Formica megacephala Fabricius, 1793: 36 Roger 1863b: 30 Pheidole Myrmica trinodis Losana, 1834: 327 Roger 1863b: 30 megacephala Formica edax Forskål, 1775: 84 Emery 1892: 160 megacephala Dalla Torre 1892: 90 Oecophthora perniciosa Gerstäcker, 1859: 263 Roger 1863b: 31 Pheidole megacephala Oecophthora pusilla Heer, 1852: 15 Smith 1858: 173 Pheidole Roger 1859: 259 Smith, 1855: 130 Mayr 1870: 981 Mayr, 1862: 747 Mayr 1886: 360 Emery 1915: 235 megacephala Wheeler 1922: 812 megacephala Myrmica agilis F. Smith, 1857: 71 Donisthorpe 1932: 449 Pheidole Myrmica suspiciosa F. Smith, 1859: 148 Donisthorpe 1932: 455 megacephala Atta testacea F. Smith, 1858: 168 Mayr 1886: 360 Pheidole Brown, 1981: 530 megacephala A revision of Northern Vietnamese species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) Eguchi, Katsuyuki Zootaxa 2008 2008-10-15 1902 1 1 118   Myrmica agilis F. Smith, 1857: 71     Myrmica suspiciosa F. Smith, 1859: 148     Atta testacea F. Smith, 1858: 168   4FYFS (Fabricius) Fabricius 1793 [151,569,1591,1617] Insecta Formicidae Pheidole Animalia Hymenoptera 54 55 Arthropoda species megacephala   Figs. 15a–g      Formica megacephala Fabricius, 1793: 36.  Roger 1863b: 30(combination in  Pheidole). Syntype(s): major, no locality given, not examined.     Myrmica trinodis Losana, 1834: 327.  Roger 1863b: 30(junior synonym of  megacephala).  Syntype(s): “worker”, Italy, not examined.     Formica edax Forskål, 1775: 84.  Emery 1892: 160(junior synonym of  megacephala),  Dalla Torre 1892: 90(same).  Syntype(s): “worker”, Egypt, not examined.     Oecophthora perniciosa Gerstäcker, 1859: 263.  Roger 1863b: 31(combination in  Pheidole), Emery, 1915c: 235 (junior synonym of  megacephala).  Syntype(s): “worker”, Mozambique, not examined.     Oecophthora pusilla Heer, 1852: 15. F.  Smith 1858: 173(combination in  Pheidole),  Roger 1859: 259(senior synonym of laevigataFr.  Smith, 1855: 130),  Mayr 1870: 981(senior synonym of laevigata  Mayr, 1862: 747),  Mayr 1886: 360(senior synonym of janus),  Emery 1915: 235(subspecies of  megacephala),  Wheeler 1922: 812(junior synonym of  megacephala). Syntypes: major, minor, queen & male, Madeira, not examined.     Myrmica agilisF. Smith, 1857: 71.  Donisthorpe 1932: 449(combination in  Pheidole). Syn.n. Syntypes: 3 minors, “MALAC” [= Malacca, S. Malay Peninsula], OXUM TYPE HYM: 988 1-3/3, examined.     Myrmica suspiciosaF. Smith, 1859: 148.  Donisthorpe 1932: 455(junior synonym of  megacephala).  Syntype(s): “worker”, Aru I.( Indonesia), not examined.     Atta testaceaF. Smith, 1858: 168.  Mayr 1886: 360(combination in  Pheidole),  Brown, 1981: 530(junior synonym of  megacephala).  Syntypes: major & minor, Brazil, not examined.  Subspecies enumerated in Bolton, 1995: nominal plus costauriensis Santschi, 1914: 443, syntype(s): major, Ghana, not examined; duplex Santschi, 1937a: 220, syntypes: major, minor & queen, Angola, not examined; ilgi Forel, 1907: 82, syntypes: major & minor, Ethiopia, not examined.; impressifrons Wasmann, 1905: 110(replacement name for impressiceps Wasmann, 1904: 72), syntypes: major, minor & queen, South Africa, not examined; melancholica Santschi, 1912: 164, syntypes: major & minor, Ivory Coast, not examined; nkomoana Forel, 1916: 415, syntypes: major, minor, queen & male, Zaire, not examined; rotundata Forel, 1894: 92, syntypes: major & minor, Mozambique, not examined; scabrior Forel, 1891: 178, syntypes: major & minor, Madagascar, not examined; speculifrons Stitz, 1911: 386, syntypes: major & minor, Tanzania, not examined; talpa Gerstäcker, 1871: 356, syntypes: “worker” & queen, Kenya, not examined. For these forms type material not examined.  Other material examined:S. China:  Hong Kong: Victoria Park,  Hong KongI. [ K. Eguchi]; Macau: Mong Ha[ K. Eguchi]. N.  Vietnam: Ha Noi: Hanoi Agric. Univ.( Gia Lam) [ K. Ogata: 15-min TUS #2]; Quang Ninh: Hoanh Bo[ K. Eguchi]. S.  Vietnam: Vinh Long(misspelled as “ Vinlong”): Vinh Long( 10°15’N, 105°58’N) [ S. Kawaguchi].  Thailand: Trang: Khao Chong Waterfall[ Eg01-VN-761]. W.  Malaysia: Penang: beside a building of Univ. Sains  Malaysia[ C.Y. Lee]. E. Malaysia: Sabah: Kota Kinabalu [Eg97-BOR-376], Tambunan Village[ H. Okido], Danam Valley[Eg96-BOR-108].  Indonesia: Kalimantan Timur: Tandjung Isuy[ Seyfert& Graindl]; Irian Jaya: Wamena,  1600 malt. [ Eg98-IRI-674, -675, -676, -703].  Australia: Queensland: S. Mission Beachnear Tully[AU01-SKY-12].  Tonga: Tongatapu: Vaini[ J.K. Wetterer].   Worker measurements & indices:Major (n=5). — HL 1.28–1.45 mm; HW 1.25–1.45 mm; CI 98–100; SL 0.71–0.76 mm; SI 52–57; FL 0.94–0.98 mm; FI 68–77. Minor (n=5). — HL 0.62–0.72 mm; HW 0.55–0.65 mm; CI 88–91; SL 0.67–0.73 mm; SI 111–121; FL 0.68–0.77 mm; FI 118–123.  Worker description Major. — Head in lateral view roundly convex dorsally, not impressed on vertex, in full-face view shallowly concave posteriorly; frons longitudinally rugose (or rarely almost smooth, only sparsely with short interrupted longitudinal rugulae); vertex and dorsum of vertexal lobe smooth and shining or shagreened; frontal carina absent or present just as weak rugula(e); antennal scrobe absent; median longitudinal carina of clypeus weak or absent; hypostoma at most with a pair of very small or inconspicuous submedian processes in addition to a pair of conspicuous lateral processes; antenna with a 3-segmented club; maximal diameter of eye almost as long as or longer than antennal segment X. Promesonotal dome in dorsal view smooth and shining or shagreened, sometimes with several weak transverse rugulae, in lateral view at most with an inconspicuous mound on its posterior slope; humerus not or weakly produced laterad; the dome at the humeri narrower than at the bottom; mesopleuron, metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum weakly or very weakly punctured. Petiole a little longer than postpetiole (excluding helcium); postpetiole not massive; its anteroventral part weakly swollen. First gastral tergite smooth and shining entirely, or very weakly punctured around its articulation with postpetiole and smooth or shagreened in the remainder.   FIGURE 15a–d,  Pheidole megacephala, major, Thailand [Eg01-TH-761] — a, head in full-face view; b, head in lateral view; c, mesosoma and waist in dorsal view; d, mesosoma and waist in lateral view.   FIGURE 15e–g,  Pheidole megacephala, minor, Thailand [Eg01-TH-761] — e, head in full-face view; f, mesosoma and waist in dorsal view; g, mesosoma and waist in lateral view. Minor. — Head smooth and shining; preoccipital carina weak but present dorsally and laterally; median part of clypeus smooth and shining, without a median longitudinal carina; antenna with a 3-segmented club; scape extending beyond posterolateral margin of head by the double length of antennal segment II or more; maximal diameter of eye almost as long as, or sometimes a little shorter than antennal segment X. Promesonotal dome smooth and shining, in lateral view lacking a mound on its posterior slope; humerus in dorso-oblique view not or hardly produced; mesopleuron, metapleuron and lateral face of propodeum punctured weakly; metanotal groove inconspicuous. Petiole almost as long as or a little longer than postpetiole (excluding helcium); postpetiole relatively long but not massive; its anteroventral part weakly swollen.  Recognition:The syntypeminors of “  Myrmica agilis” agree well with minors of Bornean populations (e.g., Eg96-BOR-108) of  P. megacephala. I conclude that  P. agilisis a juninor synonym of  P. megacephala.   P. megacephalais well distinguished from Indo-Chinese species by the combination of the following characteristics: in the major head in full-face view only shallowly concave posteriorly; in the major dorsum of vertexal lobe smooth and shining or shagreened; in the major hypostoma in the middle at most with a pair of very small or inconspicuous submedian processes; in the minor preoccipital carina weak but present dorsally and laterally; posterior slope of promesonotal dome at most with an inconspicuous mound in the major, and without any mound in the minor; in the major and minor anteroventral part of postpetiole weakly swollen.   Distribution & bionomics:Widely distributed in the world tropics and subtropics. For detailed information on biology and ecological and economic impacts of this species see Reimer et al.(1993), Campbell (1994), Hoffmann (1998), Wetterer (1998), Hoffmann et al.(1999), Vanderwoude et al.(2000), etc. Italy Italy 54 55 1 syntype [282,795,1906,1932] Egypt Egypt 54 55 1 syntype [703,1301,1986,2012] Mozambique Mozambique 54 55 1 syntype Aru I. Indonesia Indonesia 55 56 1 syntype [478,1039,552,578] Brazil Brazil 55 56 1 syntype [666,989,992,1018] Victoria Park Hong Kong Hong Kong 55 56 1 K. Eguchi & Mong Ha Hong Kong Hong Kong 55 56 1 K. Ogata & Hoanh Bo & K. Eguchi Vietnam Gia Lam Agric. Univ. 55 56 1 Ha Noi S. Kawaguchi Vietnam 105.96667 Vinlong 55 56 1 Vinh Long [487,1204,1112,1138] Eg Thailand Khao Chong Waterfall 55 56 1 Trang Univ. Sains Malaysia Penang 55 56 1 Pulau Pinang C. Y. Lee & H. Okido Malaysia Danam Valley Tambunan Village 55 56 1 Sabah Seyfert & Graindl & Eg Indonesia 1600 Wamena Tandjung Isuy 55 56 1 Kalimantan Timur S. Mission Beach & Tully Australia Queensland 55 56 1 Queensland [779,1253,1272,1298] J. K. Wetterer Tonga Vaini 55 56 1 Tongatapu