Melo, Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira, 2011 : 49 Silva & Benine, 2011 : 50 Silva et al. , 2013 : 1613 Araujo & Lucinda, 2014 : 309 Melo et al. , 2016 : 707 Revision of the South American genus Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816 (Teleostei: Characidae) with description of four new species Silva, Gabriel S. C. Melo, Bruno F. Oliveira, Claudio Benine, Ricardo C. Zootaxa 2016 4200 1 1 46  Melo, Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira, 2011 : 49 Melo, Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira, 2011 Melo, Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira 2011 [151,991,485,511] Insecta Anthribidae Tetragonopterus Animalia Coleoptera 25 26 Arthropoda species carvalhoi     Tetragonopterus carvalhoi  Melo, Benine, Mariguela & Oliveira, 2011: 49–56 (original description; type locality: Igarapé Iratapuru, Rio Jari, Laranjal do Jari, Amapá, Brazil);  Silva & Benine, 2011: 50–51 (diagnosis);  Silva et al., 2013: 1613–1631 (diagnosis);  Araujo & Lucinda, 2014: 309–315 (diagnosis);  Melo et al., 2016: 707–717 (molecular phylogeny).   Diagnosis.  Tetragonopterus carvalhoiis distinguished from congeners by the presence of a lozenge-shaped dark mark on caudal peduncle ( vs.a rounded dark mark on caudal peduncle).  Tetragonopterus carvalhoiis further distinguished from  T. anostomus, T. denticulatus,  T. juruenaand  T. kulueneby the presence of 4 principal teeth in dentary ( vs.5–6) and larger and more robust teeth ( vs.thinner and sharper teeth). In addition,  T. carvalhoidiffers from  T. anostomusand  T. araguaiensisby the presence of 12–14 gill-rakers on lower limb of the first gill arch ( vs.16–20).  Tetragonopterus carvalhoidiffers from  T. rarusby not having dark longitudinal stripes on the trunk ( vs.presence of such stripes) and by having 3.5 scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin ( vs.4.5–5.5).  Tetragonopterus carvalhoidiffers from  T. anostomusby having terminal mouth ( vs.subsuperior mouth), and from  T. argenteusby having 7–8 predorsal scales ( vs.11–17). It differs from  T. franciscoensisby the presence of 19–22 olfactory lamellae ( vs.11–17).  Tetragonopterus carvalhoidiffers from  T. denticulatusby having humeral marks separated by only one vertical scale row ( vs.humeral marks separated by three vertical scale rows). Finally,  T. carvalhoidiffers from  T. ommatusby having 2–4 teeth on the maxilla ( vs.7–8) and by having the dark mark centered on the caudal peduncle ( vs.dark mark limited to the posterior portion of caudal peduncle).   Description.A detailed description of  Tetragonopterus carvalhoiwas recently provided by Melo et al.(2011).   Distribution.  Tetragonopterus carvalhoiis apparently endemic from the Rio Jari, Amazon basin, at the Amapá- Paráboundary, northern Brazil( Fig. 2b).   Remarks.  Tetragonopterus carvalhoiis very similar to  Astyanax leopoldi Géry, Planquette and Le Bail (1988), a species from the Approuague and Oyapock rivers in French Guyana, sharing a overall general appearance and color pattern, including the distinct lozenge-shaped patch of pigmentation on the caudal peduncle. In the original description, Géry et al.(1988)provided an illustration of the infraorbital bones (their figure 6), which clearly shows the presence of a branched laterosensory canal in the sixth infraorbital, a recognized synapomorphy for  Tetragonopterus( Mirande, 2010; Melo et al., 2011). Mirande (2010: 503), however, noted that the autapomorphy “laterosensory canal of the sixth infraorbital branched (his character 76) for  T. argenteusis homoplastically present in other characids such as  Markiana nigripinnis,  Odontostilbe microcephalaand  Oligosarcuscf. jenynsii. Furthermore, paratypesof  A. leopoldi(MHNG 2393.098) bear four supraneurals, whereas  Tetragonopterushas only three. Thus, we are convinced that  A. leopoldiand  T. carvalhoiare distinct taxa and that  A. leopoldishould not be considered as a member of  Tetragonopterus.     Materialexamined.  Types: Brazil:  MZUSP 102268, holotype, 36.5 mmSL, Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, Rio Jari, Igarapé Iratapuru, 0°33’30”S 52°34’45”W, M. Carvalho, A. Akama, C. Oliveira& F. Marques,   14 Oct 2007. LBP 5306, 6 paratypes, 36.7–42.4 mmSL, Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, Amazonbasin, Rio Jari, Igarapé Iratapuru, 0°34’03”S 52°34’41”W, M. Carvalho et al., 10 Oct 2007. LBP 5376, 16 paratypes, 30.2–42.8 mmSL, Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, Amazonbasin, Rio Jari, Igarapé Iratapuru, 0°33’51”S 52°34’45”W, M. Carvalho et al.  14 Oct 2007.   MZUSP106813, 14paratypes, 35.8–42.2 mmSL, same data as holotype.  Non types:  MZUSP 101755, 3, 56.1–66.0 mm SL, Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, Amazonbasin, Rio Jari, 0°38’55”S 52°30’31”W.   MZUSP 101803, 2, 58.5–63.7 mmSL, Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, Amazonbasin, Rio Jari, 0°34’16”S 52°34’44”W.   MZUSP 102267, 10, 40.0– 46.3 mmSL, Amapá, Laranjal do Jari, Amazonbasin, Rio Jari, 0°34’03”S 52°34’31”W.   MZUSP 102268, 18, 34.9–54.5 mmSL, same data as holotype. 1412767400 MZUSP Carvalho & A. Akama & C. Oliveira & F. Marques Brazil Material -0.55833334 Laranjal do Jari 21 -52.579166 Types 25 26 MZUSP 102268 2 Amapa holotype 1412767421 2007-10-14 Carvalho Brazil Laranjal do Jari -0.5675 Rio Jari 21 -52.578056 Amazon 25 26 6 Amapa paratype 1412767412 2007-10-14 Carvalho Brazil Laranjal do Jari -0.56416667 Rio Jari 21 -52.579166 Amazon 25 26 16 Amapa paratype 1412767430 2007-10-14 MZUSP Carvalho Brazil Non -0.6486111 Amazon 21 -52.50861 Laranjal do Jari 25 26 MZUSP 106813, 14, MZUSP 101755, 3 1 Amapa holotype 1412767431 MZUSP Brazil Laranjal do Jari -0.5711111 Rio Jari 21 -52.578888 Amazon 25 26 MZUSP 101803, 2 1 Amapa holotype 1412767407 MZUSP Brazil Laranjal do Jari -0.5675 Rio Jari 21 -52.575275 Amazon 25 26 MZUSP 102267, 10 1 Amapa holotype 1412767401 MZUSP Brazil Laranjal do Jari -0.5675 Rio Jari 21 -52.575275 Amazon 25 26 MZUSP 102268, 18 1 Amapa holotype