Girault, 1920 : 97
Gahan, 1927 : 27
G. shakespearei
Bouček 1988 : 735
Narayanan, Subba Rao & Ramachandra Rao, 1960 : 168
G. shakespearei
Review of Afrotropical species of Goetheana Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with description of a new species
Gumovsky, Alex
Zootaxa
2016
4147
5
551
563
6KNXW
Girault, 1920
Girault
1920
[151,620,151,178]
Insecta
Eulophidae
Goetheana
Animalia
Hymenoptera
2
553
Arthropoda
species
shakespearei
Goetheana shakespearei Girault, 1920: 97. For full bibliographic list, see Triapitsyn 2005. Dasyscapus parvipennis Gahan, 1927: 27; synonymized under G. shakespeareiby Bouček 1988: 735. Dasyscapus thripsivorous Narayanan, Subba Rao & Ramachandra Rao, 1960: 168, 169. Synonymized under G. shakespearei by Bouček 1988: 735.
Diagnosis.Mesosoma uniformly dark brown, head pale brown to yellow in reflected light ( Fig. 1A, B); fore wing with apical area (beyond venation and apart from row of setae along extreme wing margin) setose, with at least two rows of setae arising from stigmal vein and another row of setae extending parallel to lower wing margin ( Fig. 2A, B). Male with scape notably wide, about 1.2× as long as broad, pale brown to yellow in reflected light ( Fig. 3A–D). Comparative notes. Annecke (1962)provided illustrations and a re-description of this species (reported as G. parvipennis) based on material collected in SouthAfrica(Skukuza) and on comparative specimens obtained from the Neotropics ( Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago). He stated that males of G. shakespeareiand his newly described G. incertaare easily distinguishable, but that females of the two species are more difficult to discriminate between. Nevertheless, he stated that longer antennal segments and fore wings, as well as absence of regular, fine, parallel and readily discernible “lines of sculpture” on the metasoma, were diagnostic for females of G. shakespeareias compared to those of G. incerta( Annecke 1962). Triapitsyn (2005)did not provide any differential characters for females of the two species, and stated that females of Goetheanaspecies are quite similar to each other. My comparative studies of Annecke’s microscopic slides did not reveal any discernible characters suitable for differentiating females identified by him as “ G. parvipennis” and “ G. incerta”, including those characters listed above. Freshly collected females also demonstrate wide variation in the wing and body character states and may represent both G. shakespeareiand G. incerta. Also, the South African specimens identified by Annecke as “ G. parvipennis” (7 females and 1 male) were collected in the same area (and within the same time period) with the type specimens of G. incerta(5 females and 2 males, see below). The species identity of the females of these “ G. parvipennis” therefore requires confirmation. Similarly, Annecke’s (1962) diagnosis of G. incertafemales might have been generated from morphological observations on a mixture of G. shakespeareiand G. incerta. Sculpture on the propodeum was another putative diagnostic character that was expected to be useful to differentiate G. shakespeareifrom G. incerta. Males of the former species have the propodeum nearly smooth medially and have a somewhat weaker sculpture laterally ( Fig. 4A) than the latter species, which have these areas more distinctly alutaceous ( Fig. 4B). If constant throughout their ranges, this character might be expected to be of some value for distinguishing females of the two species as well. However, the character is of gradual nature and any evaluation of its diagnostic value should be tested on a larger comparative series of specimens from various regions. Based on the above, only males are referred to here as confirmed representatives of G. shakespeareiand fieldcollected females are referred as G. shakespearei/ G. incerta(see below). Correspondingly, the females reported by Annecke as “ G. parvipennis” may belong to both above mentioned species. Although males of G. shakespeareiare easily distinguishable by their considerably expanded antennal scape ( Figs 1A, B; 3A–D), they otherwise exhibit considerable morphological variation. Males from the Neotropics have a somewhat longer, though still rather wide scape (1.35–1.4× as long as wide, Fig. 3B, D), than the males from the Afrotropics (1.2–1.25× as long as wide, Fig. 3A, C). Also, F2 and CL1–3 are notably longer than broad for Neotropical males of G. shakespearei( Fig. 3B, D), whereas these segments are wider than long for Afrotropical males referred to this species ( Fig. 3A, C). As a result, the ratio of flagellum/pedicel is about 2.3 for Neotropical males ( Fig. 3B, D) and 1.7–1.9 for Afrotropical males ( Fig. 3A, C). The fore wing is also longer for Neotropical males (about 8.7× as long as its width in the narrowest part, Fig. 2B) than for Afrotropical males (about 8.0×, Fig. 2A). Consequently, the diagnostic value of these characters, as well as the species status of the different populations of what is recognized as G. shakespeareirequires a separate study (see below, Discussion section).
Materialexamined. Specimensidentified as Goetheana parvipennis(Gahan)by D.P. Annecke: Ƌ, two slides: with body under one small ring cover slip and with antennae and wings on another, “ Goetheana parvipennis(Gahan), det. Annecke”, “ƋN, T14, South Africa, Skukuza, Tvl., i.1960, D. P. Annecke, Suction trap” ( SANC). Specimensidentified as “ Dasyscapus parvipennis”: Ƌ, slide with body under one small ring cover slip, wings, head and antennae under separate cover slips, Venezuela, “T 531”, “ Ell Valle, D.F., D1”; Ƌ, ibid., D2; Ƌ, ibid., Venezuela, 29 Sept. 1943, E. McC. Callan, D3”; Ƌ, ibid., D4”; 2 Ƌ, slides with body under one ring cover slip, Trinidad and Tobago, “ Trinidad”, “ Dasyscapus parvipennisGahan, reared from Selenothrips rubrocinctus, Trinidad, B.W. I., March 1936, P. Alteck” ( Fig. 1A) (SANC). Rearedmaterial(females are putatively assumed to be conspecific with males): Ƌ, 2 ♀(in gelatine capsule), South Africa, Kranskloofnr. Buffelspoort Dam, Magaliesberg, Tvl., 16. III.1993, with Lecanodiaspissp., on Dombeya rotundifolia(S. Neser), AF 2488, SANC Pretoria Database No. HYMC05228, “ Goetheanasp. J. Huberdet., 2006” ( SANC). FIGURE 1.Habitus of Goetheanaspecies. A, B, G. shakespearei, ♂; C, E, G. shakespearei/ G. incerta, ♀; D, G. i n c e r t a, ♂; F– H, G. kobzari: F, ♀, G, H, ♂. A–G, combination of direct and reflected light; H, reflected light. FIGURE 2.Fore wing of Goetheanaspecies. A, B, G. shakespearei, ♂; C, G. shakespearei/ G. incerta, ♀; D, G. incerta, ♂; E, F, G. kobzari: E, ♀, F, ♂. Other material:11 Ƌ, Republic of South Africa, Limpopo Province, Phalaborwa, Molengraaf Farm, between the Palabora Copper Mine and Phalaborwa town, yellow pan traps, 25.V.2014( A. Gumovsky& C. Davies) ( SIZK); Ƌ, Johannesburg, Northcliff, ex hort: suburban garden, S 26°8’26.149”, E 27°57’40.349”, yellow pan traps, 30.IX.2015( A. Gumovsky); 7 Ƌ, ibid., 01–03.X.2015, under Kiggelaria africana( SIZK, SANC); Ƌ, Namibia, ~ 20 kmSE Tsumeb, Baltimore Farm, yellow pan traps, 18–23.VIII.2014( A. Gumovsky); Ƌ, Senegal, Dakar, Botanical Gardenof the Cheikh Anta Diop University, near pond, 03.IV.2008( A. Gumovsky) ( SIZK); 30 Ƌ, Tanzania, Mkomazi Game Reserve, Ibayacamp, S 3°58’, E 37°48’, Acaciaspp bushveld, yellow pan trap, 9– 10.XII.1995, SAM-HYM PO15128, PO15129, PO15132, PO15134, PO15137 ( S. van Noort) ( SAMC).
Hosts.Various thrips species of Thripidae ( Noyes 2015), including the agricultural pests Selenothrips rubrocinctus(Giard) ( Clausen 1978), Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis(Bouché) ( Hessein & McMurtry 1989), and Ceratothripoides claratris(Shumsher) ( Murai et al. 2000). Occurrence of this parasitoid appears seasonal in South Africa, its adults being most numerous in the dry winter seasons, but hardly collected in the rainy summer seasons.
Distribution.Nearly cosmopolitan ( Triapitsyn 2005, Noyes 2015). Afrotropical: Ghana( Clausen 1978), Ivory Coast( Triapitsyn 2005), Namibia, Tanzania, Senegal(new records) and SouthAfrica( Annecke 1962). However, as noted above, the specific status of the different populations requires confirmation. After initially recorded from Australia ( Girault 1920) and Java ( Gahan 1927), the species was mentioned in two catalogues of parasitoids and predators ( Thompson 1955; Herting 1971). In the former catalogue it was recorded from Ghana, Indonesia, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, whereas the records in the latter catalogue chiefly originated from the Neotropics (Bermuda, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela). Some of the records are likely to have been based on specimens studied later by D.P. Annecke (1962)and discussed in this paper. Goetheana shakespearei(identified as this species due to the expanded antennal scape of males) was released for control of thrips in Trinidad and the Bahamas in 1935 and in USA (California, Florida) in 1962 and 1982( Viggiani & Nieves-Aldrey 1993; Bennett et al. 1993). Thereafter the species was recorded from various regions, and assumed to be G. shakespeareibased on distinctive morphological markers, i.e. the expanded antennal scape of the males (for example, Peck 1963, De Santis 1979, Schauff 1991, and others).
1291045516
1960-01
SANC
D. P. Annecke
South Africa
Material
Annecke
Skukuza
Specimens
2
553
1
1291045509
1943-09-29
Ell Valle, D. F. & Callan, D & Trinidad
Venezuela
4
555
Specimens
2
553
1
1291045522
1993-03-16
SANC, HYMC
Pretoria Database No.
South Africa
Reared
J. Huber
Buffelspoort Dam
Kranskloof
4
555
HYMC05228
2
2
1291045521
2014-05-25
SIZK
A. Gumovsky & C. Davies
Phalaborwa
5
556
Phalaborwa town
Molengraaf Farm
4
555
1
Limpopo Province
1291045510
2015-09-30
2015-10-03
2015-09-30
SIZK, SANC
A. Gumovsky
-26.140596
Northcliff
1
27.961208
Johannesburg
5
556
1
Limpopo Province
1291045520
2014-08-18
2014-08-23
2014-08-18
A. Gumovsky
Namibia
Baltimore Farm
5
556
1
1291045517
[151,1395,260,285]
2008-04-03
SIZK
A. Gumovsky
Namibia
Cheikh Anta Diop University
Botanical Garden
5
556
1
Dakar
1291045511
1995-12-09
1995-12-10
1995-12-09
SAMC
S. van Noort
Tanzania
-3.9666667
Ibaya
1307
37.8
Mkomazi Game Reserve
5
556
1