Augochlora humeralis
Agapostemon caeruleus
Augochlora sumptuosa bolliana
Augochloropsis caerulea
Halictus (Augochlora) pattoni
Augochloropsis humeralis
Augochlora (Augochloropsis) humeralis
Augochloropsis caerulea
Augochloropsis humeralis
Augochloropsis (Paraugochloropsis) sumptuosa
A review of the Augochloropsis (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) and keys to the shiny green Halictinae of the midwestern United States
Portman, Zachary M.
Arduser, Mike
Lane, Ian G.
Cariveau, Daniel P.
ZooKeys
2022
2022-11-18
1130
103
152
325809A4-9F43-55EC-9FC5-06CFB5C1657F
(Patton)
Portman & Arduser & Lane & Cariveau
2022
Patton
2022
Insecta
Halictidae
Augochloropsis
CoL
Animalia
Augochloropsis (Paraugochloropsis) humeralis
Hymenoptera
0
103
Arthropoda
species
humeralis
stat. nov.
Paraugochloropsis
Augochlora humeralisPatton, 1879: 365 ♀♂. Lectotype: ♀ USA, North-western Kansas, 8 Sep 1877 leg. S.W. Williston, on goldenrod [ANSP]. Images examined by ZP and MA. New lectotype designation.(Labels read: "N.W. Kans. / Williston // Augochlora ♀ / humeralis n.s."). Agapostemon caeruleusAshmead, 1890: 7 ♂ (not ♀) (syn. Sandhouse 1937). Holotype: ♂ USA, Colorado, Denver [USNM ENT 00536769]. Images examined by ZP and MA. Online record: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/320b8ee01-69e8-40bd-ab90-fcb717151953. (Labels read: "Col. // [illegible symbol] Type / No 5516 / U.S.N.M. [red label] // Ashmead / Collection // Collection / Ashmead // Augochlora (Agapostemon) / ♀ coerulea Ash // USNM ENT / 00536769 [yellow label with barcode]"). Augochlora sumptuosa bollianaCockerell, 1909: 31 ♀ (syn. Under Augochloropsis caeruleaby Sandhouse 1937). Images cursorily examined by ZP and MA. New synonym. Syntype(s?): USA, Texas, Lee Co. [USNM Type No. 23306 barcode #: 00536763]. Online record: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/32fdc8c3b-b5b4-4cec-968e-4040825fa92d (Labels read: "Lee Co. / TX. 06 / VI. 0 [illegible symbol] // [red label] Type No. / 23306 / U.S.N.M. // A. sumptuosa / bolliana Ckll / TYPE // USNM ENT / 00536763 [yellow label with barcode]"). Halictus (Augochlora) pattoniVachal, 1903: 132 (proposed replacement name for Augochloropsis humeralisPatton; syn. by Sandhouse 1937). Augochlora (Augochloropsis) humeralis(in Titus 1901: taxonomy). Augochloropsis caerulea(in Sandhouse 1937[in part]: key; Lovell 1942: key). Augochloropsis humeralis(in Dreisbach 1945: key). Augochloropsis (Paraugochloropsis) sumptuosa(in Mitchell 1960[in part]: key, redescription; Hurd 1979[in part]: catalog; Moure and Hurd 1987[in part]: catalog).
Diagnosis. Both sexes of Augochloropsis humeraliscan be distinguished from Augochloropsis metallicaand Augochloropsis viridulaby multiple characters. The pronotal flange of Augochloropsis humeralishas the lateral edges approaching 90 degrees (Figs 14D, 16D) whereas, the lateral edges of the pronotal flange in Augochloropsis metallicaand Augochloropsis viridulaare obtuse (Figs 14E, F, 16E, F, note they do still have a distinct pronotal flange as well). In addition, the vertex of Augochloropsis humeralisrises distinctly above the ocelli (Figs 14A, 16A) whereas it does not rise above the ocelli in Augochloropsis metallicaand Augochloropsis viridula(Figs 14B, C, 16B, C). Finally, the strongly tessellate and "silky"texture of Augochloropsis humeralis(Figs 14G, 16G) is distinct in comparison to Augochloropsis metallicaand Augochloropsis viridula(Figs 14H, I, 16H, I). Augochloropsis humeralisis similar in most respects to Augochloropsis sumptuosa. The females can be separated by the more densely punctate metasomal terga: Augochloropsis humeralishas the punctures on T1 and T2 close together and separated by about one puncture width (at least over most of the terga), whereas Augochloropsis sumptuosahas the punctures always well-separated (about 3-5 puncture widths apart). In addition, females of Augochloropsis sumptuosahave a weak but distinct semicircular carina around the propodeal triangle (Fig. 17D), which Augochloropsis humeralislacks (Fig. 17A). More work is needed on how to separate the males of Augochloropsis sumptuosa, but the male of Augochloropsis humeralisappears to have the median emargination of S4 more acute (Fig. 20C), compared to more rounded truncate in Augochloropsis sumptuosa(see Mitchell 1960: fig 111 (mislabeled as S5)), though this character is variable and it'snot clear how reliable it is.
Comments. What has previously been called Augochloropsis sumptuosaby Mitchell (1960)is not a single species but rather a species complex. Therefore, we have reinstated the name Augochloropsis humeralisPatton for the species occurring in the midwestern United States and retained the name Augochloropsis sumptuosaSmith for the species occurring in the southeastern United States. The exact extent of the range of Augochloropsis sumptuosais unclear, and it is not clear to what extent the ranges of Augochloropsis humeralisand Augochloropsis sumptuosamay overlap. However, we have so far found no evidence that the two species overlap in range, with Augochloropsis sumptuosaappearing to be limited to the east coast of the United States and Augochloropsis humeralisappearing to be limited to the prairie region (Fig. 18). Historic records of Augochloropsis sumptuosafrom Ohio were found to be misidentified Augochloropsis metallica. Since the identity of the midwestern species is clear, we have decided to proceed with a formal split; further delineation of the range of Augochloropsis sumptuosamust be accomplished in future research. Two syntypes of Augochloropsis humeralis(1 male and 1 female) were located in the ANSP collection, where Sandhouse (1937)reported examining them. Though the specimens are undated and not clearly labeled as type specimens, the labels indicate that they are from the type locality. In addition, the specimens bear labels stating " Augochlora humeralisn.s." and " Augochlora humeralisn.sp.". The combination of the little-used name, the "n. sp.", the type locality, and the fact that Sandhouse (1937)considered these types, makes us confident that these are indeed Patton'ssyntypes. As a result, we have designated the female as the lectotype, making the male a paralectotype. Additional paralectotypes may potentially be present at the Smithsonian, as Titus (1901)states "Mr. Ashmead very kindly examined specimens in the U.S.N.M. of A. humeralisPatt., marked 'N. W. Kans., Williston'". However, our inquiries to the Smithsonian have received no answer. Sandhouse (1937)considered the name Augochloropsis caerulea(Ashmead) to have priority because the name Augochloropsis humeralisis a secondary homonym in the genus Halictus. However, Augochloropsis humeralisis not a secondary homonym in the genus Augochloropsisand the substitute name is no longer in use, so following IZCN Article 59.3, the name Augochloropsis humeralisis available and has priority. Augochlora sumptuosa bollianaCockerell is from Texas and was synonymized with Augochloropsis sumptuosaby Sandhouse (1937). Based on the online images of one of the syntypes, we are tentatively assigning it as a synonym of Augochloropsis humeralis, but a more critical evaluation of the specimen, with additional Texas material, should be performed.
Range. Augochloropsis humeralisoccurs throughout the prairie region, ranging from North Dakota and Minnesota south to New Mexico and Texas, extending to Colorado in the west and Indiana in the east (Fig. 18). Specimens from Indiana Dunes National Park represent the easternmost records. Figure 17. Augochloropsisfemale propodea A Augochloropsis humeralis B Augochloropsis metallica C Augochloropsis viridula D Augochloropsis sumptuosa E Augochloropsis anonyma F Augochloropsissp. (likely undescribed species from Eastland, Texas). Scale bars: 1 mm, all images at the same scale.
Biology. Augochloropsis humeralisis polylectic and nests are associated with deep sand (MA, pers. obs.). The sociality and the specifics of the nesting biology are unknown.
Material examined. Colorado: Adams Co.: Denver( 39.8207, -104.8613): 1 ♂[iNat], 29 Aug 2019, @francesco167 leg.; Douglas Co.: ( 39.3467, -104.7511): 1 ♀[iNat], Jul 2020, @calebcam leg.; Logan Co.: ( 40.7752, -103.2721): 1 ♂[iNat], 22 Aug 2014, R. Websterleg. Illinois: Hancock Co.: Warsaw( 40.3427, -91.4493): 1 ♂[iNat], 14 Aug 2016, A. Moorehouseleg., Monarda punctata; Madison Co.: [MASR]; Mason Co.: ( 40.3921, -89.9104): 1 ♀[iNat], 18 Jun 2019, A. Moorehouseleg., Asclepiassp. Indiana: Lake Co.: Indiana DunesNP, Marquette Trail( 41.6111, -87.2365): 1 ♀[IDNP], 19 Jun 2019, McGillleg., blue pan; Indiana DunesNP, Millerwoods ( 41.6057, -87.2644): 1 ♂[IDNP], 12 Sep 2018, McGillleg., white pan; 1 ♀[IDNP], 4 Jun 2019, McGill leg., yellow pan; 1 ♀[IDNP], 23 Jul 2019, McGill leg., yellow pan; Indiana DunesNP, Millerwoods ( 41.6071, -87.2644): 1 ♀[IDNP], 23 Jul 2019, McGillleg., yellow pan; Newton Co.: Kankakee Sands( 41.0848, -87.402): 1 ♀[iNat], 24 May 2018, D. Lucasleg.; Porter Co.: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Mnoke Prairie( 41.6185, -87.1012): 1 ♀[IDNP], 29 Jun 2017, J. Villalpandoleg., bee bowl. Minnesota: Faribault Co.: (43.7, -93.96): 1 ♀[UMSP], 18 Sep 1911; Fillmore Co.: Pin OakSNA ( 43.79261, -92.21915): 1 ♀[MNDNR], 24 Jul 2017, bowl; Hennepin Co.: (44.9, -93.4): 1 ♂[UMSP], date unknown; Norman Co.: Agassiz DunesSNA ( 47.51154, -96.28976): 1 ♂[MNDNR], 24 Aug 2015, bowl; Sherburne Co.: Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge( 45.46477, -93.67435): 2 ♀[EERC], 15 Aug 2016, E. Evans leg., bowl; Wabasha Co.: Weaver Dunes( 44.27746, -91.93892): 1 ♀[UMSP], 28 May 2015, M.J. Hatfieldleg., Ceanothus herbaceus; Weaver DunesTNC/SNA ( 44.25096, -91.93795): 21 ♀[MNDNR], 6 May 2017, bowl; 15 ♀[MNDNR], 26 Jun 2017, bowl; 8 ♂[MNDNR], 24 Jul 2017, bowl; 3 ♂[MNDNR], 19 Aug 2017, bowl; 1 ♀[MNDNR], 21 Sep 2017, bowl; Washington Co.: Belwin Conservancy( 44.9241, -92.7931): 1 ♀[EERC], 4 Sep 2015, J. Gardner leg., net, Solidago nemoralis; Belwin Conservancy( 44.92569, -92.80001): 1 ♀[CRC], 12 Jun 1995, C.C. Reedleg., net, Penstemon grandifloris; 1 ♀[UMSP], 12 Jun 1995, C.C. Reed leg., net, P. grandiflorus; 9 ♀[CRC], 15 Jun 1995, C.C. Reed leg., net, P. grandifloris; 6 ♀[CRC], 16 Jun 1995, C.C. Reed leg., net, P. grandifloris; 1 ♀ 3 ♂[CRC, UMSP], 15 Aug 1995, C.C. Reed leg., net, Dalea purpurea; 3 ♀[CRC], 13 Jun 1997, C.C. Reed leg., net, P. grandifloris; Gray Cloud Dunes(44.79, -92.957): 1 ♀ 4 ♂[UMSP], 9 Jul 1988; Grey Cloud Dunes(44.79, -92.957): 1 ♂[CNBL], 23 Jul 2018, J. Petersenleg., net; Grey Cloud Dunes( 44.7912, -92.9601): 1 ♂[iNat], 14 Sep 2018, A. Birkeyleg.; Grey Cloud DunesSNA ( 44.79004, -92.95536): 1 ♂[MNDNR], 9 Oct 2018, net, S. nemoralis; Grey Cloud DunesSNA ( 44.790046, -92.955076): 1 ♂[MNDNR], 31 Jul 2018, net, D. villosa; Winona Co.: WhitewaterWMA ( 44.15033, -92.00066): 1 ♀[MNDNR], 6 May 2017, bowl; 1 ♀[MNDNR], 26 Jun 2017, bowl. Missouri: Clark Co.: [MASR]; Scott Co.: [MASR]. Nebraska: Hooker Co.: [MASR]; Rock Co.: (42.5, -99.8): 1 ♂[iNat], Sep 2018, @allysond leg.; Thomas Co.: Neb Ntl For, near Halsey, 1 ♂[WRME], 9 Aug 1991, Arduserleg.; Neb. Ntl For. Nr Whitetailcampground: 1 ♀[WRME], 10 Aug 1991, Arduserleg., Helianthus petiolarus. New Mexico: Chaves Co.: [MASR]. North Dakota: Ransom Co.: ( 46.474534, -97.342645): 1 ♂[iNat], 9 Aug 2021, E. Woodleg .. Oklahoma: Ellis Co.: [MASR]. South Dakota: Clay Co.: Missouri National Recreation River( 42.76215, -96.9743): 1 ♂[iNat], 7 Jul 2021, @stenthesnake leg. Texas: Taylor Co.: (32.32, -99.92): 1 ♀[OSUC], 18 Jun 1952, J.N. Knull, D.J. Knullleg. Figure 18.Map of specimens or observations examined for this study from the species Augochloropsis humeralis, Augochloropsis anonyma, and Augochloropsis fulgida.
2014-08-22
2020-07
2014-08-22
R. Webster
Douglas Co.
40.7752
Logan Co.
6
-103.2721
Denver
3
1
2
2016-08-14
A. Moorehouse
Hancock Co.
40.3427
Warsaw
6
-91.4493
1
1
2019-06-18
A. Moorehouse
Madison Co.
40.3921
Mason Co.
6
-89.9104
1
1
2019-06-19
McGill
Lake Co.
41.6111
Indiana Dunes
6
-87.2365
Indiana
1
1
2018-09-12
McGill
41.6057
Miller
6
-87.2644
Indiana Dunes
1
1
2019-07-23
McGill
41.6071
Miller
6
-87.2644
Indiana Dunes
1
1
2018-05-24
D. Lucas
Newton Co.
41.0848
Kankakee Sands
41
-87.402
1
1
2017-06-29
J. Villalpando
Porter Co.
41.6185
Mnoke Prairie
6
-87.1012
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
1
1
1911-09-18
Faribault Co.
43.79261
Fillmore Co.
1
-92.21915
Minnesota
1
1
2017-07-24
Hennepin Co.
47.51154
Agassiz Dunes
1
-96.28976
Norman Co.
2
1
1
2015-08-24
Sherburne Co.
45.46477
Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge
1
-93.67435
1
1
2015-05-28
M. J. Hatfield
Wabasha Co.
44.27746
Weaver Dunes
1
-91.93892
1
1
2022-01-01
2022-12-31
2022-01-01
44.25096
Weaver Dunes
1
-91.93795
1
2017-05-06
2017-09-21
2017-05-06
Washington Co.
44.9241
Belwin Conservancy
6
-92.7931
48
37
11
1995-06-12
C. C. Reed
44.92569
Belwin Conservancy
1
-92.80001
1
1
1988-07-09
2018-07-23
1988-07-09
Grey Cloud Dunes, J. Petersen
Gray Cloud Dunes
6
1
5
2018-09-14
A. Birkey
44.7912
Grey Cloud Dunes
6
-92.9601
1
1
2022-01-01
2022-12-31
2022-01-01
44.79004
Grey Cloud Dunes
1
-92.95536
1
2018-10-09
44.790047
Grey Cloud Dunes
1
-92.95508
1
1
2018-07-31
Winona Co.
44.15033
Whitewater
1
-92.00066
1
1
1991-08-09
2018-09
1991-08-09
Missouri, Arduser
Clark Co.
Nebraska
Scott Co.
4
2
2
1991-08-10
Arduser
Neb. Ntl For. Nr Whitetail
1
1
2021-08-09
E. Wood
Chaves Co.
46.474533
North Dakota
1
-97.34264
New
1
1
Mexico
2021-07-07
Texas
Ellis Co.
42.76215
South Dakota
4
-96.9743
Oklahoma
1
1
Mexico
1952-06-18
J. N. Knull, D. J. Knull
Taylor Co.
Taylor Co.
1
1
Mexico