Dracaena marina D. mannii D. mannii D. mannii Dracaena marina Bos ex Damen Taxonomic novelties in African Dracaena (Dracaenaceae) Damen, T. H. J. Burg, W. J. van der Wiland-Szymańska, J. Sosef, M. S. M. Blumea 2018 2018-05-15 63 1 31 53 8WTVL Bos ex Damen Damen 2018 [861,1218,809,832] Liliopsida Asparagaceae Dracaena Plantae Asparagales 9 40 Tracheophyta species marina sp. nov.    Dracaena marinais similar to the East African  Dracaena usambarensisEngl.; it is easily distinguished from that species by the oblanceolate to narrowly oblanceolate leaves, its bright red to yellow inflorescence axes, and the perianth lobes that are longer than the tube. In  D. usambarensisthe leaves are narrow elliptic, the inflorescence axes are green to orange and the peri- anth lobes are shorter than the tube. — Type: Breteler 14640(holo WAG (WAG0047304); iso LBV (LBV0008874), WAG (WAG0047305), WAG-spirit (WAG0029799)), Gabon, Gamba region. c. S2°40' E10°00', 11 Nov. 1998.   Dracaenasp., Keay et al. (1964)439, based on Stanfield FHI47067(not located), Lagos, Apapa.  Etymology. Bos already recognised this species as distinct and had pro- visionally named it  D. marina, because it is often found close to the ocean. With this name, Bos also wanted to honour Ms Marina Wassink, the former secretary of the Plant Taxonomy Department at Wageningen University, The Netherlands, who had been a great help to him. Shrub or large tree of up to 40 mhigh; trunk up to 60 cmdiam, forming stilt roots when growing in inundated areas or mangroves; bark smooth to shallowly longitudinally fissured, grey, slash creamy white, not exuding resin; leaves densely set along the branches, tufted at the apex in older specimens, stem visible between the leaves. Leavesspirally arranged, sessile; lamina variable, oblanceolate and up to 30 by 9 cm, but on fast grow- ing shoots often narrowly oblanceolate and up to 60 by 8 cm, coriaceous, dark dull green above, pale green with prominent midrib below, secondary veins inconspicuous, base gradually tapering, then abruptly expanding and clasping the stem for 1/2 to 3/4 of its circumference, apex acute to acuminate, mucro c. 3 mmlong. Inflorescenceterminal, erect, a much branched panicle, up to 75 by 55 cm; peduncle smooth, flexible (like rub- ber), bright yellow to bright red; bracts supporting the branches triangular, up to 10 by 7 mm(distally decreasing in size), early caducous, coriaceous; flowers solitary or arranged in fascicles of up to c. 5, each solitary flower or fascicle subtended by a small triangular, membranous, caducous bract with scarious margin, up to 2 mmlong. Flower: pedicel bright orange, to 15 mmlong, persistent basal part to 13 mmlong, surrounded by early caducous scarious floral bracts of c. 1 mmlong; peri- anth creamy white, 35–55 mmlong, lobes 24–33 mmlong; stamens inserted near the throat, up to 3 mmshorter than the lobes, filaments filiform, white, anthers c. 2.5 mmlong, pale yellow; ovary ovoid, 3 by 2.5 mm; style filiform, exserted for up to 3 mm, white, stigma c. 0.5 mmdiam. Fruitsglobose to depressed globose, up to 23 by 28 mm, glossy, orange-brown to red, usually with 1 seed, receptacle swollen, up to 6 by 3  Fig. 3  Dracaena marinaBos ex Damen.a. Branch and inflorescence; b. leaf; c. flower; d. dissected flower; e. fruit (a, c–d: Breteler 14640; b: Damen 671; e:  Louis, AM 4034). — Drawing by Hans de Vries. mm wide, mesocarp orange. Seedsdepressed globose, 17 by 22 mm, shallowly bilobed, smooth, brown; endosperm slightly transparent white. Distribution — Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola. Ecology — Primary and secondary forest, in swamp or man- grove vegetation, on sandy soil; at 0–200 maltitude. Flowering: January, March, June, August to November. Uses — Fruits are eaten by rodents (fide Wieringa 5044). Vernacular names — Alenokue (Pahouin de Libreville) (fide Fleury in Chevalier33649); Mungonga (fide Vermoesen 1189).  Other specimens examined.   ANGOLA,  Zaire, Lower Congo river, Santo Antonio do Zaire.c. S6°08' E12°23',  14 Nov.1922,  Gossweiler,  J 8505( K). –   BENIN,  Ouémé, Adjarra, Adjarra-Anagodomè, N6°32.2' E2°40.3',  8 Feb.2000,  Akoègninou,  A 3090( BENIN, BR, MO, WAG). –   CAMEROON,  South-West, au delà de la rivière Banan, sur piste de Taboà Agborkem, c. N5°46' E9°07',  4 June 1975,  Letouzey,  R 13727( K, P, WAG, YA). –   DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO,  Bas-Congo, Kinshasa, Lukula, Luki, vallée Lusona, c. S5°38' E13°04',  1 June 1948,  Donis,  C 1787( BR, WAG);  Boma,environs de Malela, c. S5°59' E12°37',  28 Dec. 1918,  Vermoesen,  FMC 1241( BR, K, P); ibid.,  23 Dec. 1918,  Vermoesen,  FMC 1189( BR). –   GABON,  Estuaire, Moka creek,  Eof Moudah River, N0°39' E9°28', alt.  5 m,  24 July 1985,  Bos, JJ10800 ( WAG);  Alenokue,environs de Libreville, c. N0°25' E9°26',  May 1917,  Fleuryin  Chevalier, AJB 33649( LBV, P, WAG);  Mondahecotour forest, N0°34.54' E9°20.09', alt.  53 m,  17 Mar. 2015,  Damen, THJ 671( BG NL07-living plant, BR, LBV, WAG);  Parc National de la Pongara, forêt c. 3 kmau sud de la pointe Kenguéré, N0°10.8' E9°20.4', alt.  25 m,  16 Jan. 2007,  Dauby, GV95 ( BRLU, MO);  Ekouk, piste du nouveau campement, S0°10' E10°15',  30 Sept. 1983,  Floret, JJ1576 ( MO, P, WAG);  Bord du Layon N  20 à 900 mde la route Cap Esterias, forêt de la Mondah, N0°34' E9°22',  3 Dec. 1970,  Gavage,  A 7( BR, K, WAG);  Mt Bouet, N0°26' E9°28',  9 Aug. 1898,  Klaine, T-J 162a( P, WAG); environs de Libreville, c. N0°25', E9°27', 1896,  Klaine, T-J 400bis( BR, FHO, IFAN, P); ibid.,  20 Aug. 1902,  Klaine, T-J 455a( P);  Plate 5  Dracaena marinaBos ex Damen, coloured old infructescence; Damen 671. — Photo: THJ Damen.  Map 14Distribution of  Dracaena marinaBos ex Damen. Malibé-mangrove, N0°36' E9°26', 2 Oct. 1985,  Louis, AM 1829(LBV,WAG); bord Remboué, S0°04' E9°45', alt. 5 m, 19 Dec. 1990,  Louis, AM 3282(LBV, MO,WAG); au platform de forage,Remboué, S10°13', E10°02', 21 Jan.1991,  Louis, AM 3289(LBV, MO, WAG); secondary forest, c. 15 kmnorth of Libre- ville, N0°34' E9°21', 18 Mar. 1987, Reitsma, JM 3184(LBV, MO, NY, WAG); Okala, north of Libreville, terrain de Montigny à Okala (Libreville), N0°29' E9°25',alt. 10 m, 12 Feb.2014, Stévart, TOBEB 4792(BRLU, L, LBV, MO, P, WAG); road from Libreville to Cape Esterias, c. N0°31' E9°22', alt. 20 m, 21 Jan. 1993, Wilde, JJFE de 10885(MO, WAG);  Moyen-Ogooué, Missanga, 10–20 kmN of Ndjolé, c. S0°05' E10°45', 13 Nov. 1991, Breteler, FJ 10449(LBV, MO, WAG); SW de Lambaréné, Lac Ezanga, c. S1°00' E10°15', 29 May 1963, Hallé, N 2091(P);  Nyanga, forestry concession of Baker, 13 kmNNE of Igotchi, S2°48.07' E10°31.45', alt. 200 m, 31 Oct. 2003, Wieringa, JJ 5044(LBV, WAG);  Ogooué-Maritime, Port Gentil, c. S0°43' E8°47', 11 Sept. 1968, Breteler, FJ s.n.(WAG-photo); Port Gentil, savane sur sable vers Tchengue, S0°50' E8°47', 23 June 1993,  Louis, AM 4034(LBV, WAG). –  NIGERIA,  Lagos, Flora Austro-Nigritina, S Nigeria, Lagos (Ikoyi), c. N6°27' E3°26', 26 Apr. 1950, Bels, L 89(U); Lagos, c. N6°27' E3°23', Apr. 1883,  Moloney, CA 2(K). –  REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO,  Kouilou, Kouilou, Tchissanga ( 10 kmde Bas-Kouilou), c. S4°32' E11°47', 3 Jan. 1991, Dowsett-Lemaire, F 1500(BR, WAG); Sounda, c. S4°05' E12°08', 7 Feb. 1987,  Foresta, H de 1255(P). Notes — Although we have not been able to trace Stanfield FHI47067, Keay’s description of an unidentified arborescent  Dracaenabased on this specimen leaves little doubt that it is conspecific with  D. marina. It also matches the location of other specimens of  D. marina.    Dracaena marinacan be confused with  D. manniisince it keys out as such in Bos (1984, 1992), Mwachala & Mbugua (2007)and La Croix (2010). It is easily distinguished from  D. manniiby its flowers being less than half as long as those of  D. mannii.  Plate 6  Dracaena marinaBos ex Damen, old specimen in inundated forest; Breteler & Raalte s.n.— Photo: FJ Breteler. 1922-11-14 K Gossweiler Angola -6.133333 Santo Antonio do Zaire. 1305 12.383333 Lower Congo river 10 41 J 8505 1 Zaire 2000-02-08 BR, MO, WAG Akoegninou Benin 6.536667 Adjarra-Anagodome 129 2.6716666 Adjarra 10 41 A 3090 1 Oueme 1975-06-04 K, P, WAG, YA Letouzey Cameroon Banan 5.7666664 Agborkem 1305 9.116667 Tabo 10 41 R 13727 1 South-West 1948-06-01 BR, WAG Democratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa -5.633333 Luki 1305 13.066667 Lukula 10 41 C 1787 1 Bas-Congo 1918-12-28 BR, K, P de Malela & Vermoesen Democratic Republic of the Congo -5.9833336 Boma 1305 12.616667 10 41 FMC 1241 1 Bas-Congo 1918-12-23 BR Vermoesen Democratic Republic of the Congo -5.9833336 Boma 1305 12.616667 10 41 FMC 1189 1 Bas-Congo 1985-07-24 E, WAG Bos, JJ Gabon 5 0.65 Moka creek 1308 9.466666 10 41 1 Estuaire 1917-05 LBV, P, WAG de Libreville & Fleury Gabon 0.41666666 Alenokue 1308 9.433333 10 41 1 Estuaire 2015-03-17 BG, BR, LBV, WAG Damen Gabon 53 0.57566667 Mondah 13 9.334833 10 41 NL07 1 Estuaire 2007-01-16 BRLU, MO Dauby, GV Gabon 25 0.18 Kenguere 130 9.34 Parc National de la Pongara 10 41 1 Estuaire 1983-09-30 MO, P, WAG Floret, JJ Gabon -0.16666667 Ekouk 1308 10.25 10 41 1 Estuaire 1970-12-03 N, BR, K, WAG Bord du Layon & de la Mondah & Gavage Gabon 460 0.56666666 Cap Esterias 1308 9.366667 10 41 A 7 1 Estuaire 1898-08-09 P, WAG Klaine Gabon 0.43333334 Mt Bouet 1308 9.466666 10 41 1 Estuaire BR, FHO, IFAN, P de Libreville & Klaine Gabon 0.41666666 1308 9.45 10 41 1 Estuaire [1108,1468,2135,2153] 1902-08-20 P Klaine Gabon 0.41666666 1308 9.45 10 41 1 Estuaire