Mygale plumipes C. L. Koch, 1842: 67
Eurypelma plumipes : C. L. Koch, 1850: 73
Simon, 1864: 67
Tapinauchenius plumipes : Ausserer, 1871: 201
Petrunkevitch, 1911: 90
1928: 82
1939: 290
Roewer 1942: 257
Bonnet, 1959: 4239
Schmidt, 1994a: 259
Cifuentes & Perafán 2020: 110
Avicularia deborrii Becker, 1879: 143
Simon, 1886: 133
Ephebopus violaceus Mello-Leitão, 1930 b: 56
Petrunkevitch 1939: 292
Roewer 1942: 258
Bonnet 1956: 1710
Avicularia violacea : Lucas, Silva & Bertani, 1992: 163
Tapinauchenius purpureus Schmidt, 1995b: 11
Tapinauchenius violaceus
Tapinauchenius violaceus
West et al. , 2008: 39
Pachystopelma concolor Caporiacco, 1947: 21
Tapinauchenius concolor : Bertani 2012: 29
Tapinauchenius gigas Caporiacco, 1954: 50
Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the tarantula genera Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871, Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1985, and Amazonius n. gen. (Theraphosidae, Psalmopoeinae)
Cifuentes, Yeimy
Bertani, Rogerio
Zootaxa
2022
2022-02-23
5101
1
1
123
54SZR
(C. L. Koch, 1842)
C. L. Koch
1842
[151,699,519,546]
Arachnida
Theraphosidae
Tapinauchenius
Animalia
Araneae
34
35
Arthropoda
species
plumipes
( Figs 19, 21–61)
Mygale plumipesC. L. Koch, 1842: 67, fig. 733. Eurypelma plumipes: C. L. Koch, 1850: 73; Simon, 1864: 67. Tapinauchenius plumipes: Ausserer, 1871: 201; Simon, 1892: 172; Pickard-Cambridge F., 1899: 898; Petrunkevitch, 1911: 90; 1928: 82; 1939: 290; Roewer 1942: 257; Bonnet, 1959: 4239; Schmidt, 1994a: 259, figs 2.; Cifuentes & Perafán 2020: 110, figs 4.9B; World Spider Catalog 2021. Avicularia deborrii Becker, 1879: 143. First synonymized by Simon, 1886: 133. Ephebopus violaceus Mello-Leitão, 1930b: 56, fig. 4; Petrunkevitch 1939: 292; Roewer 1942: 258; Bonnet 1956: 1710. New synonymy. Avicularia violacea: Lucas, Silva & Bertani, 1992: 163. Tapinauchenius purpureus Schmidt, 1995b: 11, fig. 1. First synonymized with Tapinauchenius violaceusby West et al.2008. Tapinauchenius violaceus: West et al., 2008: 39, figs 21–22. Pachystopelma concolor Caporiacco, 1947: 21. New synonymy. Tapinauchenius concolor: Bertani 2012: 29. Tapinauchenius gigas Caporiacco, 1954: 50. New synonymy.
Diagnosis.Females of Tapinauchenius plumipesresemble those of T. latipes, T. cupreus, T. polybotesand T. rastiin the spermathecae with a constriction near the tip, forming a small and strongly sclerotized lobe ( Fig. 31). They differ by tibiae III with an apical-ventral row of spiniform setae ( Fig. 48) and legs, carapace and chelicerae with violet sheen ( Figs 59–61). Additionally, they differ from females of T. latipesby the longer spermathecae ( Fig. 31); from T. cupreusby the non-oval spermathecae shape, and from T. rastiand and T. polybotesby the geographic distribution on South America mainland. Males of T. plumipesresemble those of T. gretae n. sp.by the embolus being more than 3.5 times longer than subtegulum in retrolateral view. They differ by the embolus in dorsal view curving gently to retrolateral side ( Fig. 27).
Type material. Lectotypeand paralectotypemales of Mygale plumipesC. L. Koch, 1842, here designated, from Suriname, deposited at ZMB, Kat N°2044-1,2, examined ( Figs 32–34). Syntypesfemale and male of Avicularia deborrii Becker, 1879, from Paramaribo, Suriname, deposited at Museé de Bruxelles, not examined. Lectotypeimmature male from Guyana, Campo di Marlissa [ 4°55’N 58°13’W], 31 December ( MZUF507) and paralectotype, immature, from Guyana, Campo I Demerara( MZUF505) of Pachystopelma concolor Caporiacco, 1947, designated by Bertani (2012), deposited at Museo Zoologico “La Specola”, Firenze, examined. Holotypefemale of Ephebopus violaceus Mello-Leitão, 1930from Cuminá [ 1°21’S, 56°02’W], state of Pará, Brazil, deposited at MNRJ, examined ( Fig. 57). Lectotypefemale, here designated, of Tapinauchenius gigas Caporiacco, 1954, from Saint Jean du Maroni [ 5°24’N, 54°04’W], French Guiana, Benoist coll., December 1913, deposited at MNHNAR 14637, examined ( Figs 46–50). Holotypefemale and paratypemale of Tapinauchenius purpureus Schmidt, 1995from Piste de Coralie PK4, Porte de la Conte (Route de l’Est), Piste de l’Est, Cacao [ 4°32’N 52°29’W], French Guiana, A. Braunshausen, 1992/93, ded. M. Verdez, deposited at SMF38042, SMF38046, examined ( Figs 53–56). Other material examined. GUYANA: Kamakusa( Kamakusa mountains?) [ 5°39’N, 60°08’W], 1 female, no collector, November 1992(AMNH-Tap-36); Bartica, Kartabo[ 6°23’N, 58°42’W], 1 female, no data (AMNH-Tap-60); SURINAME: Paramaribo[ 5°50’N, 55°11’W], 1 male, Agr Sta, V. Doesburgcol., August 1962(AMNH-Tap-39). FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne: Le Gallion[ 4°46’N, 52°25’W], Emerald Jungle Villagelodge, in cabin room on floor, 1 male, R. West, April 1999, ( MZUSP 76526); same data and collector, in tree cavity, no silk, 1 male, 8 April 1999( MZUSP 76527); Gaston[ 4°18’N, 52°06’W], 1 male, J. Moonencol., 29 September 1991, ( MZUSP 76528); BRAZIL: Amazonas: Iranduba, Vila de Paricatuba[ 3°05’00”S, 60°14’32”W], 1 male, M. Q. Almeidacol., 22 April 2017 ( INPA 9094); Manaus, ZF2, km 14, Malaisegrande ( 2°35’21”S, 60°06’55”W), 1 female, J. A. Rafaeland F. F. Xavier, 15–30 November 2016( INPA 9095); Novo Airão[ 2°37’40”S, 60°56’32”W], 1 female, Albertocol., 30 July 1997( INPA 9096); ( 2°37’41.5”S, 60°57’13.6”W) 1 female, R. Bertaniand M. E. E. S. Oliveira, 06 November 2017( MNRJ 7695); 1 male, same data and collectors ( MNRJ 7696); ramal do Olimpio( 02°39’23’’S, 60°55’44’’W), on recently felled Inajápalm trunk, 1 female, P. F. Bührnheim, N. O. Aguiarand N. F. Fécol., 06 July 1997( INPA 9093); ( UHE Balbina[ 1°55’06”S, 59°29’25”W], 1 male, B. Mascarenhascol., 14 January 1988( MPEG 005384); Rio Preto da Eva[ 2°41’54”S, 59°42’02W], 1 male, M. Q. Almeidacol., 25 August 2014( INPA 9098); Pará: Ananindeua[ 1°22’S, 48°23’W], 1 male, R. F. da Silvacol., 13 August 1974( MNRJ 7697); Belém, Ilha Nova[ 1°14’01”S, 48°32’41”W], 1 female, R. F da Silvacol., 20 June 1977( MPEG 005196); Jacundá, right margin of Tocantinsriver ( 4°33’S, 49°27’W), 1 female, W.L. Overaland team col., 13 May 1984( MPEG 005134); Jurutí[ 2°09’51”S, 56°05’28”W], 1 male, N.S. Abrahim, 22 May 2009( MPEG 034337); Ourém[ 1°32’53”S, 47°07’02”W], 1 female, D.D. Guimarãescol., 06 October 2001( MPEG 000212); Santa Bárbara do Pará[ 1°13’38”S, 48°17’46”W], Fazenda Morelândia, 1 female, B. J. F da Silvacol., 13–15 November 1998( MPEG 000188); Senador José Porfirio[ 2°35’S, 51°56’W], right margin of Xingu river, 1 female, 04 March 2001( MPEG 000199).
Redescription.Male (INPA 9094 ). Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 24.20. Carapace 10.32 long, 9.41 wide, 5.98 high. Chelicera: 5.17 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 11.51, 6.20, 10.97, 9.14, 4.81, 42.63; II: 10.45, 5.05, 9.51, 8.98, 4.15, 38.14; III: 8.56, 4.06, 7.5, 8.71, 3.98, 32.81; IV: 11.3, 3.96, 8.01, 8.73, 5.55, 36.55; Palp: 6.37, 3.65, 6.52, -, 2.14, 18.68. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 1.77, 1.87, 2.08, 2.01, palp= 1.32; patellae I–IV= 1.73, 1.76, 1.82, 1.72, palp= 1.48; tibiae I–IV= 1.51, 1.35, 1.43, 1.67, palp= 1.44; metatarsi I–IV= 1.03, 1.20, 1.02, 1.13; tarsi I–IV= 0.98, 1.07, 1.05, 1.09, palp= 1.31. Abdomen: 12.01 long, 7.23 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 0.67 long, 0.27 wide, 0.25 apart; PLS, 1.43 basal, 0.85 middle, 1.55 distal; midwidths 0.35, 0.46, 0.50, respectively. Carapace: 1.10 times longer than wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea: deep, straight, 0.51 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.58 high, 0.91 long, 1.32 wide. Clypeus: absent. Anterior eye row straight, posterior recurved. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.32, ALE 0.28, PME 0.15, PLE 0.23, AME– AME 0.19, AME–ALE 0.07, AME–PME 0.11, ALE–ALE 0.92, ALE–PME 0.22, PME–PME 0.74, PME–PLE 0.06, PLE–PLE 1.00, ALE–PLE 0.13. Maxilla: length to width 1.60. Cuspules: ca. 106 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 0.56 long, 0.77 wide, with ca. 87 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Chelicera: basal segment with 9 teeth in row. Sternum: 2.82 long, 2.00 wide. Legs: Formula: I IV II III. Length leg IV to leg I: 0.86. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate; IV with few sparse setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 2/3 distal; IV 1/4 distal. IV divided by rows of setae. Spination: Palps and legs (ventral apical: tibia/metatarsi): Palp 0; I: 1 behind retrolateral process of tibial apophysis; II: 2/0; III 2/2; IV 0/2. Tibial apophysis ( Figs 28–30): with two processes, retrolateral larger than prolateral, one spine at side of prolateral, another on apical part of retrolateral process. Conspicuous triangular protuberance behind retrolateral process. Metatarsus I folds on retrolateral side of tibial apophysis. Palp ( Figs 24–27): tegulum length 0.90, width 0.75, embolus proximal width 0.25, length 3.81. Embolus proximal portion straight. Embolus length to tegulum length: 4.23, curves gently to retrolateral side. Embolus distal portion narrows abruptly ending in curved tip. FIGURES 46–52. Tapinauchenius gigas. (46–50)lectotype female (MNHN AR 14637). 46,spermathecae. 47,carapace and chelicerae. 48,left metatarsus and tarsus III, ventral. 49,left maxilla, prolateral. 50,label. (51–52)paralectotype (female Ephebopus murinus) 51,spermathecae. 52,habitus. FIGURES 53–57. (53–56) Tapinauchenius purpureus. (53–55)paratype male (SMF 38046). (53–54)right bulb. 53,retrolatera1. 54,prolateral. 55,left leg I tibial apophysis, ventral. (57)spermathecae of exuvium mounted on microscope slide. 57, Tapinauchenius violaceus, holotype (MNRJ) spermathecae. Color pattern (preserved in alcohol): Carapace, legs, palpal femora and tibiae brown, with blue-violet shades; abdomen purple with proximal transverse line connected with central vertical line forming “T” shape. Redescription.Female (INPA 9093). Total length, not including chelicerae or spinnerets 28.62. Carapace 13.37 long, 11.38 wide, 7.82 high. Chelicera: 6.88 long. Legs (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus, total): I: 10.59, 6.14, 8.59, 8.05, 4.67, 38.04; II: 9,94, 5.78, 7.75, 7.53, 5.11, 36.11; III: 7.90, 4.57, 6.65, 7.58, 4.48, 31.18; IV: 10.61, 5.31, 9.57, 10.42, 4.34, 40.25; Palp: 7.26, 4.22, 5.02, -, 6.04, 22.54. Midwidths: femora I–IV= 2.16, 2.14, 2.13, 2.15 palp= 1.83; patellae I–IV= 2.16, 2.00, 2.03, 2.02, palp= 2.02; tibiae I–IV= 1.92, 1.67, 1.76, 2.06, palp= 1.90; metatarsi I–IV= 1.73, 1.51, 1.24, 1.27; tarsi I–IV= 1.69, 1.64, 1.45, 1.26, palp= 1.79. Abdomen: 14.02 long, 8.57 wide. Spinnerets: PMS, 1.81 long 0.95 wide, 0.33 apart; PLS, 2.24 basal, 1.79 middle, 3.25 distal; midwidths 1.59, 1.64, 1.31, respectively. Carapace: 1.17 times longer than wide; cephalic region slightly raised, thoracic striae conspicuous. Fovea: deep, straight, 1.52 wide. Eyes: eye tubercle 0.99 high, 2.09 long, 3.07 wide. Clypeus: absent. Anterior eye row straight, posterior slightly recurved. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0,66, ALE 0.62, PME 0.46, PLE 0.55, AME–AME 0.49, AME–ALE 0.20 AME–PME 0.39, ALE–ALE 2.19, ALE–PME 0.39, PME–PME 1.67, PME–PLE 0.13, PLE–PLE 2.27, ALE–PLE 0.30. Maxilla: length to width 1.66. Cuspules: ca. 132 spread over ventral inner heel. Labium: 1.79 long, 2.14 wide, with ca. 119 cuspules spaced by one diameter from each other on anterior third. Chelicera: basal segment with 10 teeth in row. Sternum: 6.59 long, 5.10 wide. FIGURES 58–62. Tapinauchenius plumipes, living. 58,male from French Guiana, Montsinery-Tonnegrande. 59,female from same locality. (60–61)females from Brazil, Amazonas, Novo Airão, 61,in the wild, under a palm leaf retreat. 62,male from Brazil, Amazonas, Iranduba. Photos: 58, 59 Rick C. West, 60–62 Rogério Bertani. Legs: Formula: I = IV II III. Length leg IV to I: 1.06. Scopula: Tarsi I–IV fully scopulate; IV with a few sparse setae. Metatarsi I–II fully scopulate; III 1/2 distal with a row of spiniform setae; IV 1/4 distal. IV divided by rows of setae. Spination: Palps and legs (ventral apical: tibia/metatarsi): Palp 2; I: 2/0; II 2/0; III 2/ row of spiniform setae; IV 2/ row of spiniform setae. Spermathecae ( Fig. 31): Two spermathecae completely separated, with base wider than in middle, an apical small well-sclerotized rounded lobe of less diameter than width of mid-spermathecae. Color pattern (preserved in alcohol): Carapace brown with violet shades; legs, palpal femora, and tibiae brown; abdomen brown with violet shades, with a central longitudinal line.
Distribution. Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and Brazil( Figs 21, 23).
Remarks. Tapinauchenius violaceus( Mello-Leitão, 1930)(described originally as Ephebopus violaceus) and T. purpureus Schmidt, 1995were considered synonyms by West et al.(2008). Tapinauchenius violaceus holotypeis a very small specimen, badly preserved. The small spermathecae are comparable to those of T. plumipes( Fig. 57). The specific name, violaceus, makes reference to the purple color pattern on the abdomen which is also found in T. plumipesfemales. The type locality, Cuminá River, in northwestern state of Pará, Brazil, is in the known geographic distribution of T. plumipes. Therefore, we consider T. violaceusa junior synonym of T. plumipes. Tapinauchenius purpureus Schmidt, 1995was described from a female exuvium, a female ( holotype) and a male ( paratype) collected at “Piste de Coralie PK4, Port de la Conte (Route de l’Est, Cacao, French Guyana). Spermathecae shape ( Schmidt 1995b, fig. 1), female color pattern and type locality in French Guyanaare congruent with those of T. plumipes. Thus, we consider T. purpureusa junior synonym of T. plumipes. The spermathecae on mounted slide probably belonging to the exuvium is part of the typematerial ( Fig. 56) but does not fit well with that of T. plumipes. It probably belongs to the new species herein described as Amazonius germani n. gen.n. sp.which is also found in French Guiana. Pachystopelma concolor Caporiacco, 1947was described with two immaturespecimens from Guyana, Campo di Marlissa and Campo I Demerarain a short, three line long description. The larger specimen ( lectotype) lacks urticating setae and maxillary lyra, has some apical spines at distal tibiae and metatarsi and the anterior ocular row is straight. Thus, there is no doubt it belongs to Tapinauchenius, as already proposed by Bertani (2012). Additionally, it has some spinose setae ventrally on distal metatarsi III which is found in T. plumipesfemale and immatures and the type locality is close to the boundary with Suriname, the type locality of T. plumipes. Therefore, we consider Pachystopelma concolor Di Caporiacco, 1947ajunior synonym of Tapinauchenius plumipes(C. L. Koch, 1842). Tapinauchenius gigas Caporiacco, 1954was described from three syntypesfrom Saint Jean du Maroni, French Guiana, collected by the botanist Benoist in December 1913. The three specimenswere examined and only one femalebelongs to Tapinauchenius, which is, herein, designed as the lectotype. The other two specimens, a female and immature male ( paralectotypes) belong to Ephebopus, and are identified by us as E. murinus. The lectotypelacks a maxillary lyra ( Fig. 49) and has typical Tapinauchenius plumipesspermathecae, long and with constriction near the tip, forming a small and strongly sclerotized lobe ( Fig. 46). The type locality is in the known geographic distribution of T. plumipes. We, therefore, consider T. gigas Caporiacco, 1954as a junior synonym of T. plumipes(C. L. Koch, 1842). Schmidt (1994c)described a male and published a spermathecae drawing of an exuvium of a female he identified as T. gigasfrom French Guiana. However, Schmidt (1994c)did not examine the typesof Caporiacco (1954)and surely misidentified the specimens used in his redescription of T. gigas. He was followed by Auer, Huber & Bochtler (2007)and Hüsser (2018). The species misidentified by Schmidt (1994c)remained undescribed until now, being herein described as Amazonius germani n. sp.
3861806447
1992-11
Guyana
5.65
Kamakusa mountains
1305
-60.133335
Kamakusa
34
35
1
1
3861806318
Guyana
6.383333
Kartabo
1304
-58.7
Bartica
34
35
1
1
3861806332
1962-08
V
Agr Sta & Doesburg
Suriname
5.8333335
Paramaribo
1305
-55.183334
34
35
1
1
Paramaribo
3861806452
1999-04
R
Le Gallion & West
French Guiana
4.7666664
Emerald Jungle Village
1306
-52.416668
Cayenne
34
35
MZUSP 76526
1
1
3861806412
1999-04-08
MZUSP
Le Gallion & West
French Guiana
4.7666664
Emerald Jungle Village
1306
-52.416668
Cayenne
34
35
MZUSP 76527
1
1
3861806350
[417,1429,1993,2020]
1991-09-29
MZUSP
J. Moonen
French Guiana
4.3
Gaston
1306
-52.1
34
35
MZUSP 76528
1
1
3861806346
2017-04-22
INPA
M. Q. Almeida
Brazil
Amazonas
-3.0833333
Vila de Paricatuba
21
-60.24222
Iranduba
37
38
INPA 9094
1
1
3861806429
2016-11-15
2016-11-30
2016-11-15
INPA
J. A. Rafael & F. F. Xavier
Brazil
-2.5891666
Malaise
21
-60.115276
37
38
INPA 9095
1
1
3861806365
1997-07-30
INPA
Alberto
Brazil
-2.6281946
Novo Airao
1
-60.953777
37
38
INPA 9096
1
1
3861806423
1997-07-30
INPA
Alberto
Brazil
-2.6281946
Novo Airao
1
-60.953777
37
38
INPA 9096
1
1
3861806404
[381,902,981,1008]
2017-11-06
MNRJ
Bertani & M. E. E. S. Oliveira
Brazil
37
38
MNRJ 7696
1
1
3861806417
1997-07-06
INPA
P. F. Buhrnheim & N. O. Aguiar
Brazil
-2.656389
Olimpio
21
-60.92889
37
38
INPA 9093
1
1
3861806416
[240,1432,1053,1080]
1988-01-14
UHE
B. Mascarenhas
Brazil
-1.9183334
Balbina
21
-59.490276
37
38
MPEG 005384
1
1
3861806441
[151,1286,1089,1116]
2014-08-25
INPA
M. Q. Almeida
Brazil
-2.6983335
21
-59.700558
37
38
INPA 9098
1
1
3861806308
1974-08-13
R
F. da Silva
Brazil
-1.3666667
Ananindeua
1308
-48.383335
Para
37
38
MNRJ 7697
1
1
3861806455
1977-06-20
R
F da Silva
Brazil
-1.2336111
Ilha Nova
21
-48.544724
Belem
37
38
MPEG 005196
1
1
3861806343
1984-05-13
MPEG
W. L. Overal
Brazil
-4.55
Jacunda
1306
-49.45
37
38
MPEG 005134
1
1
Tocantins
3861806405
2009-05-22
MPEG
N. S. Abrahim
Brazil
-2.1641667
Juruti
21
-56.09111
37
38
MPEG 034337
1
1
3861806407
2001-10-06
MPEG
D. D. Guimaraes
Brazil
-1.5480555
Ourem
21
-47.11722
37
38
MPEG 000212
1
1
3861806418
1998-11-13
1998-11-15
1998-11-13
MPEG
Fazenda Morelandia & B. J. F da Silva
Brazil
-1.2272222
Santa Barbara do Para
21
-48.296112
37
38
MPEG 000188
1
1
3861806456
2001-03-04
MPEG
Brazil
-2.5833333
Xingu river
1307
-51.933334
Senador Jose Porfirio
37
38
MPEG 000199
1
1