Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae) Huber, Bernhard A. Journal of Natural History 2009 2009-09-11 43 39 - 40 2491 2523 6TXNK Deeleman-Reinhold and van Harten, 2001 Deeleman-Reinhold and van Harten 2001 [243,1004,999,1023] Arachnida Pholcidae Pehrforsskalia Animalia Araneae 27 2516 Arthropoda species conopyga  ( Figures 13, 41–44, 128–147, 151)  Pehrforsskalia conopyga Deeleman-Reinhold and van Harten 2001, p. 204–206, figs 30–37.  Types Male holotypeand 8 female paratypesfrom Hamam ‘Ali ( 14°41′N, 44°08′E), Yemen;   1600 ma.s.l., vegetation bordering citrus plantation,  19.viii.1998( A. van Harten), in RMNH, not examined.  Diagnosis Easily distinguished from other pholcines by the unique palpal morphology (trochanter apophysis, procursus, bulbal apophysis; Figures 128, 129). Two closely related undescribed species occur in Mozambiqueand Tanzania(B.A. Huber, unpublished data); they differ by the shape of the procursi.  Male (Okavango) Total body length 2.5, carapace width 0.7. Leg 1: 21.9 (5.7 + 0.3 + 5.5 + 8.9 + 1.5), tibia 2 missing, tibia 3: 1.9, tibia 4: 2.7, tibia 1 L/d: 89. Habitus as in Figures 41 and 42; carapace pale ochre-yellow with brown median band widening posteriorly, ocular area and clypeus not darkened, sternum whitish, legs monochromous pale ochre-yellow, abdomen grey with some poorly visible marks dorsally and laterally. Distance PME–PME 400 µm, diameter PME 80 µm, distance PME–ALE 25 µm, distance AME–AME 35 µm; diameter AME ∼20 µm (lenses apparently present). Ocular area elevated, each triad on distinct stalk with cone-shaped projection medially of PME (with possibly expansible cuticle; Figures 135, 138), few stronger hairs posteriorly on ocular area. No thoracic furrow, clypeus unmodified. Chelicerae as in Figure 130, with unsclerotized lateral apophyses distally. Sternum wider than long (0.52/0.48), unmodified. Palps as in Figures 128 and 129, coxa with indistinct retrolateral projection, trochanter with distinctive apophysis that appears fused to femur, femur otherwise not modified, tarsal organ capsulate ( Figure 137), procursus complex, distally with two main branches (one of them provided with two spine-like processes) and a black apophysis at their basis ( Figures 131, 132, 139), bulb with simple, weakly sclerotized embolus, only one sclerotized projection with dorsal branch ( Figures 128, 140; Deeleman-Reinhold and van Harten 2001considered this to be homologous with the  Pholcusuncus, but the position rather agrees with the appendix). Legs without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 5%; prolateral trichobothrium missing on tibia 1, seen on tibiae 3 and 4; tarsal pseudosegments not visible in dissecting microscope. Spinnerets as in Figure 141; ALS with one widened, one pointed, and six cylindrically-shaped spigots; PMS with two small spigots. Gonopore with four epiandrous spigots ( Figure 136).  Figures 128–134.  Pehrforsskalia conopyga. (128, 129) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views; (130) male chelicerae, frontal view; (131, 132) left procursus, ventral (131) and prolatero-dorsal (132) views; (133, 134) cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus; ta, trochanter apophysis. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (130–134), 0.3 mm (128, 129).  Figures 135–147.  Pehrforsskalia conopyga. (135) Male ocular area, frontal view; (136) male gonopore with epiandrous spigots; (137) left male palpal tarsal organ; (138) left male eye stalk, frontal view (arrow points to possibly extensible area); (139) right procursus, distal view; (140) right appendix, prolateral view; (141) male spinnerets; (142) epigynum; (143) cuticular sculpturing on female abdomen, showing difference in ventral (left) and lateral (right) pattern (frontal side on top); (144) female prosoma, frontal (slightly dorsal) view; (145) female ALS and PMS; (146) comb hair on female left tarsus 4, prolateral view; (147) female palpal tarsus. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus. Scale lines: 10 µm (137, 145, 146), 20 µm (147), 60 µm (136, 138–141), 100 µm (135, 142–144).  Figures 148–149. Known distributions of  Crossopriza cylindrogasterand the two  Leptopholcusspeciestreated herein.  Figures 150–151. Known distributions of  Spermophora dieke,  Pholcus kakum, and  Pehrforsskalia conopyga. For  Nyikoa limbe, see Huber (2007).  Variation In some males, median band on carapace extends to ocular area ( Figure 41); patellae and tibia–metatarsus joints usually light brown; marks on abdomen variably distinct, sometimes missing. Tibia 1 inseven other males: 4.9–6.3 (mean 5.4).  Female In general similar to male but triads closer together (distance PME–PME 170 µm) and not on stalks, ocular area only slightly elevated ( Figure 144). Tibia 1 in 16 females: 3.8–5.1 (mean 4.5). Epigynum simple oval plate externally ( Figures 43, 142), with distinctive internal structures visible through cuticle ( Figure 133); internal genitalia as in Figures 44and 134. Tip of palpal tarsus ending in sclerotized cone accompanied be several strong bristles ( Figure 147). Spinnerets and spigots as in male ( Figure 145). Tarsus 4 with ventral row of comb-hairs ( Figure 146).  Distribution Widely distributed in Africa and Yemen( Figure 151). It is here newly recorded from Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Gabon, Uganda, Burundi, and Botswana.  Material examined    CAPE VERDE: S Tiago, São Jorge dos Orgaos[ 15°03′N, 23°37′W,  500 ma.s.l.], in grass in irrigation ditch,  31.i.1984( J. Prinsen), 13 in RMNH;  São Jorge dos Orgaos,  xii.1999( A. van Harten), 13 5♀in RMNH.   GUINEA:  Moyenne-Guinée: near Sêbori, forest outside of cave ( 10°46.6′N, 12°17.4′W),  1010 ma.s.l.,  22.xi.2008( B.A. Huber), 13 in ZFMK; same data, 5♀in pure ethanol, in ZFMK; near Doucki( 10°59.0′N, 12°37.9′W), gallery forest,  990 ma.s.l.,  23.xi.2008( B.A. Huber), 13 inpure ethanol, in ZFMK.   Basse-Guinée: near Koumbaya( 10°09.9′N, 12°53.2′W), forest,  230 ma.s.l.,  19.xi.2008( B.A. Huber), 43 2♀in pure ethanol, in ZFMK.   SIERRA LEONE: “Mcy”, E. Simoncollection no. 15371, no further data, 1♀in MNHN.   CÔTE D’IVOIRE: Bouaké[∼ 7°41′N, 5°02′W], Expt. Warda,  29.vii.1994( A. Russell-Smith), 13 in ZFMK; same locality,  viii.1994( A. Russell-Smith), 13 7♀in ZFMK.   NIGERIA: north of Ibadan, IITA(International Institute for Tropical Agriculture) [ 7°29.6′N, 3°53.4′E], fallow bush,  22.iv.1994( A. Russell-Smith), 33 2♀in ZFMK; same locality, “RD verges”,  15.v.1974( A. Russell-Smith), 13 in BMNH.   CAMEROON:  South Region: near Ebolowa( 2°54.9′N, 11°08.3′E),  620 ma.s.l., underside of banana leaf,  12.iv.2009( B.A. Huber), 13 in ZFMK.   Northwest Region: near Bamenda, under trash and logs at roadside ( 6°00.5′N, 10°18.1′E),  1750 ma.s.l., 16./  18.iv.2009( B.A. Huber), 2♀in pure ethanol, in ZFMK.  Near Oku( 6°14.2′N, 10°31.5′E), ∼  2200 ma.s.l., in pile of dead leaves on ground,  17.iv.2009( B.A. and J.C. Huber), 2♀in pure ethanol, in ZFMK.   GABON: Cap Santa Clara[ 0°31.6′N, 9°19.2′E], forest,  29.ix.1985( A. Pauly), 13 in MRAC(172943).   UGANDA: Ruwenzori[∼ 0.2°N, 30°E], 1952 ( G.O. Evans), 33 4♀in BMNH.   BURUNDI: Cabara[ 4°06.8’S, 29°31.7′E], Miombowoodland, with  Brachystegia, by hand,  850 ma.s.l.,  23.iv.2002( B. Nzigidahera), 13 (with one teratological palp) in MRAC(213920).   BOTSWANA: Okavango Delta, grassland on Boro River[∼ 19°34’S, 23°03′E], “at KB 347”,  23.xii.1977( A. Russell-Smith), 13 in ZFMK. 1998-08-19 RMNH A. van Harten 1600 27 2516 1 1984-01-31 RMNH S Tiago & Sao Jorge dos Orgaos & J. Prinsen Cape Verde 500 15.05 CAPE VERDE 1286 -23.616667 32 2521 1 1999-12 RMNH Sao Jorge dos Orgaos & A. van Harten Cape Verde 32 2521 5 5 2008-11-22 ZFMK B. A. Huber Guinea-Bissau 1010 10.776667 Moyenne-Guinee 129 -12.29 Sebori 32 2521 1 2008-11-22 ZFMK B. A. Huber Guinea-Bissau 1010 10.776667 Moyenne-Guinee 129 -12.29 Sebori 32 2521 5 5 2008-11-23 ZFMK B. A. Huber Guinea-Bissau 990 10.983334 Doucki 129 -12.631667 32 2521 1 2008-11-19 ZFMK B. A. Huber Guinea-Bissau 230 10.165 Basse-Guinee 129 -12.886666 Koumbaya 32 2521 2 2 MNHN E. Simon Sierra Leone SIERRA LEONE 32 2521 1 1 1994-07-29 ZFMK A. Russell-Smith Ivory Coast 7.6833334 Bouake 1303 -5.0333333 32 2521 1 1994-08 ZFMK A. Russell-Smith Ivory Coast 7.6833334 Bouake 1303 -5.0333333 32 2521 7 7 IITA Nigeria Ibadan 32 2521 1 1994-04-22 ZFMK A. Russell-Smith Nigeria 7.4933333 129 3.89 32 2521 2 2 [309,1133,895,919] 1974-05-15 BMNH A. Russell-Smith Nigeria 7.4933333 129 3.89 32 2521 1 2009-04-12 ZFMK B. A. Huber Cameroon 620 2.915 Ebolowa 130 11.138333 32 2521 1 South Region 2009-04-18 ZFMK B. A. Huber Cameroon 1750 6.008333 Bamenda 129 10.301666 32 2521 2 2 North-West 2009-04-17 ZFMK B. A. and J. C. Huber Cameroon 2200 6.2366667 Near Oku 129 10.525 32 2521 2 2 Northwest Region 1985-09-29 MRAC A. Pauly Gabon 0.5266667 Cap Santa Clara 130 9.32 32 2521 1 [254,1136,1183,1207] BMNH G. O. Evans Uganda 0.2 Ruwenzori 0 30.0 32 2521 4 4 2002-04-23 MRAC B. Nzigidahera Burundi 850 -4.113333 Cabara 130 29.528334 Miombo 32 2521 1 1977-12-23 ZFMK A. Russell-Smith Botswana -19.566668 Okavango Delta 1271 23.05 Boro River 32 2521 1