Markiana nigripinnis (Perugia, 1891)

Mirande, Juan Marcos, 2010, Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy, Neotropical Ichthyology 8 (3), pp. 385-568 : 518-519

Autapomorphies of Markiana nigripinnis :

1. Lateral opening between ventral diverging lamellae of mesethmoid and anterior process of lateral ethmoid (15): (0> 1) small, ovate and partially occluded by diverging lamellae of mesethmoid and anterior process of lateral ethmoid. Paralleled in Roeboexodon geryi and Roeboides descalvadensis .

2. Form of orbitosphenoid (37): (0> 1) massive, almost reaching parasphenoid ventrally. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of the Characidae . Paralleled in node 193 and in Rhaphiodon vulpinus and Roeboides microlepis .

3. Dorsolateral processes of vomer (54): (0> 1) present. Paralleled in nodes 215 and 218 and in Bryconexodon juruenae .

4. Articulation between second and third infraorbitals (62): (0> 1) anteroventrally angled. Paralleled in node 196 and in Pyrrhulina australis .

5. Ventral extent of third infraorbital (64): (1> 0) reaching horizontal arm of preopercle. Reversal of synapomorphy 3 of node 180. Paralleled in the Heterocharacinae and Iguanodectinae , in nodes 184, 198, 225, and 302, and in Agoniates anchovia , Brycon pesu , Hasemania nana , Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae , Pseudochalceus kyburzi , Roeboexodon geryi , and Stichonodon insignis . Some trees: Reversed in node 292.

6. Laterosensory canal of sixth infraorbital (76): (0> 1) branched. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of node 203. Paralleled in Odontostilbe microcephala , Oligosarcus cf. jenynsii , and Tetragonopterus argenteus .

7. Lateral surface of vertical canal of preopercle (81): (0> 1) covered by musculature and/or infraorbitals. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of node 204.

8. Tubules for passage of blood vessels on lamellar portion of maxilla (98): (1> 2) anastomosed tubules.

9. Alignment of cusps of medial teeth on inner premaxillary row (127): (0> 1) forming shallow arch or aligned in straight series from ventral view. Reversal of synapomorphy 1 of node 262.

10. Number of teeth in inner premaxillary row (129):(1> 0)four or fewer. Paralleled in node 198 and in Probolodus heterostomus .

11. Suprapreopercle (175): (0> 1) autogenous, separated from preopercle. Paralleled in nodes 210 and 302 and in Roeboides microlepis and Rhaphiodon vulpinus .

12. Bony lamellae bordering laterosensory canal of suprapreopercle (176): (0> 1) present. Paralleled in node 300. 13. Position of ventral end of posttemporal (253): (0> 1) posterior to lateral margin of epioccipital. Paralleled in nodes 211 and 228 and in Bryconamericus scleroparius , Hoplias cf. malabaricus , Probolodus heterostomus , and Prochilodus lineatus .

14. Ventral exit of laterosensory canal of supracleithrum (254): (1> 0) covered by posterior lamella of supracleithrum and exiting medially. Reversal of synapomorphy 14 of node 205. Paralleled in node 193.

15. Number of supraneurals (280): (0> 1) five or more. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of node 262.

16. Anterior notch on first anal pterygiophore (292): (0> 1) present. Paralleled in node 162.

17. Uroneurals (306): (0> 1) two pairs. Reversal of synapomorphy 15 of node 205. Paralleled in the Tetragonopterinae , in nodes 276 and 300, and in Bryconamericus scleroparius and Galeocharax humeralis .

18. Anterior margin of scales (318): (0> 1) with conspicuous undulations. Paralleled in Tetragonopterus argenteus .

19. Circulii on posterior field of scales (319): (0> 1) absent. Reversal of synapomorphy 5 of node 261.

20. Radii on scales (320): (1> 0) absent or reduced in number. Paralleled in the Iguanodectinae and Serrasalminae , in node 174, and in Cyphocharax spilotus , Distichodus maculatus , and Phenagoniates macrolepis .

21. Scales covering anal-fin base (327): (0> 1) several rows covering basal third of anal fin. Paralleled in the Serrasalmidae , in nodes 210 and 221, and in Bario steindachneri , Paragoniates alburnus , Rhaphiodon vulpinus , Roeboides microlepis , and Thoracocharax stellatus .

22. Scales covering caudal-fin lobes (328): (0> 1) covering one-third of their length.Paralleled in node 222 and in Aulixidens eugeniae , Distichodus maculatus , and Nematocharax venustus . Some trees: Paralleled in Knodus breviceps .

23. Anterior extension of adductor arcus palatini (336): (1> 0) covering most of dorsal surface of mesopterygoid. Paralleled in node 166 and in Creagrutus anary and Salminus brasiliensis . Some trees: Paralleled in Brycon orbignyanus .

24. Number of 2n chromosomes (363): (0> 1) 52 or more. Paralleled in the Characinae and Serrasalmidae , in node 196, and in Chalceus macrolepidotus , Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi , and Rhaphiodon vulpinus . Some trees: Paralleled in Hemigrammus unilineatus .

Some trees:

25. Number of branched anal-fin rays (289): (0> 1) 35 or more. (some trees under k9-14). Paralleled in nodes 207 and 212 and in Gymnocorymbus ternetzi , Metynnis maculatus , Piabucus melanostomus , Pseudocorynopoma doriae , Rhaphiodon vulpinus , Stethaprion erythrops , and Thoracocharax stellatus . Some trees: Paralleled in node 261.

26. Pelvic-fin bony hooks in adult males of species bearing hooks on fins (309): (1> 0) absent.(some trees under k9-14). Paralleled in Creagrutus anary , Hyphessobrycon eques , H. luetkenii , Phenacogaster tegatus , Pseudocorynopoma doriae , and Stethaprion erythrops . Some trees: Paralleled in Psellogrammus kennedyi .