Signoret, 1855 : 528 D. albipennis Leucopepla Leucopepla Leucopepla Leucopepla Leucopepla bituberculata ( Signoret, 1855 ) Leucopepla D. atropunctulatum Leucopepla D. rubriventris Diestostemma bituberculata ( Signoret, 1855 ) Diestostemma bituberculatum ( Signoret, 1855 ) Unraveling the white-clothed Diestostemma Amyot & Serville: a taxonomic revision of the American sharpshooters of the D. bituberculatum complex (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Pinto, Ângelo Parise Mejdalani, Gabriel Takiya, Daniela Maeda Zootaxa 2017 4281 1 135 164 8J2VD Signoret, 1855 Signoret 1855 [151,718,686,712] Insecta Cicadellidae Diestostemma Animalia Hemiptera 9 144 Arthropoda species bituberculatum     Tettigonia bituberculata  Signoret, 1855: 528, pl. 21, fig. 19 (description of male and female syntypes from Rio-Negro [BRAZIL. Amazonas State] in NHMW; comparison with  D. albipennis, illustration of habitus of the male [?] in dorsal view);— Kirkaldy (1907: 87, as types species of  Leucopepla);— Young & Beier (1964: 567, designation of male lectotype);— Evans (1947: 169, mention as type species of  Leucopepla);— Metcalf (1965: 469, catalog, as type species of  Leucopepla);— Young (1968: 30, mention as type species of  Leucopepla);   Leucopepla bituberculata( Signoret, 1855):— Kirkaldy (1907: 12, 87, comb. nov. as typespecies of  Leucopepla);— Melichar (1924: 211, key, redescription of male and female, comparison with  D. atropunctulatum);— Metcalf (1965: 470, catalog);— Schmidt (1928: 37, mention as typespecies of  Leucopepla, comparison with  D. rubriventris);   Diestostemma bituberculata( Signoret, 1855):— Walker (1858: 241, comb. nov., catalog);— McKamey (2007: 287, catalog, records from Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay based on Metcalf 1965and Young 1968);— Paradell et al.(2012: 6, question the occurrence in Argentina);   Diestostemma bituberculatum( Signoret, 1855):— Schmidt (1910: 34, 49–50, key, reproduction of the original description);— Young (1968: 32, 35, 38, figs. 21e–f, i, key, illustrations of female sternite VII in ventral view, connective and stylus in dorsal view and aedeagus in lateral view, records from Guyana, French Guiana, and Brazil);— Zanol & Menezes (1982: 16, record from Brazil).     Materialexamined ( 3♂,  3♀ ). FRENCH GUIANA. [ Cayenne Arrondissement]:  1♂,  1♀, [ Réginacommune],  23 kmSE Rouraon Kew Rd, MVLight ( 04°34’8.10”N, 52°11’09”W,  238 ma.s.l.),  16–17.IV.2007, D.G. Hall& J.E. Egerleg. ( FSCA);   2♂, [ Rouracommune],  Kaw MountainReserve, unpaved logging road, nr. AmazoneLodge, MV Lightsand inspection of vegetation ( 04°32’57.8”N, 52°12’49.7”W,  287 ma.s.l.),  II.2005, J.R. Cryan& J.M. Urbanleg. ( INHS); [Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni Arrondissement]:  2♀, [ Saülcommune], PM-APL,  Bélvédère de Saül, Malaise( 03°37’22”N, 53°12’57”W,  308 ma.s.l.),  09.IX.2010, SEAGleg. (DZRJ).  Type repository.Lectotype male by subsequent designation ( Young & Nast 1963) and paralectotype female in NHMW, examined by photos (©2016, Natural History Museum Vienna, Hemiptera ImageCollection / H. Bruckner).   Measurements (mm, n = 5).Females are larger than males; all upper bounds of intervals correspond to females. Total length (from anterior of head to tip of forewings) 19.2–21.9; crown length 2.4–2.9; interocular distance 2.4–2.9; transocular distance 3.8–4.3; distance between compound eye and mesal line 1.3–1.5; distance between ocellus and mesal line 0.9–1.4; pronotal disc maximum width 5.2–6.0; pronotal disc maximum length 3.6– 4.1; forewing length 15.3–17.9; metathoracic femur length 3.7–4.6; metathoracic tibia length 7.1–8.4.   Diagnosis.A large, dorsolaterally white and ventrally realgar colored  Diestostemma, with two pronotal humps and small dark areas on the forewing. Males and females of  D. bituberculatumcan be distinguished from almost all species, except  D. cavichiolii  sp. nov.and  D. rubriventris, by the pronotal disc virtually lacking dark areas.  Diestostemma bituberculatumcan be distinguished from  D. rubriventrisby the H-shaped distal SDV of the forewing ( Figs. 48–49; distal SDV large and round in  D. rubriventris, Figs. 54–55) and from  D. cavichiolii  sp. nov.by its larger size with total length 19.2–21.9 mm( 18.3–20.8 mmin  D. cavichiolii  sp. nov.), realgar colored venter of abdomen ( Figs. 39–40; yellowish-brown in  D. cavichiolii  sp. nov.), and pronotal humps strongly projected ( Figs. 3–4, 18; distinctly less projected in  D. cavichiolii  sp. nov., Figs. 5–6, 20). Males can be distinguished from other species of the  D. bituberculatumcomplex by the abruptly anteriorly curved aedeagal process, forming an angle of about 90° in lateral view, bifurcated into a pair of thin, slightly flattened rami in lateral view ( Figs. 75–77; aedeagal process gently curved forming obtuse angle, bifurcated into a pair of expanded or slightly expanded flattened rami in the remaining species, Figs. 72–74, 78–86). Females have the posterior margin of sternite VII trilobed, with mesal lobe strongly projected, extending distally farther than lateral lobes ( Fig. 88), which allows separating  D. bituberculatumfrom all species of this complex except  D. albinoi  sp. nov.Distinguishing female characters between these two species are given under the diagnosis of the latter species.   Distribution.Recorded from the Amazonia Domain in Guyana,  French Guiana, and AmazonasState in Brazil. Its occurrence in southern South American countries Uruguayand Argentina, as cited by Metcalf (1965), is a mistake (see below and in Paradell et al.2012). Very likely, it is an exclusively tropical South American species occurring at the Amazonian formations of the Brazilian subregion ( Fig. 93).   Etymology.The specific name  bituberculatumis a declinable adjective. This compound word is formed by the Latin numeral prefix bi-(two, double) plus tuberculum(stem tubercul-; noun n., 2nd decl.; small swelling, protuberance) plus the adjectival suffix – atus –a –um(equipped with) in its neuter form. This name, meaning ‘equipped with two bumps or protuberances,’ refers to the two pronotal humps observed in all species of the  D. bituberculatumcomplex and some species of other groups of  Diestostemma(e.g.,  D. nervosumgroup). Given that this specific name is an adjective and the genus name is neuter in gender, in agreement with article 31.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) they must agree in gender, thus the correct spelling is  D. bituberculatum, which was firstly adopted by Schmidt (1910). McKamey (2007, p. 287)incorrectly catalogued  D. bituberculatafollowing his assumption of an “implicit” new combination by Young (1968, p. 32)of the transfer of  Tettigonia bituberculata Signoret, 1855to  Diestostemma. This mistake possibly occurred because Young (1968)only presented specific names and not the full combination with the genus-group name or because he did not use the expression “new combination” for this species. However, McKamey (2007)overlooked the key and figure captions in Young’s (1968, p. 35, 38) monograph, where he clearly stated the combination “ D[ iestostemma]  bituberculatum”. Nevertheless, Walker (1858, p. 241)had already previously combined this specific name with  Diestostemma.    Remarks.This species was originally described from “Rio-Negro” ( Figs. 13–14), which researchers would now identify with little doubt as the large river in the Brazilian Amazonia. Metcalf (1965)and Young (1968)cited its occurrence for Argentinaand Uruguay, very likely based on the same locality of Rio Negro. Papavero(1994, p. 113) mentioned a longtime confusion among two homonymous Rio Negrolocalities in South America, one at the Amazonian Basin and the other referring to  Rio NegroProvinceof southern Argentina. Rio Negrois also an important river crossing Uruguay. All of this would lead both Metcalf (1965)and Young (1968)to consider its occurrence in the Pampean biogeographical province and Andean Regioneither in Argentinaor Uruguay. However, there are no records of specimens of this group (  D. bituberculatumcomplex) outside the Amazonian Basin. The southernmost record for  D. bituberculatumis located at 03°08’S, and recently records from Argentinawere considered doubtful (  Paradell et al.2012). Hence,  D. bituberculatummust be removed from the checklists of these countries. Since the milestone monograph by Young (1968), structures of the male genitalia are used as a source of taxonomic characters for  Diestostemma, including the shape of the arms of the connective. However, we observed strong variation in the few males of  D. bituberculatumexamined ( Figs. 61–62), suggesting that other characters should be used in combination with the male genitalia to confirm species identifications. 1977784345 2007-04-16 2007-04-17 2007-04-16 FSCA Kew Rd, MV & D. G. Hall & J. E. Eger French Guiana Material 238 4.568917 Regina 15 -52.185833 Cayenne Arrondissement 9 144 8 4 4 1977784352 2005-02 INHS MV Lights & J. R. Cryan & J. M. Urban French Guiana Roura 287 4.549389 Kaw Mountain 1 -52.213806 Kaw Mountain Reserve 9 144 2 2 Amazone 1977784437 2010-09-09 SEAG Belvedere de Saul French Guiana Arrondissement 308 3.622778 Belvedere de Saul 21 -53.215836 Saul 9 144 2 2 Amazone 1977784355 Argentina Rio Negro. Papavero Rio Negro Province South America 10 145 1 Rio Negro 1977784353 Argentina Andean Region 10 145 1 1977784341 Argentina -3.1333334 Hence Paradell 10 145 1