Cervus nippon Temminck Won, 1968 p.374 Corbet, 1978 p.200 Han, 1994 p.46 Won & Smith, 1999 p.22 Oh, 2004b p.262 Jo et al ., 2012 p.252 C. hortulorum Swinhoe, 1864 p.169 Kishida & Mori, 1931 p.380 C. mandarinus Milne-Edwards, 1871 p.174 C. dybowskii Taczanowski, 1876 p.123 C. mantchuricus Swinhoe, 1864 p.169 Kishida & Mori, 1931 p.380 C. hortulorum hortulorum : Kuroda, 1938 p.6 C. nippon hortulorum : Tate, 1947 p.341 Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951 p.365 Won, 1958 p.431 Won, 1967 p.43 Won, 1968 p.375 Corbet, 1978 p.200 Yoon, 1992 p.128 C . nippon nippon : Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951 p.365 C . nippon mantchuricus : Won, 1958 p.430 Won, 1967 p.41 Yoon, 1992 p.126 Mammals of Korea: a review of their taxonomy, distribution and conservation status Jo, Yeong-Seok Baccus, John T. Koprowski, John L. Zootaxa 2018 2018-11-19 4522 1 1 216  Jo et al ., 2012 p.252  T56N 9863 Temminck, 1838 Temminck 1838 [151,539,440,466] Mammalia Cervidae Cervus Animalia Artiodactyla 109 110 Chordata species nippon     Cervus nipponTemminck in Siebold, 1837[1838] p.22; Typelocality- Nagasaki, Japan;  Won, 1968 p.374;  Corbet, 1978 p.200;  Han, 1994 p.46;  Won & Smith, 1999 p.22;  Oh, 2004b p.262;  Jo et al., 2012 p.252.     C. hortulorum Swinhoe, 1864 p.169; Typelocality- Beijing, China;  Kishida & Mori, 1931 p.380.     C. mandarinus Milne-Edwards, 1871 p.174; Typelocality-Beijing, China.     C. dybowskii Taczanowski, 1876 p.123; Typelocality- Ussuri, Manchuria.     C. mantchuricus Swinhoe, 1864 p.169; Typelocality- Newchwang (Yingkou), Manchuria;  Kishida & Mori, 1931 p.380.     C. hortulorum hortulorum: Kuroda, 1938 p.6.     C. nippon hortulorum: Tate, 1947 p.341;  Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951 p.365;  Won, 1958 p.431;  Won, 1967 p.43;  Won, 1968 p.375;  Corbet, 1978 p.200;  Yoon, 1992 p.128.     C. nippon nippon: Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951 p.365.     C. nippon mantchuricus: Won, 1958 p.430;  Won, 1967 p.41;  Yoon, 1992 p.126.   Range:Historically,  C. nipponinhabited the Korean Peninsula, Jeju Island, and southern coastal islands ( Lee 1965). Recently, the distribution became limited to the Chinese and Russian border areas in Hamgyeongbuk Province and Ryanggang Province, North Korea( Jin & Ouh 1990; Won & Smith 1999; Fig. 72). Although the South Koreapopulations were extirpated in the 1990s, translocated sika deer from Taiwanreleased for religious ceremonies became invasive at Mt. Songni National Park ( Koh et al.2010a). The National Park Service attempted to remove the Taiwanese Sika deer but about 100 feral deer remain (Songni National Park office, Pers. Comm.).   Remarks: Won (1967)listed two subspecies, C. n. mantchuricusin JejuIsland and C. n. hortulorumin the Korean Peninsula. Only one subspecies, C. n. hortulorum,formed populations in Koreaafter the extirpation of the species on JejuIsland ( Won 1968). Corbet (1978)relegated C. n. mantchuricusas a synonym of C. n. hortulorum. Various populations of  C. nipponhave an uncertain origin or mixed ancestry. The genetic status of C. n.  hortulorumremains particularly uncertain ( Harris 2008).  Conservation status:The North Korean government established habitats for  C. nipponin Samjiyeon County and Beakam County as Natural Monuments in 1980. Also, the South Korean government designated  C. nipponas an Endangered Species in 2005. However, the species became extinct in South Korea, with no plans for reintroduction. Although the IUCN listed this species as a species of ‘Least Concern’, the Red Data Book for South Korearegistered  C. nipponas ‘Regionally Extinct’ (NIBR 2012). The Red Data Book for North Korealists the species as ‘Endangered’ (MAB National Committee of DPR Korea2002).