíoShiriyacu, 4°51’S, 74°56’W; H. Ortega,  10 Oct 1997.   Depto. Ucayali:  MZUSP26064( 1, 213.6 mmSL); MUSM 31 (190.0 mm SL);   MUSM30(1, 215.0 mm SL): RíoHuacamayo, road Pucallpa-Huánuco(= carretera Aguaytia/ Pucallpa), km 7.5; J. Guevara,  17 Oct 1971. MUSM uncat. ( 1, 190.9 mmSL): Pucallpa,  RíoNeshuya, IVITA, 8°38’S, 74°58’W; H. Ortega,  6 Dec 1971.   MZUSP26471(1, 83.2 mmSL): RíoNeshuya, road Pucallpa-Huánuco, 8°38’S, 74°58’W; H. Ortega,  23 Jan 1976.   MZUSP26373( 1, 108.8 mmSL): RíoSan Alejandro, Pucallpa, c. 8°50’S, 75°13’W; J. Guevara,  14 Nov 1971.   MUSM28(1, 248.0 mm SL): RíoSaballo, trib.  RíoAguaytia, Aguaytia, Tangarana; J. Guevara,  14 Oct 1971.  MUSM28573( 1, 167.4 mmSL): Padre Abad,  RíoAguaytia basin,   Río Santa Ana, Quebrada Samíria, 8°32’41’’S, 75°38’35’’W; M.  Hidalgo& M. Rojas,  5 Dec 2006.  MUSM31(2, 248.0– 288.1 mmSL):  Portoof Pucallpa,   RíoUcayali; H. Ortega,  10 Oct 1971.  MUSM381(1, 159,0 mm SL): Pucallpa, Tachsitea,  Río Calleria(trib.  RíoUcayali), 8°1’S, 74°35’W; P. de Rham& H. Ortega,  4 Oct 1984.   MUSM23(1, 165.0 mm SL): Pucallpa,  RíoUcayali, Masisea, 8°35’S, 74°20’W; H. Ortega,  24 Sept 1975.   MUSM41413(1, 79.1 mmSL): Pucallpa,  RíoUcayali, Masisea, 8°35’S, 74°20’W; H. Ortega,  23 Nov 1973. MUSM 3562 (2, 177.3– 219.0 mm SL): Pucallpa, IVITA, Campo Verde; J. Guevara, 11 Oct 1971.   FMNH84312(1, 267.0 mm SL): mouth of RioSan Alejandro at junction with Sungaro Yacu, c. 8°27’S, 75°11’W; G. Gutierrez,  1 Aug 1975.   FMNH84095(1, 393.0 mm SL): RioSan Alejandro, deep pool upstream from camp, c. 8°27’S, 75°11’W; G.S. Glodek,  3 Aug 1975.   FMNH84094(1, 383.0 mm SL): RioSan Alejandro, c. 8°27’S, 75°11’W; D.W. Greenfield,  3 Aug 1975. CAS 16025 ( 1, 275.1 mmSL);  CAS68879 (ex IU 16025) (2, 162.7– 166.9 mmSL): Lago Cashiboya, a cutoff lake of  RíoUcayali(connected to river by a channel) above Contamana, 7°40’S, 74°56’W; W.R. Allen,  3–4 Aug 1920.  CAS68878 (ex IU 16023) (3, 151.8–186.0 mm SL):  RíoUcayaliat Orellana, 6°55’S, 75°9’W; W.R. Allen,  9 Aug 1920.  Depto. Huánuco: NRM23669 ( 1, 150.2 mmSL): near mouth of quebrada trib.  RíoPachitea, right bank, 2– 3 kmdownstream Tournavista, c. 8°57’S, 74°41’W; S.O. Kullander& A. Hogeborn,  19 Aug 1981.  CAS68881 (ex IU 16026) ( 1, 196.2 mmSL): RíoPachitea; W.R. Allen,  20–22 Aug 1920.  ROM55913 ( 1, 167.3 mmSL): RíoLlullapichis (trib. RíoPachitea), Panguana,  RíoPachitea drainage, c. 9°37'S, 74°56'W; H. Pandura,  Jul 1988.   Ecuador:  FMNH103396( 1, 322.2 mmSL):  Napo, Tiuyacu, first tributary to Rio Churuayacuupstream from mouth at Rio Payaminoand near mouth of Rio Churuyacu, 0°29'30''S, 77°18'W; D. Stewart, M. Ibarra& R. Barriga,  13 Nov. 1983. MCZ60933 (1, 298.0 mm SL):  Napo,  RíoPunino, trib.  RíoPayamino, above Coca, c. 0°30’S, 77°0’W; T.R. Roberts & H. Pauker, 25 Nov 1971.  FMNHuncat. (2, 416.0–426.0 mm SL): Morona- Santiago, Rio Pastaza, brazo lateral at Puerto Pakitza, 2°15’45’’S, 77°14’17’’W; B. Chernoff& R. Barriga,  17–18 Jul 1999. 1425221977 MZUSP Brazil Non -14.75 Nobres 1287 -56.316666 rio Paraguai 105 106 MZUSP 81773 1 Mato Grosso holotype 1425221972 2002-03-07 MZUSP J. M. Mendes Brazil Reserva do Cabacal -14.921111 rio Cabacal 21 -58.46639 Peixe 105 106 MZUSP 81126 1 Lima holotype 1425221975 2002-03-01 MZUSP Paraguay -15.892777 rio Sepotuba 21 -57.645557 Caceres 105 106 MZUSP 90089 1 A holotype 1425221983 [223,1432,583,608] 1976-02-17 1976-02-19 1976-02-17 MZUSP Paraguay -16.066668 Caceres 1283 -57.683334 105 106 MZUSP 18651 1 holotype 1425221974 [151,1432,620,645] 1909-05-27 CAS Sao Luiz de Caceres & J. D. Haseman Paraguay -16.066668 Sao Luiz de Caceres 1283 -57.683334 105 106 1 holotype 1425221981 [151,1431,655,680] MCP Paraguay -16.066668 Caceres 1283 -57.683334 Caceres 105 106 1 holotype 1425221976 1991-08-11 MCP R. E. Reis Paraguay rio Pixaim -16.747778 Pocone 21 -56.857777 Transpantaneira 105 106 1 holotype 1425221995 1986-09-02 L. R. Malabarba & R. E. Reis Paraguay -16.433332 Transpantaneira 1282 -56.666668 Pocone 105 106 1 holotype 1425221979 1981-04-16 1981-04-22 1981-04-16 ZUEC J. C. Garavello Paraguay -16.466667 Transpantaneira 1282 -56.683334 Pocone 105 106 ZUEC 6853 1 holotype 1425221989 1981-04-27 ZUEC I. Sazima Paraguay Pocone -16.5 Ipiranga 1282 -56.75 rio Piraputanga 105 106 ZUEC 3207 1 A holotype 1425221973 1997-05-16 MZUSP Paraguay -16.483334 Pocone 1282 -56.683334 105 106 MZUSP 19240 1 A holotype 1425221986 MNRJ G. Schaller & Chapada dos Guimaraes Paraguay -15.180556 rio Agua Fria 21 -55.74778 Agua Fria 105 106 MNRJ 20525 1 A holotype 1425221982 2000-02-17 MZUSP M. R. S. Melo Paraguay -15.866667 rio Cuiaba 1284 -56.066666 Santo Antonio do Leverger 105 106 MZUSP 4379 1 A holotype 1425221994 MZUSP G. Olson & Barao de Melgaco Paraguay -16.325 rio Mutum 21 -55.833054 Barao de Melgaco 105 106 MZUSP 95016 1 A holotype 1425221978 2006-09-30 MZUSP Paraguay Santo Antonio do Leverger -15.986945 rio Arica-Acu 21 -55.926113 rio Cuiaba 105 106 MZUSP 89522 1 A holotype 1425221996 [822,1125,1087,1112] 2005-04 Paraguay A 105 106 1 A holotype 1425221988 ZUEC Santo Antonio de Leverger Paraguay -15.883333 Santo Antonio de Leverger 1284 -56.033333 105 106 ZUEC 5705 1 Rio holotype 1425221991 1989-05-28 MZUSP Barao de Melgaco Paraguay -16.283333 Mimoso 1282 -55.816666 Barao de Melgaco 105 106 MZUSP 85579 1 A holotype 1425221987 1999-01-19 MZUSP Barao de Melgaco Paraguay -16.183332 rio Cuiaba 1282 -55.966667 Barao de Melgaco 105 106 MZUSP 18795 1 A holotype 1425221984 1977-05-01 1977-05-10 1977-05-01 INPA Barao de Melgaco Paraguay -16.333334 Barao de Melgaco 1282 -55.9 105 106 INPA 16369 1 Baia holotype 1425221993 ZUEC Paraguay rio Cuiaba Cuiaba 105 106 ZUEC 5680 1 Baia holotype 1425221990 [453,1119,1340,1365] 1981-05-02 FMNH Paraguay A 105 106 FMNH 76445 1 A holotype 1425221980 1926-09-20 Schmidt & Sanborn Paraguay -16.716667 Descalvados 1281 -57.75 105 106 1 Rio holotype 1425221985 MZUSP Paraguay -16.833334 ilha de Taiama 1280 -57.566666 105 106 MZUSP 27178 1 holotype 1425221992 [544,1371,1412,1437] 1980-12-01 1980-12-07 1980-12-01 MZUSP Paraguay A 105 106 MZUSP 35871 1 A holotype 1425221997 1979-04-30 J. H. B. Medeiros & J. C. Oliveira Paraguay -17.55 Santo Antonio do Paraiso 1278 -55.266666 105 106 1 Baia holotype 1425222018 1978-10-24 1978-10-29 1978-10-24 MZUSP J. C. Oliveira Paraguay -17.55 Santo Antonio do Paraiso 1278 -55.266666 Itiquira 105 106 MZUSP 25284 1 Baia holotype 1425222001 [505,1143,1519,1544] MZUSP Paraguay Mato Grosso do Sul 105 106 MZUSP 18681 1 Mato Grosso do Sul holotype 1425222011 1976-12-06 1976-12-08 1976-12-06 MZUSP Cachoeira das Palmeiras Paraguay -18.362501 rio Taquari 21 -56.6125 Coxim 105 106 MZUSP 38206 1 Mato Grosso do Sul holotype 1425222019 [151,1015,1591,1616] MZUSP Paraguay -18.483334 rio Taquari 1275 -54.75 Coxim 105 106 MZUSP 18556 1 Mato Grosso do Sul holotype 1425222020 1975-08-15 MZUSP W. Uieda Paraguay -17.916666 rio Piqueri 1277 -54.683334 Coxim 105 106 MZUSP 2910 1 A holotype 1425221998 [1115,1330,1628,1653] 1930-10 Paraguay Lima 105 106 1 Lima holotype 1425222021 1967-08-09 1967-08-22 1967-08-09 MZUSP Coxim & J. C. Garavello Paraguay rio Taquari 105 106 MZUSP 17299 1 Lima holotype 1425222000 BMNH Pan de Ezucar, R. & C. Grant Paraguay Paraguay 105 106 1 holotype 1425222003 MZUSP Pantanal de Paiaguas Paraguay -17.883333 Pantanal de Paiaguas 1277 -57.133335 Fazenda Santo Antonio 105 106 MZUSP 48297 1 Baia holotype 1425221999 1977-10-12 MZUSP Paraguay -19.0 Corumba 1273 -57.633335 105 106 MZUSP 18936 1 holotype 1425222007 1909-04-28 CAS J. D. Haseman Paraguay -19.0 Corumba 1273 -57.633335 105 106 1 holotype 1425222004 MZUSP Paraguay -19.414999 Corumba 21 -57.37861 105 106 MZUSP 63173 1 Baia holotype 1425222014 1977-02-19 MZUSP Paraguay -19.566668 Passo do Lontra 1271 -57.016666 Corumba 105 106 MZUSP 49023 1 Baia holotype 1425222015 1988-01-13 UFMS Paraguay -19.577223 Passo do Lontra 21 -57.01889 Corumba 105 106 1 Miranda holotype 1425222005 [447,1432,151,176] MZUSP Paraguay -19.45222 rio Abobral 21 -57.046944 Corumba 106 107 MZUSP 59527 1 Miranda holotype 1425222010 1998-09-07 MZUSP Paraguay -19.619444 Sao Pedro 21 -56.055 Aquidauana 106 107 MZUSP 59528 1 A holotype 1425222009 [468,927,223,248] 1998-09-04 Paraguay A 106 107 1 A holotype 1425222013 MZUSP Paraguay -20.2 Salobra 1268 -56.5 106 107 MZUSP 2986 1 Miranda holotype 1425222016 1940-08 MNRJ L. Travassos Paraguay -20.2 Salobra 1268 -56.5 106 107 MNRJ 2878 1 Miranda holotype 1425222008 MZUSP L. Travassos Paraguay Remarks rio Bodoquena 106 107 MZUSP 3073 1 Miranda holotype 1425222012 MZUSP Paraguay Parana 106 107 MZUSP 21064 1 Parana holotype 1425222017 1977 1978 1977 CETESB Paraguay -24.116667 Sete Quedas 1252 -54.333332 rio Parana 106 107 1 Guaira holotype 1425222006 MZUSP Paraguay -24.483334 Porto 1251 -54.316666 106 107 MZUSP 14654 1 Porto holotype 1425222002 FMNH Paraguay Depto rio Paraguai 106 107 FMNH 108173 1 holotype 1425222023 [722,886,476,501] Paraguay Alto Paraguay 106 107 1 Alto Paraguay holotype 1425222041 1997-09-05 FMNH D. Mandelburger Paraguay -20.15 Rio Negro 1268 -58.166668 106 107 FMNH 108174 1 Rio Negro holotype 1425222035 Paraguay Depto. Alto Paraguay 106 107 1 Depto. Alto Paraguay holotype 1425222029 1997-09-10 USNM M. T Piza Paraguay -21.45 Estancia Cerrito 1264 -57.916668 106 107 USNM 232317 1 Rio Paraguay holotype 1425222030 [536,984,583,608] Paraguay Amambay 106 107 1 Amambay holotype 1425222036 1982-01-16 UMMZ L. Naylor & C. Cuevas Paraguay -22.633333 Rio 1259 -56.016666 106 107 UMMZ 206816 1 Rio holotype 1425222022 [1048,1185,620,645] Paraguay Concepcion 106 107 1 Concepcion holotype 1425222040 1979-07-28 CAS J. Taylor Paraguay -23.108334 Yby-Yau 21 -56.52 106 107 1 Arroyo holotype 1425222026 [151,288,692,717] Paraguay Concepcion 106 107 1 Concepcion holotype 1425222039 1900-12 USNM R. Aquido Canigi & J. D. Anisits Paraguay -23.05 Arroyo 1257 -57.0 106 107 USNM 181763 1 Arroyo holotype 1425222024 [844,929,727,752] Paraguay Central 106 107 1 Central holotype 1425222046 [940,1096,727,752] Paraguay Asuncion 106 107 1 Asuncion holotype 1425222037 1957-01-15 UMMZ C. J. D. Brown Paraguay -25.266666 Rio 1247 -57.633335 106 107 UMMZ 208068 1 Rio holotype 1425222045 [1293,1378,764,789] Paraguay Central 106 107 1 Central holotype 1425222044 1979-09-15 USNM J. Taylor Paraguay -25.183332 Puerto Remanzo 1247 -57.55 106 107 USNM 181762 1 Rio Paraguay holotype 1425222043 [703,820,836,861] Paraguay Cordillera 106 107 1 Cordillera holotype 1425222042 1956-12-13 UMMZ C. J. D. Brown Paraguay -25.5 Piribebuy 1246 -56.933334 106 107 UMMZ 205665 1 Arroyo holotype 1425222028 [994,1111,871,896] Paraguay Cordillera 106 107 1 Cordillera holotype 1425222034 1979-05-25 1979-05-26 1979-05-25 J. N. Taylor Paraguay 400 -25.5 Salto 1246 -56.933334 106 107 1 Salto holotype 1425222031 1956-12-06 USNM Reciefe & C. J. D. Brown Paraguay Rio 106 107 USNM 181761 1 Rio holotype 1425222032 [199,606,980,1005] Peru Amazonas 106 107 1 Amazonas 1425222033 [620,709,980,1005] MZUSP Peru Loreto 106 107 MZUSP 26507 1 Loreto 1425222025 1971-10-09 NRM Albufao & J. Guevara & El Estrecho Peru Rio Ucayali 106 107 1 Rio Ucayali 1425222038 1986-07-18 S. O. Kullander Peru -2.45 Rio Putumayo 1307 -72.666664 106 107 1 Rio Putumayo 1425222027 1997-10-10 MUSM H. Ortega Peru Yanayacu -4.85 Pluripetrol 1306 -74.933334 Base 106 107 MUSM 12745 1 Rio 1425222048 [643,1222,1087,1112] MZUSP Peru Depto. Ucayali 106 107 MZUSP 26064 1 Depto. Ucayali 1425222063 1971-10-17 MUSM Pucallpa-Huanuco & Aguaytia & Pucallpa & J. Guevara Peru Rio 106 107 MUSM 30 1 Rio 1425222059 1971-12-06 IVITA H. Ortega Peru -8.633333 Rio 1301 -74.96667 106 107 1 Rio 1425222053 1976-01-23 MZUSP H. Ortega Peru -8.633333 Pucallpa-Huanuco 1301 -74.96667 106 107 MZUSP 26471 1 Rio 1425222058 1971-11-14 MZUSP J. Guevara Peru -8.833333 Pucallpa 1300 -75.21667 106 107 MZUSP 26373 1 Rio 1425222057 [583,1142,1268,1293] MUSM Peru Rio 106 107 MUSM 28 1 Rio 1425222047 1971-10-14 MUSM Aguaytia & Tangarana & J. Guevara Peru Rio 106 107 MUSM 28573 1 Rio 1425222065 [1096,1315,1303,1328] Peru Rio 106 107 1 Rio 1425222050 Peru -8.544723 Quebrada Samiria 21 -75.64305 106 107 1 Rio Santa Ana 1425222064 2006-12-05 MUSM M. Rojas Peru Hidalgo 106 107 MUSM 31 1 Hidalgo 1425222049 [330,529,1375,1400] Peru Porto 106 107 1 Porto 1425222067 1971-10-10 MUSM H. Ortega Peru Rio Ucayali 106 107 MUSM 381 1 Rio Ucayali 1425222061 [271,1263,1412,1437] 1984-10-04 P. de Rham & H. Ortega Peru -8.016666 Rio Calleria 1302 -74.583336 106 107 1 Rio Ucayali 1425222071 1975-09-24 MUSM H. Ortega Peru -8.583333 Masisea 1301 -74.333336 Pucallpa 106 107 MUSM 23 1 Rio Ucayali 1425222069 1973-11-23 MUSM H. Ortega Peru -8.583333 Masisea 1301 -74.333336 Pucallpa 106 107 MUSM 41413 1 Rio Ucayali 1425222070 1975-08-01 FMNH G. Gutierrez Peru -8.45 Sungaro Yacu 1301 -75.183334 106 107 FMNH 84312 1 Rio 1425222068 1975-08-03 FMNH G. S. Glodek Peru -8.45 Rio 1301 -75.183334 106 107 FMNH 84095 1 Rio 1425222062 [223,1432,1628,1653] 1975-08-03 FMNH D. W. Greenfield Peru -8.45 Rio 1301 -75.183334 106 107 FMNH 84094 1 Rio 1425222060 1920-08-03 1920-08-04 1920-08-03 CAS W. R. Allen Peru -7.6666665 Contamana 1303 -74.933334 Lago Cashiboya 106 107 1 Rio Ucayali 1425222056 1920-08-09 CAS W. R. Allen Peru -6.9166665 Orellana 1303 -75.15 106 107 1 Rio Ucayali 1425222054 [221,1112,1772,1797] NRM Peru Huanuco 106 107 1 Huanuco 1425222055 1981-08-19 S. O. Kullander Peru -8.95 Tournavista 1300 -74.683334 106 107 1 Rio 1425222051 1920-08-20 1920-08-22 1920-08-20 CAS W. R. Allen Peru Rio 106 107 1 Rio 1425222066 ROM Peru Rio 106 107 1 Rio 1425222052 [665,1432,1879,1904] 1988-07 H. Pandura Peru -9.616667 Rio 1299 -74.933334 106 107 1 Rio 1425222073 [151,675,1916,1941] FMNH Ecuador Ecuador 106 107 FMNH 103396 1 1425222087 1983-11-13 MCZ D. Stewart & M. Ibarra & R. Barriga Ecuador Tiuyacu -0.49166664 Rio Payamino 925 -77.3 Rio Churuayacu 106 107 1 Napo 1425222088 [805,868,1989,2012] Ecuador Napo 106 107 1 Napo 1425222080 [882,1072,1988,2013] Ecuador Rio 106 107 1 Rio 1425222079 [1085,1436,1988,2013] Ecuador Rio 106 107 1 Rio 1425222083 1999-07-17 1999-07-18 1999-07-17 FMNH Puerto Pakitza & B. Chernoff & R. Barriga -2.2625 Santiago, Rio Pastaza 21 -77.23805 107 108 1 Santiago, Rio Pastaza