Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd. var. americana Acacia spadicigera Schltdl. & Cham. , Linnaea 5: 594. 1830 Tauroceras spadicigerum (Schltdl. & Cham.) Britton & Rose , N. Amer. FI. 23: 85. 1928 Acacia campecheana Schenck , Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 361. 1913 Acacia cubensis Schenck , Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 360. 1913 Acacia interjecta Schenck , Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 361. 1913 Acacia nicoyensis Schenck , Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 360. 1913 Acacia rossiana Schenck , Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 361. 1913 Acacia furcella Saff ., J. Wash. Acad. Sei. 4: 359. 1914 Acacia hernandezii Saff ., J. Wash. Acad. Sei. 4: 358. 1914 Acacia turgida Saff . in W. M. Wheeler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology Harvard Coll. 90: plate 45, 1942 Taxonomic Revision of the Ant-Acacias (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae, Acacia, Series Gummiferae) of the New World David S. Seigler John E. Ebinger Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 1995 82 117 138 8P2V (L.) Willdenow Willdenow L. Magnoliopsida Fabaceae Acacia Plantae Fabales Tracheophyta species cornigera   Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd. var. americanaDC. Prodr. 2: 460. 1825.    Acacia spadicigera Schltdl. & Cham., Linnaea 5: 594. 1830.  Tauroceras spadicigerum (Schltdl. & Cham.) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. FI. 23: 85. 1928. TYPE: Mexico. Veracruz: near La Laguna Verde,  Mar. 1828, Schiede& Deppe 685( lectotype, designated here, US, fragment [ Bdestroyed]).    Acacia campecheana Schenck, Repert. Spec. Nov.Regni Veg. 12: 361. 1913. type: Mexico. Campeche: von Chrismar( holotype, Bdestroyed).    Acacia cubensis Schenck, Repert. Spec. Nov.Regni Veg. 12: 360. 1913. type: Cuba. N coast,  21 Apr. 1863, C. Wright 2402( lectotype, designated here, USfragment and photo [ Bdestroyed]; isotypes, G,  GOET,  HAL,  JE,  K,  MO,  US). A note on the herbarium sheet (JE) indicates that the seeds he grew came from Martinique.    Acacia interjecta Schenck, Repert. Spec. Nov.Regni Veg. 12: 361. 1913. TYPE: Engler 3870a( lectotype, designated here, JE [ Bdestroyed]). Material growing in the Singapore and Kew Botanical Gardens ( Janzen, 1974).    Acacia nicoyensis Schenck, Repert. Spec. Nov.Regni Veg. 12: 360. 1913. TYPE: Costa Rica. Guanacaste: shore of the Gulf of Nicoya, sea level,  Feb. 1900, A. Tonduz 13538( lectotype, designated here, US [ Bdestroyed]; isotypes, BM,  GH,  K,  NY,  US).    Acacia rossiana Schenck, Repert. Spec. Nov.Regni Veg. 12: 361. 1913. type: Mexico. Veracruz: Santa Lucrezia, Isthmus of Tehuantepec,  8 Oct. 1906, H. Ross 918( lectotype, designated here, M, photo, US).    Acacia furcella Saff., J. Wash. Acad. Sei. 4: 359. 1914. TYPE: Mexico. Veracruz: shore of Lake Catemaco, southernVeracruz,  1000 ft.,  26 Apr. 1894, E. W. Nelson 427( holotype, US).    Acacia hernandezii Saff., J. Wash. Acad. Sei. 4: 358. 1914. TYPE: Mexico. San Luis Potosi: vicinity of Rascon,  19-22 July 1905, E. Palmer 699( holotype, US; isotypes, F,  GH,  MO,  NY).    Acacia turgida Saff. in W. M. Wheeler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology Harvard Coll. 90: plate 45, 1942( holotype, plate 45 in Wheeler, 1942).  Shrub or small tree to 10 (rarely 15) m tall, young twigs dark gray to reddish brown, lightly to densely puberulent. Stipular spines light to dark brown to sometimes ivory to yellow, glabrous to densely puberulent, smooth, terete to slightly flattened, symmetrical, commonly V-shaped with an angle of 60-150°, straight to slightly reflexed near the apex, 30-100 mmlong, 4-10 mmthick near the base. Leaves 40-160 mmlong; pinnae 3-14 pairs per leaf, 30-70 mmlong, 7-17 mmbetween pinna pairs; rachis grooved, glabrous to densely puberulent, rachis glands usually absent; petiole grooved, usually puberulent, 5-20 mmlong. Petiolar gland (Fig. 1 F) canoe-shaped, usually solitary, glabrous, striate on the sides, apex 1-4 mmlong, located near the middle to top of the petiole, sometimes a small tubular gland below. Leaflets 15-40 pairs per pinna, glabrous, oblong, 4-11 mmlong, 1.3-2.7 mmwide, 2-3 veins from the base, lateral veins obvious, apex usually mucronate. Inflorescence a densely flowered, cylindrical spike, 20-35 mmlong, 8-11 mmthick near the base and narrowing slightly toward the blunt apex, solitary in the leaf axil, or solitary or in clusters of 2-4 inthe axil of small spines on short, lateral, usually leafless, axillary branches; peduncles glabrous to lightly puberulent, 5-15 mmlong, 2-4 mmthick, thickest just below the inflorescence; involucre usually puberulent, 4-lobed, the lobes spreading, located near the base of the peduncle. Floral bracts peltate, the apex tailed on one side, the stalk 0.7-1.3 mmlong. Flowers sessile; calyx shallowly 5-lobed, glabrous to lightly puberulent on the lobes, 1-1.4 mmlong; corolla glabrous, pale yellow, 1.1-1.5 mmlong, only slightly longer than the calyx. Legume usually straight, mostly terete, 50-90 mmlong, 13-18 mmthick, glabrous to minutely puberulent, usually not strongly longitudinally striate, mostly red to maroon, indehiscent, stipe to 10 mmlong, the apex narrowing to a spinelike beak 20-50 mmlong. Flowering January-July.  Distribution. Wet to relatively dry, mostly disturbed habitats at lower elevations from southern Mexico to Costa Rica.   Representative specimens. BELIZE. Mile 42.5 on Northern Hwy., N of Maskall River, Dwyer 11023( F).   COSTA RICA. Guanacaste: NW of Paloverde, Barbudal Hills, Garwood et al. 570( F).  EL SALVADOR. Banks of Rio Acelhuate, SE part of San Salvador,  690 m, Carlson 55( F).  GUATEMALA. Alla Verapaz: near Pancajche, about  360 m, Standley 70768( F).  El Peten:  2 mi. E of Melchor, roadside, Croat 24623( MO).  Escuintla: near San Joseat sea level, Standley 64241( F).  Retalhuleu:  9 mi. N of Champerico, Harmon 2298( MO).  San Marcos:  2 mi. E of the border between Mexico (Puente Talisman) on hwy. 2, Janzen 1045( F,  MEX,  MO).   Suchitepequez: S of Alotenango Farm, 7 mi. S of Tiquisate along rd. within 3 mi. of ocean,  30-50 m, Steyermark 47739( F).  HONDURAS. Vegas del Rio Agua, 3 kmde Yoro,  1000 m, Molina R. 6807( F).  MEXICO. Campeche:  30 kmE of Campeche on hwy. 261, Seigler et al. 11603( ILL,  MEX).  Chiapas: Ciudad Cuauhtemoc on hwy. 190, Janzen 499( F,  MEX).  Guerrero:  1 mi. NW Cuajinicuilapa, Johnson 740-79( WIS).  Oaxaca: Capilla, N end of lake behind Presa Aleman, W of Tierra Blanca, Janzen 1937( F,  MO,  WIS).  Quintana Roo:  52 mi. W of jet. of Mexico 307 & 186 on hwy. 186, Seigler et al. 11594( ILL,  MEX).  San Luis Potosi: Barrio de San Juan, Tamazunchale, Edwards 600( F,  MO).  Tamaulipas: Tampico, Rujal rd., Kenoyer 791( F).  Veracruz:  Zacuapan, Purpas 7748( GH,  MO).  Yucatan: Izarnal, Greenman 379( GH).  NICARAGUA. Laguna de Masaya, a 2 kmde la entrada, Araquistain& Moreno 593( MEX).   Acacia cornigerais probably the best known of the ant-acacias. It is easily separated from other ant-acacias by having peltate floral bracts in which the apex is tailed on one side. Also, the presence of canoe-shaped petiolar glands separates this taxon from all ant-acacias except A. mayanaand A. sphaerocephala. The presence of obvious secondary venation in the leaflets and the relatively thick cylindrical inflorescences separate this taxon from A. sphaerocephala, while the smaller leaflets and the lack of longitudinal flanges on the stipular spines separate it from A. mayana.  Acacia cornigerais a highly variable species that occurs in a wide range of habitats. This morphological diversity has resulted in an extensive synonymy, which is discussed by Rudd (1964). It is the most common of the ant-acacias, and its geographic range is almost as extensive as that of A. collinsii. It is relatively common in riparian and swamp habitats and is the common ant-acacia in fallow fields, pastures, roadsides, and other disturbed sites from sea level to about 1200 m( Janzen, 1967a, b). Some of its present distribution has been caused by the dissemination of seeds by birds, people, and cattle into secondary growth vegetation. The present distribution of this species into the drier parts of the Yucatan peninsula is probably due to introduction by humans, since most collections are from around settlements, cattle corrals, and Indian ruins. It has also become naturalized on the Caribbean islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Cuba, as well as in extreme southern Florida. Beltian body production in Acacia cornigerais typical of that found in ant-acacias that inhabit more open sites. Generally, these bodies are relatively small, 0.5-0.9 mmlong, 0.4-0.6 mmwide, and are present on more than half of the leaflets. Since individuals of this species are usually occupied by obligate acacia-ants, the Beltian bodies are rarely seen because they are usually "harvested"as soon as the young leaves develop. Of the more than 250 herbarium specimens of this species examined, none tested positive for cyanide production. Also, numerous living specimens have been tested, usually with negative results. Leaves of Acacia cornigerahave been reported to contain a ss-glucosidase( Rehr et al., 1973). It appears that the hydrolytic enzyme necessary for the liberation of HCN is present, but the cyanogenic glycoside is absent. Living material from two populations of this species collected near Canas, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, gave a very weak positive test for cyanide ( Seigler & Ebinger, 1987). Dried material from these same individuals gave a negative test with and without emulsin.  Janzen (1974)reported seeing a single plant of A. cornigera x A. sphaerocephalaon the dunes south of Veracruz, Mexico, and suggested that A. cornigeramay occasionally hybridize with A. chiapensis. It is also possible that this species may occasionally hybridize with the non-ant-acacia A. pennatula( Ebinger & Seigler, 1992). 923902208 BM Linnaeus Netherlands the garden of George Clifford, between Haarlem and Leyden 8 125 1 holotype 923902200 US Linnaeus Netherlands the garden of George Clifford, between Haarlem and Leyden 8 125 1 holotype 923902204 1828-03 US Schiede, Deppe Mexico near La Laguna Verde 8 125 685 1 Veracruz lectotype 923902202 1828-03 B Schiede, Deppe Mexico near La Laguna Verde 8 125 685 Veracruz holotype 923902212 B von Chrismar Mexico Campeche 8 125 Campeche holotype 923902211 1863-04-21 US C. Wright Cuba N coast 8 125 2402 1 lectotype 923902209 1863-04-21 B C. Wright Cuba N coast 8 125 2402 1 holotype 923902216 1863-04-21 G C. Wright Cuba N coast 8 125 2402 1 isotype 923902219 1863-04-21 GOET C. Wright Cuba N coast 8 125 2402 1 isotype 923902207 1863-04-21 HAL C. Wright Cuba N coast 8 125 2402 1 isotype 923902218 1863-04-21 JE C. Wright Cuba N coast 8 125 2402 1 isotype 923902205 1863-04-21 K C. Wright Cuba N coast 8 125 2402 1 isotype 923902215 1863-04-21 MO C. Wright Cuba N coast 8 125 2402 1 isotype 923902221 1863-04-21 US C. Wright Cuba N coast 8 125 2402 1 lectotype 923902232 JE Engler Singapore 8 125 3870 a 1 lectotype 923902223 B Engler Singapore 8 125 3870 a holotype 923902220 1900-02 US A. Tonduz Costa Rica 0 m shore of the Gulf of Nicoya 8 125 13538 1 Guanacaste lectotype 923902222 1900-02 B A. Tonduz Costa Rica 0 m shore of the Gulf of Nicoya 8 125 13538 Guanacaste holotype 923902217 1900-02 BM A. Tonduz Costa Rica 0 m shore of the Gulf of Nicoya 8 125 13538 1 Guanacaste isotype 923902238 1900-02 GH A. Tonduz Costa Rica 0 m shore of the Gulf of Nicoya 8 125 13538 1 Guanacaste isotype 923902206 1900-02 K A. Tonduz Costa Rica 0 m shore of the Gulf of Nicoya 8 125 13538 1 Guanacaste isotype 923902234 1900-02 NY A. Tonduz Costa Rica 0 m shore of the Gulf of Nicoya 8 125 13538 1 Guanacaste isotype 923902203 1900-02 US A. Tonduz Costa Rica 0 m shore of the Gulf of Nicoya 8 125 13538 1 Guanacaste isotype 923902201 1906-10-08 M H. Ross Mexico Santa Lucrezia, Isthmus of Tehuantepec 8 125 918 1 Veracruz lectotype 923902224 1906-10-08 US H. Ross Mexico Santa Lucrezia, Isthmus of Tehuantepec 8 125 918 Veracruz lectotype 923902240 1894-04-26 US E. W. Nelson Mexico 1000 ft 9 126 shore of Lake Catemaco, southern Veracruz 8 125 427 1 Veracruz holotype 923902227 1905-07-19 1905-07-22 1905-07-19 US E. Palmer Mexico vicinity of Rascon 9 126 699 1 San Luis Potosi holotype 923902229 1905-07-19 1905-07-22 1905-07-19 F E. Palmer Mexico vicinity of Rascon 9 126 699 1 San Luis Potosi isotype 923902225 1905-07-19 1905-07-22 1905-07-19 GH E. Palmer Mexico vicinity of Rascon 9 126 699 1 San Luis Potosi isotype 923902241 1905-07-19 1905-07-22 1905-07-19 MO E. Palmer Mexico vicinity of Rascon 9 126 699 1 San Luis Potosi isotype 923902231 1905-07-19 1905-07-22 1905-07-19 NY E. Palmer Mexico vicinity of Rascon 9 126 699 1 San Luis Potosi isotype 4418981301 9 126 holotype 923902242 F Dwyer Belize Mile 42.5 on Northern Hwy., N of Maskall River 9 126 11023 1 923902239 F Garwood et al. Costa Rica NW of Paloverde, Barbudal Hills 9 126 570 1 Guanacaste 923902236 F Carlson El Salvador 690 m Banks of Rio Acelhuate, SE part of San Salvador 9 126 55 1 923902233 F Standley Guatemala 360 m near Pancajche 9 126 70768 1 Alla Verapaz 923902243 MO Croat Guatemala 2 mi. E of Melchor 9 126 24623 1 El Peten 923902237 F Standley Guatemala 0 m near San Jose 9 126 64241 1 Escuintla 923902235 MO Harmon Guatemala 9 mi. N of Champerico 9 126 2298 1 Retalhuleu 923902247 F Janzen Mexico 2 mi. E of the border between Mexico (Puente Talisman) on hwy. 2 9 126 1045 1 San Marcos 923902257 MEX Janzen Mexico 2 mi. E of the border between Mexico (Puente Talisman) on hwy. 2 9 126 1045 1 San Marcos 923902249 MO Janzen Mexico 2 mi. E of the border between Mexico (Puente Talisman) on hwy. 2 9 126 1045 1 San Marcos 923902250 F Steyermark Mexico 30 - 50 m S of Alotenango Farm, 7 mi. S of Tiquisate along rd. within 3 mi. of ocean 9 126 47739 1 Suchitepequez 923902245 F Molina R. Honduras 1000 m Vegas del Rio Agua, 3 km de Yoro 9 126 6807 1 923902244 ILL Seigler et al. Mexico 30 km E of Campeche on hwy. 261 9 126 11603 1 Campeche 923902264 MEX Seigler et al. Mexico 30 km E of Campeche on hwy. 261 9 126 11603 1 Campeche 923902228 F Janzen Mexico Ciudad Cuauhtemoc on hwy. 190 9 126 499 1 Chiapas 923902266 MEX Janzen Mexico Ciudad Cuauhtemoc on hwy. 190 9 126 499 1 Chiapas 923902226 WIS Johnson Mexico 1 mi. NW Cuajinicuilapa 9 126 740 - 79 1 Guerrero 923902230 F Janzen Mexico Capilla, N end of lake behind Presa Aleman, W of Tierra Blanca 9 126 1937 1 Oaxaca 923902246 MO Janzen Mexico Capilla, N end of lake behind Presa Aleman, W of Tierra Blanca 9 126 1937 1 Oaxaca 923902261 WIS Janzen Mexico Capilla, N end of lake behind Presa Aleman, W of Tierra Blanca 9 126 1937 1 Oaxaca 923902253 ILL Seigler et al. Mexico 52 mi. W of jet. of Mexico 307 & 186 on hwy. 186 9 126 11594 1 Quintana Roo 923902254 MEX Seigler et al. Mexico 52 mi. W of jet. of Mexico 307 & 186 on hwy. 186 9 126 11594 1 Quintana Roo 923902252 F Edwards Mexico Barrio de San Juan, Tamazunchale 9 126 600 1 San Luis Potosi 923902265 MO Edwards Mexico Barrio de San Juan, Tamazunchale 9 126 600 1 San Luis Potosi 923902259 F Kenoyer Mexico Tampico, Rujal rd. 9 126 791 1 Tamaulipas 923902267 GH Purpas Mexico Zacuapan 9 126 7748 1 Veracruz 923902260 MO Purpas Mexico Zacuapan 9 126 7748 1 Veracruz 923902262 GH Greenman Mexico Izarnal 9 126 379 1 Yucatan 923902258 MEX Araquistain, Moreno Nicaragua Laguna de Masaya, a 2 km de la entrada 9 126 593 1