Bostrichus plumeriae Nordlinger 1856: 74 Hypothenemus plumeriae (Nordlinger) Wood and Bright 1992: 938 Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood 1834 Bright 2019: 136 plumeriae eruditus Stephanoderes parallelus Hopkins, 1915: 25 H . parallelus H . eruditus Westwood. Later H . plumeriae ( Wood 2007 ) H . plumeriae H . parallelus H . plumeriae S . parallelus (USNM) S . cylindricus Hopkins H . pallidus Hopkins H . guadaloupensis Schedl H . plumeriae H . plumeriae parallelus Hopkins H . plumeriae sensu Wood (2007) H . plumeriae eruditus Westwood H . parallelus eruditus plumeriae H . eruditus H . plumeriae New species, new records and synonymy of Brazilian species of Hypothenemus Westwood, 1834 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Atkinson, Thomas H. Flechtmann, Carlos A. H. Insecta Mundi 2021 2021-01-29 2021 846 1 33 3NZMB (Nordlinger, 1856) Nordlinger 1856 [192,762,1280,1309] Insecta Curculionidae Hypothenemus Animalia Coleoptera 5 4 Arthropoda species plumeriae      Bostrichus plumeriae Nordlinger 1856: 74    Hypothenemus plumeriae(Nordlinger).  Wood and Bright 1992: 938. Complete synonymy given.    Hypothenemus eruditusWestwood 1834.  Bright 2019: 136  plumeriae=  eruditus     Stephanoderes parallelus Hopkins, 1915: 25. New synonymy.  Wood (1982: 905)questioned the validity of  H. parallelusand suggested that it might be a synonym of  H. eruditusWestwood. Laterhe suggested that it might be synonymous with  H. plumeriae( Wood 2007). Large numbers of specimens of  H. plumeriaewere collected from traps in Brazilby the second author and collaborators and we were concerned that the differences given in his 2007 key between  H. parallelusand  H. plumeriaewere extremely minor and variable. The holotypeof  S. parallelus(USNM)was compared by the first author with those of  S. cylindricusHopkins(USNM),  H. pallidusHopkins(USNM), and  H. guadaloupensisSchedl(USNM), all of which have previously been synonymized with  H. plumeriaeby Wood. Likewise, all of the specimens in Wood’s collection identified as  H. plumeriaewere studied. We conclude that  parallelusHopkinsfalls within the range of  H. plumeriae sensu Wood (2007). Bright (2019: 136)treated  H. plumeriaeas a synonym of  eruditusWestwoodwithout mentioning  H. parallelusbecause the small frontal elevation on the frons was difficult to see. While this character is subtle, it is consistent and typical “  eruditus”and “  plumeriae” are often found in the same trap samples with no intergradation. There is a great deal of variation within what is currently referred to  H. erudituswhich is most likely a complex of cryptic species ( Kambestad et al. 2017), but all of these forms have the frons completely convex apart from a slight transverse impression above the epistoma. In specimens of  H. plumeriaethere is a distinct concavity above the epistoma with an impunctate elevation above it in the middle of the frons.