Revision of the South American genus Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816 (Teleostei: Characidae) with description of four new species Silva, Gabriel S. C. Melo, Bruno F. Oliveira, Claudio Benine, Ricardo C. Zootaxa 2016 4200 1 1 46 [151,452,1171,1197] Insecta Anthribidae Tetragonopterus Animalia Coleoptera 39 40 Arthropoda species juruena sp. nov.     Holotype.  LIRP14033, 75.5mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, upper Rio Tapajós, 12°50’59”S 58°55’36”W, R.J. Ilário et al.,  2007–2010.  Paratypes.LIRP 8586, 9 (1 c&s), 55.8–76.0 mm SL, collected with holotype.   MZUSP62825, 2, 57.2–62.2 mmSL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Juruena, Rio Juruena, upper Rio Tapajós, 10°26’00”S 58°20’00”W, F. Machado et al.  25–26 Jul 1997. Non-types:All from Brazil:  MZUSP93700, 61.3–65.2 mm SL, Rio Papagaio, Rio Juruena, 12°46’04”S 58°23’05”W.   MZUSP96610, 10, 41.6–58.2 mmSL, Rio Peixoto de Azevedo, Rio Teles Pires, 10°13’14”S 54°58’02”W.   MZUSP96775, 31.6–56.3 mm SL, Peixoto de Azevedo, tributary of Rio Peixoto de Azevedo, Rio Teles Pires, 10°17’14”S 54°50’57”W.   MZUSP98404, 1, 55.1 mmSL, Paranaíta, Rio Teles Pires, 09°27’50”S 56°27’58”W.   Diagnosis.  Tetragonopterus juruenais distinguished from all congeners, except  T. ommatusand  T. kuluene, by the presence of 4–6 maxillary teeth ( vs.1–4).  Tetragonopterus juruenadiffers from  T. ommatusby having the dark mark centered on caudal peduncle ( vs.a vertically-oriented mark limited to posterior portion of peduncle).  Tetragonopterus juruenadiffers from  T. anostomus,  T. denticulatusand  T. kulueneby the presence of four principal teeth in dentary ( vs.5–6) and by having more robust teeth on the dentary ( vs.thinner and sharper teeth).  Tetragonopterus juruenadiffers from  T. anostomusby having a terminal mouth ( vs.subsuperior mouth); it differs from  T. anostomusand  T. kulueneby having two conspicuous humeral marks ( vs.only one humeral mark); it differs from  T. denticulatusby having 6 scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin ( vs.7).  Tetragonopterus juruenadiffers from  T. anostomusand  T. araguaiensisby the number of gill rakers on the lower (10–12) and upper (7–8) limbs of the first gill arch ( vs. 17–20 and 10–12).  Tetragonopterus juruenais also distinguished from  T. argenteusby having 8 predorsal scales ( vs.11–17). It differs from  T. carvalhoiby having a rounded dark mark on the caudal peduncle ( vs.lozenge-shaped dark mark on the caudal peduncle).   Tetragonopterus juruenadiffers from  T. rarusby the absence of longitudinal dark stripes on the trunk ( vs.presence of stripes). Finally,  T. juruenadiffers from  T. rarusand  T. georgiaeby the presence of 3.5 scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin ( vs.4.5–5.5).   Description.Morphometric data summarized in Table 9. Body compressed and moderately elongate when compared with congeners. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile slightly convex from snout tip to vertical through middle of orbit; slightly concave from this point to end of occipital process and then convex to dorsal-fin origin. Straight along dorsal-fin base. Slightly convex from rear of dorsal-fin base to rear of adipose fin. Prepelvic region transversely flattened with distinct, longitudinally aligned lateral keels. Ventral profile convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin origin; straight from this point to anal-fin origin and straight along anal-fin base. Caudal peduncle with slightly concave dorsal and ventral profiles.   TABLE 9.Morphometric data for  Tetragonopterus juruena(n=12). Range includes holotype and paratypes.  HolotypeRange Mean Standard length (mm) 75.5 55.8–75.5 65.0 Percentages of standard length Greatest depth 44.5 42.5–46.9 45.0 Predorsal length 49.4 49.4–52.6 50.7 Prepectoral length 27.8 27.8–31.8 30.2 Prepelvic length 48.2 48.2–52.0 50.4 Preanal length 64.1 64.1–70.4 66.9 Caudal peduncle depth 9.57 8.55–9.57 9.12 Caudal peduncle length 8.92 6.70–9.84 9.15 Pectoral-fin length 21.3 21.3–24.5 23.4 Pelvic-fin length 16.5 16.5–20.0 18.6 Dorsal-fin length 31.2 30.6–36.1 32.9 Length of dorsal-fin base 15.7 14.9–17.5 16.0 Anal-fin length 18.2 16.9–20.5 1.53 Length of anal-fin base 31.8 30.6–33.9 32.4 Distance from eye to dorsal-fin origin 45.8 45.8–49.6 47.7 Distance from dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base 51.0 51.0–53.8 52.6 Head length 27.6 27.6–30.9 29.9 Head depth 23.6 23.6–25.3 24.3 Percentages of head length Snout length 14 11–1513.5 Maxillary length 50 46–51 49.5 Horizontal orbital diameter 49 48–51 49.3 Least interorbital width 31 27–31 28.9 Snout shorter than orbital diameter. Mouth terminal. Upper and lower jaw of similar size. Premaxillary teeth in two rows of relatively small teeth. Outer row with 5 (5)*, 6 (7) or 7 (1) teeth with three cusps, central cusp slightly longer. Inner row with 5 (10)* or 6 (2) teeth with three or five cusps, central cusp twice as long as the lateral cusps. Maxilla with 4 (6), 5 (3)* or 6 (3) teeth with three cusps. Dentary with 5 (12)* anteriormost teeth with four or five cusps followed by nine (1 c&s) smaller teeth of similar size with two cusps. Dorsal -in rays ii,9 (12)*. First unbranched ray shorter than second one. Dorsal-fin origin anterior to middle of body in SL. Distal margin of dorsal fin straight, anterior rays longer. Anal-fin rays v,24 (1), v,25 (2) v,26 (3) v,27 (4)* or v,28 (1); posterior unbranched rays and anterior branched rays slightly longer than following rays. Anal-fin origin at vertical through two scales posterior to last branched dorsal-fin ray. Pelvic-fin rays i,7 (12)*. Pelvic-fin origin located at vertical line through dorsal-fin origin. Distal margin of pelvic fin angled, anterior rays longest. Pectoral-fin rays i,11 (3), i,12 (1), i,13 (5) or i,14 (3)*. Caudal fin forked, with i,17,i rays (1 c&s). Dorsal procurrent rays 12 and ventral procurrent rays 7 (1 c&s). Scales large and cycloid. Lateral line complete and distinctly bent downward anteriorly. Longitudinal scales 29 (1), 30 (5), 31 (4) or 32 (1)*. Scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin 6 (12)*; scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3.5 (12)*. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 13 (12)*. Anal-fin base with a sheath of scales. Lobes of caudal fin poorly scaled. First gill arch with 7 (3) or 8 (7)* rakers on upper limb and 10 (2), 11 (3) or 12 (4)* rakers on lower limb. Total vertebrae 31, precaudal vertebrae 13, intermediate vertebrae 2 and caudal vertebrae 16 (1 c&s). Supraneurals 3 (1 c&s).   FIGURE 15.  Tetragonopterus juruena.a) LIRP 14033, holotype, 75.5 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Sapezal, Rio Juruena, Rio Tapajós, Amazon basin; b) LIRP 8586, paratype, same data as holotype, live specimen. Photo (b) by F. Dagosta.  Color in alcohol.General body color pale brown. Dorsal portions of head and body darkly pigmented. Opercular and infraorbital bones silvery, scattered by larger chromatophores. Dorsolateral and ventrolateral portion of body with few chromatophores along distal margins of scales. Two conspicuous, vertical, humeral marks separated by two scale rows, anterior mark more evident. Anterior mark extending over four horizontal scale rows above lateral line. Posterior humeral mark extending over three horizontal scale rows above lateral line. Caudal peduncle with a rounded or oval dark mark. Midlateral silvery stripe broad, extending from supracleithrum to anterior margin of dark mark on caudal peduncle. Anal, pelvic, and dorsal fins hyaline, with chromatophores concentrated in distal portions of rays. Adipose fin hyaline speckled by few chromatophores distally ( Fig. 15a).  Sexual dimorphism.Adult males with bony hooks on distal segments of the first eight branched rays of the anal fin. Two bony hooks per segment.   Distribution.  Tetragonopterus juruenais currently known from the Rio Juruenaand Rio Teles Pires, major tributaries of the Rio Tapajós, Amazon basin ( Fig. 2a).   Etymology.The name  juruenais after the Rio Juruena, the typelocality of the new species. A noun in apposition. 1412767500 2007 2010 2007 LIRP Brazil Sapezal -12.849722 upper Rio Tapajos 21 -58.926666 Rio 39 40 LIRP 14033, 75.5 1 Mato Grosso holotype 1412767498 1997-07-25 1997-07-26 1997-07-25 MZUSP Rio Brazil upper Rio Tapajos -12.767777 Rio Papagaio 21 -58.384724 Machado 39 40 MZUSP 62825, 2, MZUSP 93700, 61.3 1 Mato Grosso 1412767502 MZUSP Brazil -10.220555 Rio Teles Pires 21 -54.967224 Rio Peixoto de Azevedo 39 40 MZUSP 96610, 10 1 Mato Grosso 1412767508 MZUSP Peixoto de Azevedo Brazil -10.287223 Rio Teles Pires 21 -54.849167 Rio Peixoto de Azevedo 39 40 MZUSP 96775, 31.6 1 Mato Grosso 1412767494 MZUSP Paranaita Brazil -9.463889 Rio Teles Pires 21 -56.46611 39 40 MZUSP 98404, 1 1 Mato Grosso