Meranoplus mayri Forel, 1910a A taxonomic revision of the Meranoplus F. Smith of Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) with keys to species and diagnosis of the males. Boudinot, B. E. B. L. Fisher Zootaxa 2013 3635 4 301 339 3ZTCJ 369166 Forel, 1910 Forel, 1910 Insecta Formicidae Meranoplus CoL Animalia Hymenoptera 19 320 Arthropoda species mayri  (Figs. 8, 11-13, 15, 19, 25, 31, 39-47, 65)   Meranoplus mayri Forel, 1910a: 19. Lectotype worker, here designated, MADAGASCAR: Toliara, Fort Dauphin, (Sikora) (MHNG: CASENT0101230) [examined].  Description Worker. HL 0.93-1.27, HW 0.98-1.41, HLA 0.34-0.54, CW 0.37-0.49, CDD 0.17-0.25, SL 0.74-1.04, EL 0.18-0.26, EW 0.15-0.19, PML 1.06-1.53, PWA 0.90-1.45, PWP 0.53-0.99, SPL 0.27-0.47, WL 1.04-1.58, PTL 0.18-0.35, PTH 0.43-0.61, PPL 0.24-0.40, PPH 0.39-0.58, ATW 1.03-1.77, ATL 1.09-1.82, CI 100.4-111.8, SI 69.0-84.9, OMI 43.6-60.5, CDI 42.7-58.8, SEI 379-454, PMI 88.1-97.5, PWI 51.2-73.9, CS 0.9-1.3, EYE 30.0-35.3 (50 measured). Bicolored; head, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole orange, metasoma piceous to black. Head as broad as or broader than long (CI> 100). Mandibles striate. Face with numerous (> 20) parallel costaewhich extend from the posterior margin of the clypeus to the posterior margin of the head; a few lateral costaecurve posteriorly to the eye and either end at the eye or the base of the mandibles. Frontal carinae produced over the antennal scrobe as flanges, and with rugose sculpture on the dorsal surface. Scrobal carina dwarfed by the frontal carina flange, sometimes reduced to near absence. Anterior margin of clypeus without lamina; lateral corners of middle portion of clypeus produced into two stout, widely set denticles (CDI> 40). Middle portion of clypeus shining, with strong costae. Eyes small (EYE <36). Maximum eye length less than 3/4length of malar area (OMI <62). Face covered with numerous erect setae of various lengths; longest setae about 2.5 times as long as eye, and somewhat more frequent; shortest setae about equal in length to the eye. Promesonotal shield longer than broad, including the posterolateral spines (PMI <99). Lateral margins of promesonotal shield produced into translucent flanges. Anterolateral corners acute to subacute. Lateral flanges produced into flat denticles past midlength; these medial denticles are set off from rest of margin by anterior and posterior emarginations. Posterolateral spines dorsoventrally flattened; always longer than their base; sometimes depressed below the plane of the promesonotal dorsum; often parallel, sometimes curved medially. Promesonotal shield with arcing costae: the costaebegin on the posterolateral spines or lateral flanges and curve anteriorly, with their verticesanterior to the medial denticles. Promesontal shield with rugose sculpture on the lateral and posterior flanges as well as on the spines. Setae on promesonotal dorsum of similar composition to those of the face. Mesosomal pleurae without visible sutures. Lateral faces of mesosoma covered with numerous (> 15) longitudinal costae. Metapleural lobes weakly projecting posteriorly. Propodeal spines long (SPL mean 0.38); mediolaterally flattened; translucent. Posterior face of propodeum with strong to weak punctuation; with or without longitudinal costae. Petiole without pedicel or lobe-like ventral process, but otherwise variable: with strong to weak anterolateral bulges; dorsal margin with well- to poorly-developed lamina; dorsolateral margins swept backward and produced into lobe-like laminae which may be long or short, rounded acute to obtuse, directed posterolaterally or dorsolaterally, with dense or dilute ventral pubescence. Postpetiole nodiform (PPI> 60). Dorsal face of postpetiole with strong rugose-areolate sculpture; lateral face strongly costate and rugose; posterior face rugose to areolate. Fourth abdominal tergum (ATIV) small (ATW/WL 1.20; ATL/WL <1.23). ATIV with dense-punctate sculpture always in posterior half; anterior half grading from dense-punctate with radiating costaeto smooth and shining with very weak costae. Setiferous punctures of ATIV surrounded by a circular area of shining, weak punctae. The majority of setae on ATIV longer than the maximum width of the metafemora; longest setae present around the base of abdominal tergum IV; setae decrease in length posteriorly. Queen. HL 1.35-1.44, HW 1.48-1.58, HLA 0.48-0.54, CW 0.50-0.55, CDD 0.21-0.25, SL 0.96-1.07, EL 0.28-0.31, EW 0.23-0.24, SPL 0.19-0.25, WL 1.95-2.12, PTL 0.33-0.38, PTH 0.51-0.65, PPL 0.38-0.47, PPH 0.62-0.69, ATW 1.95-2.26, ATL 2.17-2.35, CI 105.8-113.3, SI 64.7-67.8, OMI 54.4-60.9, CDI 39.1-49.1, SEI 333-367, CS 1.4-1.5, EYE 34.6-37.1 (8 measured). Bicolored; head, mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole orange, metasoma piceous to black. Head broader than long (CI> 105). Mandibles striate. Face with numerous parallel costae, varying in rugosity, which extend from posterior margin of clypeus to posterior margin of head; lateralmost costaecurving over eyes and extending to base of mandibles. Sculpture above the eyes costate to weakly rugose. Scrobal carina variable, never strong or bulging. Anterior margin of clypeus without lamina, rather with two strong, widely set, coneshaped denticles (CDI> 38). Middle portion of clypeus entirely costate; costaeof varying rugosity. Eyes comparatively small (EYE <38). Maximum length of eye less than 3/4as long as malar area (OMI 54-61). Scapes not notably short (SI 64-68). Setae on face erect and of various lengths. Mesosoma longer than tall. Anterolateral corners of pronotum produced into well-developed denticles; dorsolateral margin produced into a distinct carina. Mesosomal dorsum porcate; ridges of varying rugosity sometimes anastomosing. Setae on dorsum of mesosoma of various lengths; longest on the pronotum and mesoscutellum. Lateral face of pronotum costate, with costaein dorsal third curving upward to join dorsolateral carina. Katepisternum costate, occasionally with a smooth patch in anterior portion. Anepisternum with strong costaewhich are widely set relative to katepisternal costae. Mesopleuron and lateral face of propodeum costate. Propodeal spines variably short to long (SPL 0.14-0.25). Procoxae with distinct anterolateral basal shoulder. Procoxae with raised sculpture. Wings as in Meranoplusmale diagnosis. Forewing discal cell 1 (d1) with marked intrapopulation variation: d1 longer than broad, or as long as broad; d1 posterodistal corner may be acute or sub-perpendicular. Petiole cuneate in profile; with anterior bulge in ventral half; without pedicel. Anterolateral corners swept back, with laminar lobe variably developed. Postpetiole generally longer than tall, although exceptions may occur (PPI 64-69 [49]). Sternal process of postpetiole well-developed. Dorsal face of postpetiole strongly areolaterugose; lateral face rugose-costate; posterior face rugose. Fourth abdominal tergum (ATIV) with sides convex in dorsal view. ATIV short (ATL/WL 1.16-1.09). Base of ATIV with weak to very strong dense-punctate sculpture; subparallel costaeradiating from helcium strong to weak. Middle portion to posterior portion of ATIV always with dense-punctate sculpture; smooth around setiferous punctures. Majority of ATIV setae shorter than metafemora; setae longest at base of tergum. Male. HL 0.75-0.92, HW 0.79-0.99, HLA 0.11-0.15, SL 0.23-0.30, EL 0.23-0.35, EW 0.23-0.28, WL 1.47-1.87, PTL 0.29-0.39 PTH 0.28-0.36, PPL 0.27-0.34, PPH 0.32-0.39, ATW 1.16-1.66, ATL 1.03-1.43, CI 105.3-112.6, SI 26.7-30.7, OMI 212-249, SEI 81-88, CS 0.8-1.0, EYE 61.6-65.5 (8 measured). Body black, abdominal segments IV-VIIbrown to black above, appendages light to dark brown. Large (WL 1.5-1.9, CS 0.8-1.0). Head broader than long (CI 105-113). Mandibles short and spatulate, otherwise variable: masticatory margin edentate, with one basal or apical tooth, or with two teeth; dentition sometimes variable between left and right mandibles of same specimen. Frontal carinae indistinct to obsolescent. In full face view, posterior margin of head raised above ocelli greater than distance between lateral ocelli. Head withfine areolate sculpture and variable costae: costaeposterior to ocelli may be longitudinal or transverse. Scapes short (SI 27-31). Eyes comparatively small (EYE 62-66); about two-and-a-half to about two times as long as malar area (OMI 212-243). Ocelli about the size of antennal sockets. Setae of head set in umbilicate punctures. Majority of setae on body longer than eye-length, suberect to erect, sinuate.   FIGURES39-41. M. mayri, worker (CASENT0430421). 39. Body in lateral view (anon.). 40. Body in dorsal view (anon.). 41. Head in full-face view (BEB 2012).   FIGURES42-44. M. mayri, gyne (CASENT0115084; E. Ortega 2012). 42. Body in lateral view. 43. Body in dorsal view. 44. Head in full-face view.  Notaulidistinct and set with foveae; may continue to posterior margin of scutum after converging. Parapsidal lines distinct, faintly impressed. All dorsal surfaces of mesosoma coarsely rugose, with umbilicate setiferous punctures which are especially strong anterolaterally on the scutum. Rugae on scutellum may be transverse or longitudinal. Mesopleuron roughened by evanescent longitudinal costae; anepisternum may be somewhat smooth and shining. Metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum costate. Posterior face of propodeum with curving costae. Wing venation as in Meranoplusmale diagnosis. Petiole and postpetiole shape variable (PTI 92-123, PPI 83-95). Petiole and postpetiole sessile; apex of petiolar node rounded; postpetiole subglobose. Petiolar sternum occasionally with setae. Post-petiolar sternum setose. Fourth abdominal tergum shining; generally with weak, fine areolate sculpture but occasionally smooth; setae set on nodules or in punctures. Petiole and post-petiolar sculpture variable, with or without costaeor rugae; foveate. Fourth abdominal sternum subopaque, with fine areolation. Setae of fourth abdominal tergum set in simple punctures, which may be somewhat raised. Foramen genitale constricted, diameter about 1/2height of basal ring; basal ring broadening posteriorly; basimere about 1.33 times longer than tall in profile; weakly pigmented dorsally in posterior half; medioventral margin of basimere produced medially as a lamina; telomere base less than 0.5 times basimere height; volsella with an apicoventral denticle; setae of cuspis short, no longer than telomere setae; digitus broad, ribbonlike; apical third of digitus sharply bent ventrally at an angle somewhat greater than 90°. Ventral half of penisvalva apex produced posteriorly beyond apicodorsal margin lateral view; lateral apicodorsal margin somewhat angulate in dorsal view; valvura short, stout: broad at base with apex sub-rectangular. Ventral margin of penisvalva sinuate: convex in basal half to concave in distal half. Penisvalva ventral margin with long, recurved teeth; width and distance between the penisvalvar teeth varies basally to apically, with broadest, shortest teeth basally, increasing in size and spacing toward apex; spaces between teeth bases about half height of each tooth in apical third.  Diagnosis Worker. Each of the following characters is sufficient to uniquely identify this species in the Malagasy fauna: long posterolateral promesonotal spines; conelike clypeal denticles; longitudinally costate face and pleurae; concentric arcing costaeon promesonotal shield; fourth abdominal tergum dense-punctate; head broader than long (CI> 100); malar space about twice as long as eye (OMI 44-61); clypeal denticles widely set (CDI> 40). The labrum of M. mayriis distinct from the labra of M. radamaeand sylvarius(figs. 8-11). The labral lobes in M. mayriare evenly rounded distally, whereas those of M. radamaeand sylvariusare evenly rounded apicolaterally and taper linearly to the midline. Gyne. Each of the following characters is sufficient to uniquely identify this species in the Malagasy fauna: large (WL> 1.90); face longitudinally costate; head broader than long (CI> 102); eyes small (EYE <39); eye length distinctly less than 3/4malar area length (OMI <61). Male. The large size (WL 1.6-1.9) and raised posterior margin of the head uniquely identify this species in the Malagasy fauna. Diagnosis is supported by the following characters: umbilicate setiferous punctures present on head and mesosomal dorsum; eyes comparatively small (EYE 62-66); eyes less than 2.5 times as long as the malar area (OMI 212-243); posteroventral apex of penisvalva produced beyond posterodorsal margin; penisvalva without apical lobe.  Comments  Meranoplus mayriis distributed throughout the drier regions of Madagascar from the Southwestern region near P.N. Andohahela all the way north into the Mahajanga province. The elevational range of M. mayriis 20-1345 m. This species displays subtle variation in morphometric and most sculptural characters across its range except for the sculpture of the base of abdominal tergum IV. This character varies from extremely smooth and shining in the southwest to strongly, dense-punctate and costate along the western edge of the High Plateau. Intergrades are common, however, occurring all along the western coast and into the High Plateau. Both smooth and punctate specimens may be found at the same locales, including Ampotoampoto, Ejada, Tsihombe and Ambinanitelo. The variationof this character indicates that although the two extremes are reproductively isolated by distance and geography, but are otherwise linked across their range by intermediate populations.   FIGURES45-47. M. mayri, male (CASENT0062813; A. Nobile 2008). 45. Body in lateral view. 46. Body in dorsal view. 47. Head in full-face view.  Unfortunately, as with most of the diversity of Meranoplus, nothing is known about the behavior or ecology of M. mayriexcept that its ground nests may be found in urban gardens, grasslands, and deciduous and spiny forests. This is the most frequently collected Malagasy Meranoplus, with numerous specimens captured in pitfalls, malaise traps, and hand collections. Although few collections have been made of this species in the High Plateau region, it is predicted that they may be found there as well.  Material examined MADAGASCAR: Antananarivo, Kaloy, 18°35.47' S, 47°39.19' E, 1338 m, grassland, 27Apr2007 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Antananarivo, Tan Morafeno, 15Dec1991 (A. Pauly); Fianarantsoa, P.N. Isalo, Ampotoampoto, 22.62803° S, 45.18843° E, 919 m, savanna woodland, coll'ncode ARA0125, 24-28Feb2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, P.N. Isalo, Ampotoampoto, 22.62935° S, 45.19120° E, 923 m, savanna woodland, coll'ncode ARA400, 27-28Feb2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Tulear, Andohehala N.P., Ihazofotsy, 24°49.85' S, 46°32.17' E, 60 m, transition between spiny and dry forests, coll'ncode MA-02-21-06, 5Jan2003 (Irwin et al.); Fianarantsoa, P.N. Isalo, Isalo, 22.61476° S, 45.31304° E, 867 m, Bismarckia woodland, coll'ncode ARA314, 25Feb2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, P.N. Isalo, Isalo, 22.61594° S, 45.31084° E, 870 m, Bismarckia woodland, coll'ncode ARA305, 24-25Feb2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Fianarantsoa, Itremo, Ampangabe, 20.61372° S, 46.60799° E, 1449 m, savanna grassland, coll'ncode ARA877, 22-24Mar2010 (A. Ravelomanana); Mahajanga, P.N. Ampijoroa, 46°19.16' S, 46°48.80' E, 6 m, coll'ncode MG-25-49, 16-27Apr2005 ( Rin'Ha, Irwin); Toliara, Amboasary, 25°02.33' S, 46°23.01' E, 25 m, urban garden, coll'ncodes BLF15906, BLF15915 and BLF15918, 9Dec2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Andohehala NP, 24°56.21' S, 46°37.60' E, 174 m, transition forest, coll'ncodes MG.20.56, MG.20.27, 31 May-10Jun2003, 6-18Mar2004 ( Rin'Ha, Irwin); Toliara, P.N. Andohehala, Manantalinjo 7.6 km 99° E Hazofotsy, 24°49'S, 46°37' E, 150 m, under stone in spiny forest/thicket, coll'ncodes BLF4863 and BLF41884, 12-16Jan2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); ground nest in spiny forest/thicket, coll'ncode BLF5303, 28 Jan-1Feb2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, P.N. Andohehala, Manatalinjo, 7.6 km 99° E Hazofotsy, 24°49' S, 46°37' E, 160 m, ground nest in spiny forest/thicket, coll'ncodes BLF4811, BLF4884, 12-16Jan2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Behara, 24°52.42'S, 46°23.86'E, 85 m, spiny forest/thicket, coll'ncodes BLF15886 and BLF15895, 9Jul2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Berenty Special Reserve, 25°01.26' S, 46°18.33' E, 36 m, spiny forest, coll'ncode MG-22A, 15-29Apr2004 ( Rin'Ha, Irwin); Toliara, Res. Berenty, ForetAnjapolo, 21.4 km 325° NW Amboasary, 24°56' S, 46°13' E, 65 m, ground nest in spiny forest/thicket, coll'ncodes BLF5460 and BLF5490, 7Feb2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Res. Berenty, ForetBealoka, 14.6 km 329° NNW Amboasary, 24°57' S, 46°16' E, 35 m, ground nest "gallery forest", coll'ncode BLF5382, 3-8Feb2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Ampanihy, 24°41.62' S, 44°44.82'E, 250 m, urban/garden, coll'ncodes BLF15975, BLF15982, BLF15991, 10Dec2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Res. Berenty, ForetMalaza, 8.6 km 314° NW Amboasary, 25°00' S, 46°18' E, 40 m, "gallery forest", coll'ncode BLF5419, 6Feb2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Betioky, 23°43.27' S, 44°22.81' E, 270 m, urban/garden, coll'ncode BLF16035, 11Dec2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Res. Cap Sainte Marie, 14.9 km 261° W Marovato, 25°36' S, 45°09' E, 160 m, ground nest in spiny forest/thicket, coll'ncodes BLF5695 and BLF5748, 13-19Feb2002, (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Col du Manangotry, 24°45' S, 16°48' E, 600 m, coll'ncode BLF601, 6Jul1992 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Ehazoara Conyon, 26 km E Betioky, 23°41' S, 44°38' E, 175 m, ground forager in tropical dry forest, coll'ncode BLF1510-1, 27Apr1997 (B.L. Fisher); Toliara, Ejada, 24°21.03' S, 44°30.96' E, 250 m, urban/garden, coll'ncodes BLF15999, BLF16009, BLF16011, BLF16018, BLF16025, 10Dec2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, P.N. Kirindy Mite, 16.3 km 127° SE Belo sur Mer, 20°48'S, 44°09'E, 80 m, ground nest tropical dry forest, coll'ncodes BLF4744, BLF 4727, BLF4753, 6-10Dec2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Kirindy, 15.5 km 64° ENE Marofandilia, 20°03'S, 44°40'E, 100 m, ground nest tropical dry forest, coll'ncodes BLF4607 and BLF4613, 28 Nov-3Dec2001 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, 4 km N Isaka-Ivondro, 24°46'S, 46°52'E, 180 m, ground foragers roadside, coll'ncode PSW11804-1, 3Feb1993 (P.S. Ward); Toliara, S.F. Mandena, 8.4 km NNE 30° Tolagnaro, 24°57.1'S, 47°00.1'E, 20 m, ground forest "littoral rainforest", coll'ncode BLF2050, 20Nov1998 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, Mahafaly Plateau, 6.2 km 74° ENE Itampolo, 24°19'S, 43°69'E, 80 m, ground nest in spiny forest/thicket, coll'ncode BLF5845, 21-25Feb2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, ForetMahavelo, Isantoria Riv., 5.2 km 44° NE Ifotaka, 24°46' S, 46°09' E, 110 m, ground nest in spiny forest/thicket, 28 Jan-1Feb2002 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, ForetMandena, 24°57.16'S, 47°00.15'E, 20 m, littoral rainforest, coll'ncode BLF15666, 5Dec2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, 48 km ENE Morondava, 20°04'S, 44°39'E, 30 m, tropical dry forest, 4-6Jan1991 (D.M. Olsen); Toliara, Tsihombe, 25°19.10'S, 45°29.02'E, 30 m, coll'ncodes BLF15951, BLF15959, 10Dec2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, P.N. Tsimanampetsotsa, Bemananateza 23.0 km 131°SE Behaloka, 24°00'S, 43°53' E, 90 m, ground nest spiny forest/ thicket, coll'ncodes BLF6265, BLF6268, BLF6280, 22-26Mar2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Toliara, ForetVohidava, 24°14.446 S, 46°17.27' E, 500 m, dry forest, coll'ncode BLF15851, 6-8Dec2006 (B.L. Fisher et al.); Tulear, P.N. Andohehala, Tsimela, 24°56.21' S, 46°37.60' E, 177 m, transition forest, coll'ncode MG-20-52, 15-28Jan2004 ( Rin'Ha, Irwin); Tulear, Andohehala, N.P., Tsimelahy, 24°56.21' S, 46°37.60' E, 180 m, coll'ncode MA-02-20-16, 15-26Feb2001 (M. Irwin et al.); Tulear, Berenty Special Reserve, 25°00.40' S, 46°18.20' E, "gallery forest", 27Dec2007, 7-17Jan2003, 24 Mar-3Apr2003 ( Rin'Ha, Irwin); Tulear, Reserve Berenty, 25°01' S, 46°18' E, 25 m, ground foragers in tropical dry forest, coll'ncode BLF603-1, 10Dec1992 (B.L. Fisher).