A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research Sara A. Lourie Riley A. Pollom Sarah J. Foster Zootaxa 2016 4146 1 1 66 3LZLR Cuvier 1829 Cuvier 1829 [151,470,506,532] Actinopterygii Syngnathidae Hippocampus Animalia Syngnathiformes 25 26 Chordata species guttulatus   Synonyms.  H. guttulatus multiannularis Ginsburg 1937,  H. hippocampus microcoronatusSlastenenko1938,  H. hippocampus microstephanusSlastenenko 1937,  H. longirostris Schinz 1822.  Neotype: MNHN-IC 2016-0023.     Typelocality. Nice, France.   Distribution. AzoresIslands, Bulgaria, Channel Islands, Croatia, Cyprus, France,  Georgia, Greece, Isle of Man, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, UK, Ukraine.   FIGURE 18.Range map for  Hippocampus guttulatus.See Figure 2 caption for further details.  Notes.The name  H. ramulosushas frequently been used for the European Long-snouted Seahorse, but see Species Inquirendabelow. Schinz (1822)proposed the name  H. longirostris(~long-snouted seahorse) for this species in opposition to his  H. brevirostris(~short-snouted seahorse).  Hippocampus longirostrisis given here in synonymy despite its earlier date (as in Lourie et al.1999), following Ginsburg (1937)who called for its suppression and support of  H. guttulatus‘in accordance with universal usage’. This has been challenged by Vasil’Eva (2007), however, we continue to support Ginsburg’s concept (see also notes under  H. hippocampus).  Hippocampus bicuspisis similar meristically (Appendix E, and different from the other known species from the region,  H. algiricus), but it was found far outside the species’ typical range (in Senegal) and is here treated as a Species Inquirendum. Based on genetic data (991bp cyt band CR, and five microsatellites) there are four distinct subpopulations of  H. guttulatusthroughout Europe ( EasternAtlantic, Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea) ( Woodall et al.2015). The most common mtDNA haplotypes were found in all sampled locations, and the average genetic distance among populations was only 0.65%, supporting the conclusion that this is still a single species even though there is likely no current gene flow between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. That said, even the Black Sea population is only 1.06% different from the furthest population in the Bayof Biscay ( Woodall et al.2015). 1416636202 [199,515,721,746] France Nice 25 26 1 holotype