Mygale plumipes C. L. Koch, 1842: 67 Eurypelma plumipes : C. L. Koch, 1850: 73 Simon, 1864: 67 Tapinauchenius plumipes : Ausserer, 1871: 201 Petrunkevitch, 1911: 90 1928: 82 1939: 290 Roewer 1942: 257 Bonnet, 1959: 4239 Schmidt, 1994a: 259 Cifuentes & Perafán 2020: 110 Avicularia deborrii Becker, 1879: 143 Simon, 1886: 133 Ephebopus violaceus Mello-Leitão, 1930 b: 56 Petrunkevitch 1939: 292 Roewer 1942: 258 Bonnet 1956: 1710 Avicularia violacea : Lucas, Silva & Bertani, 1992: 163 Tapinauchenius purpureus Schmidt, 1995b: 11 Tapinauchenius violaceus Tapinauchenius violaceus West et al. , 2008: 39 Pachystopelma concolor Caporiacco, 1947: 21 Tapinauchenius concolor : Bertani 2012: 29 Tapinauchenius gigas Caporiacco, 1954: 50 Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the tarantula genera Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871, Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1985, and Amazonius n. gen. (Theraphosidae, Psalmopoeinae) Cifuentes, Yeimy Bertani, Rogerio Zootaxa 2022 2022-02-23 5101 1 1 123 54SZR (C. L. Koch, 1842) C. L. Koch 1842 [151,699,519,546] Arachnida Theraphosidae Tapinauchenius Animalia Araneae 34 35 Arthropoda species plumipes  ( Figs 19, 21–61)      Mygale plumipesC. L. Koch, 1842: 67, fig. 733.     Eurypelma plumipes: C. L. Koch, 1850: 73;  Simon, 1864: 67.     Tapinauchenius plumipes: Ausserer, 1871: 201; Simon, 1892: 172; Pickard-Cambridge F., 1899: 898;  Petrunkevitch, 1911: 90;  1928: 82;  1939: 290;  Roewer 1942: 257;  Bonnet, 1959: 4239;  Schmidt, 1994a: 259, figs 2.;  Cifuentes & Perafán 2020: 110, figs 4.9B; World Spider Catalog 2021.     Avicularia deborrii Becker, 1879: 143. First synonymized by  Simon, 1886: 133.    Ephebopus violaceus Mello-Leitão, 1930b: 56, fig. 4;  Petrunkevitch 1939: 292;  Roewer 1942: 258;  Bonnet 1956: 1710. New synonymy.     Avicularia violacea: Lucas, Silva & Bertani, 1992: 163.     Tapinauchenius purpureus Schmidt, 1995b: 11, fig. 1. First synonymized with  Tapinauchenius violaceusby West et al.2008.    Tapinauchenius violaceus:  West et al., 2008: 39, figs 21–22.     Pachystopelma concolor Caporiacco, 1947: 21. New synonymy.     Tapinauchenius concolor: Bertani 2012: 29.     Tapinauchenius gigas Caporiacco, 1954: 50. New synonymy.   Diagnosis.Females of  Tapinauchenius plumipesresemble those of  T. latipes,  T. cupreus,  T. polybotesand  T. rastiin the spermathecae with a constriction near the tip, forming a small and strongly sclerotized lobe ( Fig. 31). They differ by tibiae III with an apical-ventral row of spiniform setae ( Fig. 48) and legs, carapace and chelicerae with violet sheen ( Figs 59–61). Additionally, they differ from females of  T. latipesby the longer spermathecae ( Fig. 31); from  T. cupreusby the non-oval spermathecae shape, and from  T. rastiand and  T. polybotesby the geographic distribution on South America mainland. Males of  T. plumipesresemble those of  T. gretae  n. sp.by the embolus being more than 3.5 times longer than subtegulum in retrolateral view. They differ by the embolus in dorsal view curving gently to retrolateral side ( Fig. 27).   Type material. Lectotypeand paralectotypemales of  Mygale plumipesC. L. Koch, 1842, here designated, from Suriname, deposited at ZMB, Kat N°2044-1,2, examined ( Figs 32–34). Syntypesfemale and male of  Avicularia deborrii Becker, 1879, from Paramaribo, Suriname, deposited at Museé de Bruxelles, not examined. Lectotypeimmature male from Guyana, Campo di Marlissa [ 4°55’N 58°13’W], 31 December ( MZUF507) and paralectotype, immature, from Guyana, Campo I Demerara( MZUF505) of  Pachystopelma concolor Caporiacco, 1947, designated by Bertani (2012), deposited at Museo Zoologico “La Specola”, Firenze, examined. Holotypefemale of  Ephebopus violaceus Mello-Leitão, 1930from Cuminá [ 1°21’S, 56°02’W], state of Pará, Brazil, deposited at MNRJ, examined ( Fig. 57). Lectotypefemale, here designated, of  Tapinauchenius gigas Caporiacco, 1954, from Saint Jean du Maroni [ 5°24’N, 54°04’W], French Guiana, Benoist coll., December 1913, deposited at MNHNAR 14637, examined ( Figs 46–50). Holotypefemale and paratypemale of  Tapinauchenius purpureus Schmidt, 1995from Piste de Coralie PK4, Porte de la Conte (Route de l’Est), Piste de l’Est, Cacao [ 4°32’N 52°29’W], French Guiana, A. Braunshausen, 1992/93, ded. M. Verdez, deposited at SMF38042, SMF38046, examined ( Figs 53–56).  Other material examined.  GUYANA: Kamakusa( Kamakusa mountains?) [ 5°39’N, 60°08’W], 1 female, no collector,  November 1992(AMNH-Tap-36);  Bartica, Kartabo[ 6°23’N, 58°42’W], 1 female, no data (AMNH-Tap-60);  SURINAME: Paramaribo[ 5°50’N, 55°11’W], 1 male, Agr Sta, V. Doesburgcol.,  August 1962(AMNH-Tap-39).  FRENCH GUIANA:  Cayenne: Le Gallion[ 4°46’N, 52°25’W], Emerald Jungle Villagelodge, in cabin room on floor, 1 male, R. West,  April 1999, ( MZUSP 76526); same data and collector, in tree cavity, no silk, 1 male,  8 April 1999( MZUSP 76527);  Gaston[ 4°18’N, 52°06’W], 1 male, J. Moonencol.,  29 September 1991, ( MZUSP 76528);  BRAZIL:  Amazonas: Iranduba, Vila de Paricatuba[ 3°05’00”S, 60°14’32”W], 1 male, M. Q. Almeidacol.,  22 April 2017 ( INPA 9094);  Manaus, ZF2, km 14, Malaisegrande ( 2°35’21”S, 60°06’55”W), 1 female, J. A. Rafaeland F. F. Xavier,  15–30 November 2016( INPA 9095);  Novo Airão[ 2°37’40”S, 60°56’32”W], 1 female, Albertocol.,  30 July 1997( INPA 9096); ( 2°37’41.5”S, 60°57’13.6”W) 1 female, R. Bertaniand M. E. E. S. Oliveira,  06 November 2017( MNRJ 7695);  1 male, same data and collectors ( MNRJ 7696); ramal do Olimpio( 02°39’23’’S, 60°55’44’’W), on recently felled Inajápalm trunk, 1 female, P. F. Bührnheim, N. O. Aguiarand N. F. Fécol.,  06 July 1997( INPA 9093); (  UHE Balbina[ 1°55’06”S, 59°29’25”W], 1 male, B. Mascarenhascol.,  14 January 1988( MPEG 005384);  Rio Preto da Eva[ 2°41’54”S, 59°42’02W], 1 male, M. Q. Almeidacol.,  25 August 2014( INPA 9098);   Pará: Ananindeua[ 1°22’S, 48°23’W], 1 male, R. F. da Silvacol.,  13 August 1974( MNRJ 7697);  Belém, Ilha Nova[ 1°14’01”S, 48°32’41”W], 1 female, R. F da Silvacol.,  20 June 1977( MPEG 005196);  Jacundá, right margin of Tocantinsriver ( 4°33’S, 49°27’W), 1 female, W.L. Overaland team col.,  13 May 1984( MPEG 005134);  Jurutí[ 2°09’51”S, 56°05’28”W], 1 male, N.S. Abrahim,  22 May 2009( MPEG 034337);  Ourém[ 1°32’53”S, 47°07’02”W], 1 female, D.D. Guimarãescol.,  06 October 2001( MPEG 000212);  Santa Bárbara do Pará[ 1°13’38”S, 48°17’46”W], Fazenda Morelândia, 1 female, B. J. F da Silvacol.,  13–15 November 1998( MPEG 000188);  Senador José Porfirio[ 2°35’S, 51°56’W], right margin of Xingu river, 1 female,  04 March 2001( MPEG 000199).   Redescription.Male (INPA 9094 ). Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 24.20. Carapace 10.32 long, 9.41 wide, 5.98 high. Chelicera: 5.17 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.51, 6.20, 10.97, 9.14, 4.81, 42.63; II: 10.45, 5.05, 9.51, 8.98, 4.15, 38.14; III: 8.56, 4.06, 7.5, 8.71, 3.98, 32.81; IV: 11.3, 3.96, 8.01, 8.73, 5.55, 36.55; Palp: 6.37, 3.65, 6.52, -, 2.14, 18.68. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 1.77, 1.87, 2.08, 2.01, palp= 1.32; patellae I–IV= 1.73, 1.76, 1.82, 1.72, palp= 1.48; tibiae I–IV= 1.51, 1.35, 1.43, 1.67, palp= 1.44; metatarsi I–IV= 1.03, 1.20, 1.02, 1.13; tarsi I–IV= 0.98, 1.07, 1.05, 1.09, palp= 1.31. Abdomen: 12.01 long, 7.23 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.67 long, 0.27 wide, 0.25 apart; PLS, 1.43 basal, 0.85 middle, 1.55 distal; midwidths 0.35, 0.46, 0.50, respectively. Carapace: 1.10 times longer than wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea: deep, straight, 0.51 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.58 high, 0.91 long, 1.32 wide. Clypeus: absent. Anterior eye row straight, posterior recurved. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.32, ALE 0.28, PME 0.15, PLE 0.23, AME– AME 0.19, AME–ALE 0.07, AME–PME 0.11, ALE–ALE 0.92, ALE–PME 0.22, PME–PME 0.74, PME–PLE 0.06, PLE–PLE 1.00, ALE–PLE 0.13. Maxilla: length to width 1.60. Cuspules: ca. 106 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.56 long, 0.77 wide, with ca. 87 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Chelicera: basal segment with 9 teeth in row. Sternum: 2.82 long, 2.00 wide. Legs: Formula: I IV II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 0.86. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate; IV with few sparse setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 2/3 distal; IV 1/4 distal. IV divided by rows of setae. Spination: Palps and legs (ventral apical: tibia/metatarsi): Palp 0; I: 1 behind retrolateral process of tibial apophysis; II: 2/0; III 2/2; IV 0/2. Tibial apophysis ( Figs 28–30): with two processes, retrolateral larger than prolateral, one spine at side of prolateral, another on apical part of retrolateral process. Conspicuous triangular protuberance behind retrolateral process. Metatarsus I folds on retrolateral side of tibial apophysis. Palp ( Figs 24–27): tegulum length 0.90, width 0.75, embolus proximal width 0.25, length 3.81. Embolus proximal portion straight. Embolus length to tegulum length: 4.23, curves gently to retrolateral side. Embolus distal portion narrows abruptly ending in curved tip.   FIGURES 46–52.  Tapinauchenius gigas. (46–50)lectotype female (MNHN AR 14637). 46,spermathecae. 47,carapace and chelicerae. 48,left metatarsus and tarsus III, ventral. 49,left maxilla, prolateral. 50,label. (51–52)paralectotype (female  Ephebopus murinus) 51,spermathecae. 52,habitus.   FIGURES 53–57. (53–56)  Tapinauchenius purpureus. (53–55)paratype male (SMF 38046). (53–54)right bulb. 53,retrolatera1. 54,prolateral. 55,left leg I tibial apophysis, ventral. (57)spermathecae of exuvium mounted on microscope slide. 57,  Tapinauchenius violaceus, holotype (MNRJ) spermathecae. Color pattern (preserved in alcohol): Carapace, legs, palpal femora and tibiae brown, with blue-violet shades; abdomen purple with proximal transverse line connected with central vertical line forming “T” shape.  Redescription.Female (INPA 9093). Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 28.62. Carapace 13.37 long, 11.38 wide, 7.82 high. Chelicera: 6.88 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 10.59, 6.14, 8.59, 8.05, 4.67, 38.04; II: 9,94, 5.78, 7.75, 7.53, 5.11, 36.11; III: 7.90, 4.57, 6.65, 7.58, 4.48, 31.18; IV: 10.61, 5.31, 9.57, 10.42, 4.34, 40.25; Palp: 7.26, 4.22, 5.02, -, 6.04, 22.54. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 2.16, 2.14, 2.13, 2.15 palp= 1.83; patellae I–IV= 2.16, 2.00, 2.03, 2.02, palp= 2.02; tibiae I–IV= 1.92, 1.67, 1.76, 2.06, palp= 1.90; metatarsi I–IV= 1.73, 1.51, 1.24, 1.27; tarsi I–IV= 1.69, 1.64, 1.45, 1.26, palp= 1.79. Abdomen: 14.02 long, 8.57 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.81 long 0.95 wide, 0.33 apart; PLS, 2.24 basal, 1.79 middle, 3.25 distal; midwidths 1.59, 1.64, 1.31, respectively. Carapace: 1.17 times longer than wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea: deep, straight, 1.52 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.99 high, 2.09 long, 3.07 wide. Clypeus: absent. Anterior eye row straight, posterior slightly recurved. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0,66, ALE 0.62, PME 0.46, PLE 0.55, AME–AME 0.49, AME–ALE 0.20 AME–PME 0.39, ALE–ALE 2.19, ALE–PME 0.39, PME–PME 1.67, PME–PLE 0.13, PLE–PLE 2.27, ALE–PLE 0.30. Maxilla: length to width 1.66. Cuspules: ca. 132 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.79 long, 2.14 wide, with ca. 119 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Chelicera: basal segment with 10 teeth in row. Sternum: 6.59 long, 5.10 wide.   FIGURES 58–62.  Tapinauchenius plumipes, living. 58,male from French Guiana, Montsinery-Tonnegrande. 59,female from same locality. (60–61)females from Brazil, Amazonas, Novo Airão, 61,in the wild, under a palm leaf retreat. 62,male from Brazil, Amazonas, Iranduba. Photos: 58, 59 Rick C. West, 60–62 Rogério Bertani. Legs: Formula: I = IV II III. Length leg IV to I: 1.06. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate; IV with a few sparse setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 1/2 distal with a row of spiniform setae; IV 1/4 distal. IV divided by rows of setae. Spination: Palps and legs (ventral apical: tibia/metatarsi): Palp 2; I: 2/0; II 2/0; III 2/ row of spiniform setae; IV 2/ row of spiniform setae. Spermathecae ( Fig. 31): Two spermathecae completely separated, with base wider than in middle, an apical small well-sclerotized rounded lobe of less diameter than width of mid-spermathecae. Color pattern (preserved in alcohol): Carapace brown with violet shades; legs, palpal femora, and tibiae brown; abdomen brown with violet shades, with a central longitudinal line.   Distribution. Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and Brazil( Figs 21, 23).   Remarks.  Tapinauchenius violaceus( Mello-Leitão, 1930)(described originally as  Ephebopus violaceus) and  T. purpureus Schmidt, 1995were considered synonyms by West et al.(2008).  Tapinauchenius violaceus holotypeis a very small specimen, badly preserved. The small spermathecae are comparable to those of  T. plumipes( Fig. 57). The specific name,  violaceus, makes reference to the purple color pattern on the abdomen which is also found in  T. plumipesfemales. The type locality, Cuminá River, in northwestern state of Pará, Brazil, is in the known geographic distribution of  T. plumipes. Therefore, we consider  T. violaceusa junior synonym of  T. plumipes.   Tapinauchenius purpureus Schmidt, 1995was described from a female exuvium, a female ( holotype) and a male ( paratype) collected at “Piste de Coralie PK4, Port de la Conte (Route de l’Est, Cacao, French Guyana). Spermathecae shape ( Schmidt 1995b, fig. 1), female color pattern and type locality in French Guyanaare congruent with those of  T. plumipes. Thus, we consider  T. purpureusa junior synonym of  T. plumipes. The spermathecae on mounted slide probably belonging to the exuvium is part of the typematerial ( Fig. 56) but does not fit well with that of  T. plumipes. It probably belongs to the new species herein described as  Amazonius germani  n. gen.n. sp.which is also found in French Guiana.   Pachystopelma concolor Caporiacco, 1947was described with two immaturespecimens from Guyana, Campo di Marlissa and Campo I Demerarain a short, three line long description. The larger specimen ( lectotype) lacks urticating setae and maxillary lyra, has some apical spines at distal tibiae and metatarsi and the anterior ocular row is straight. Thus, there is no doubt it belongs to  Tapinauchenius, as already proposed by Bertani (2012). Additionally, it has some spinose setae ventrally on distal metatarsi III which is found in  T. plumipesfemale and immatures and the type locality is close to the boundary with Suriname, the type locality of  T. plumipes. Therefore, we consider  Pachystopelma concolor Di Caporiacco, 1947ajunior synonym of  Tapinauchenius plumipes(C. L. Koch, 1842).   Tapinauchenius gigas Caporiacco, 1954was described from three syntypesfrom Saint Jean du Maroni, French Guiana, collected by the botanist Benoist in December 1913. The three specimenswere examined and only one femalebelongs to  Tapinauchenius, which is, herein, designed as the lectotype. The other two specimens, a female and immature male ( paralectotypes) belong to  Ephebopus, and are identified by us as  E. murinus. The lectotypelacks a maxillary lyra ( Fig. 49) and has typical  Tapinauchenius plumipesspermathecae, long and with constriction near the tip, forming a small and strongly sclerotized lobe ( Fig. 46). The type locality is in the known geographic distribution of  T. plumipes. We, therefore, consider  T. gigas Caporiacco, 1954as a junior synonym of  T. plumipes(C. L. Koch, 1842).  Schmidt (1994c)described a male and published a spermathecae drawing of an exuvium of a female he identified as  T. gigasfrom French Guiana. However, Schmidt (1994c)did not examine the typesof Caporiacco (1954)and surely misidentified the specimens used in his redescription of  T. gigas. He was followed by Auer, Huber & Bochtler (2007)and Hüsser (2018). The species misidentified by Schmidt (1994c)remained undescribed until now, being herein described as  Amazonius germani  n. sp. 3861806447 1992-11 Guyana 5.65 Kamakusa mountains 1305 -60.133335 Kamakusa 34 35 1 1 3861806318 Guyana 6.383333 Kartabo 1304 -58.7 Bartica 34 35 1 1 3861806332 1962-08 V Agr Sta & Doesburg Suriname 5.8333335 Paramaribo 1305 -55.183334 34 35 1 1 Paramaribo 3861806452 1999-04 R Le Gallion & West French Guiana 4.7666664 Emerald Jungle Village 1306 -52.416668 Cayenne 34 35 MZUSP 76526 1 1 3861806412 1999-04-08 MZUSP Le Gallion & West French Guiana 4.7666664 Emerald Jungle Village 1306 -52.416668 Cayenne 34 35 MZUSP 76527 1 1 3861806350 [417,1429,1993,2020] 1991-09-29 MZUSP J. Moonen French Guiana 4.3 Gaston 1306 -52.1 34 35 MZUSP 76528 1 1 3861806346 2017-04-22 INPA M. Q. Almeida Brazil Amazonas -3.0833333 Vila de Paricatuba 21 -60.24222 Iranduba 37 38 INPA 9094 1 1 3861806429 2016-11-15 2016-11-30 2016-11-15 INPA J. A. Rafael & F. F. Xavier Brazil -2.5891666 Malaise 21 -60.115276 37 38 INPA 9095 1 1 3861806365 1997-07-30 INPA Alberto Brazil -2.6281946 Novo Airao 1 -60.953777 37 38 INPA 9096 1 1 3861806423 1997-07-30 INPA Alberto Brazil -2.6281946 Novo Airao 1 -60.953777 37 38 INPA 9096 1 1 3861806404 [381,902,981,1008] 2017-11-06 MNRJ Bertani & M. E. E. S. Oliveira Brazil 37 38 MNRJ 7696 1 1 3861806417 1997-07-06 INPA P. F. Buhrnheim & N. O. Aguiar Brazil -2.656389 Olimpio 21 -60.92889 37 38 INPA 9093 1 1 3861806416 [240,1432,1053,1080] 1988-01-14 UHE B. Mascarenhas Brazil -1.9183334 Balbina 21 -59.490276 37 38 MPEG 005384 1 1 3861806441 [151,1286,1089,1116] 2014-08-25 INPA M. Q. Almeida Brazil -2.6983335 21 -59.700558 37 38 INPA 9098 1 1 3861806308 1974-08-13 R F. da Silva Brazil -1.3666667 Ananindeua 1308 -48.383335 Para 37 38 MNRJ 7697 1 1 3861806455 1977-06-20 R F da Silva Brazil -1.2336111 Ilha Nova 21 -48.544724 Belem 37 38 MPEG 005196 1 1 3861806343 1984-05-13 MPEG W. L. Overal Brazil -4.55 Jacunda 1306 -49.45 37 38 MPEG 005134 1 1 Tocantins 3861806405 2009-05-22 MPEG N. S. Abrahim Brazil -2.1641667 Juruti 21 -56.09111 37 38 MPEG 034337 1 1 3861806407 2001-10-06 MPEG D. D. Guimaraes Brazil -1.5480555 Ourem 21 -47.11722 37 38 MPEG 000212 1 1 3861806418 1998-11-13 1998-11-15 1998-11-13 MPEG Fazenda Morelandia & B. J. F da Silva Brazil -1.2272222 Santa Barbara do Para 21 -48.296112 37 38 MPEG 000188 1 1 3861806456 2001-03-04 MPEG Brazil -2.5833333 Xingu river 1307 -51.933334 Senador Jose Porfirio 37 38 MPEG 000199 1 1