Pamphilius sylvaticus

Shinohara, Akihiko, Kramp, Katja & Taeger, Andreas, 2022, The Pamphiliinae of the Russian Far East and Korea (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae), Zootaxa 5167 (1), pp. 1-251 : 78

Pamphilius sylvaticus group

The members of this species group are characterized as follows: upper part of head pilose or glabrous; facial crest in male moderately to very strongly swollen, sharply carinate; antennal flagellomere 1 1.0–1.4 × length of flagellomere 2; right mandible bidentate with only basal shoulder to apical tooth; left mandible tridentate, but middle tooth low; wings hyaline; forewing with cell C glabrous or pilose; femora entirely pale or marked with black. Ovipositor sheath appendage usually large, pilose. Male genitalia (e.g., Figs 53g, h , 65g, h , 76g, h ): proximal ventral arm of gonostipes normal; harpe large, outer basal part with long hairs; apiceps narrow, hooked at apex; valviceps in lateral view rather short, apex directed above, ventral margin more or less rounded, without conspicuous dorsoapical process, in dorsal view tapered toward pointed apex.

This species group contains 22 species, one with two subspecies, in the Holarctic region ( Shinohara 2002b; present work). Eleven species are known to occur in the Russian Far East and Korea. Verzhutskij (1966) recorded Pamphilius sylvaticus (Linné, 1758) from the Baikal region based only on larvae. This may need confirmation. Popov (2015) also recorded P. sylvaticus from Yakutia.

A total of 86 sequences of 14 species were treated in the COI analysis and 43 sequences of nine species in the NaK analysis. In the COI analysis ( Figs 15 , 145–147 ), the P. sylvaticus group, except for P. japonicus and P. ocreatus , was recovered as monophyletic with UFBoot support of 95%. Pamphilius japonicus (six sequences available) was retrieved as forming the sister group of a large branch containing all Pamphilius (except for the P. sylvaticus group) and Onycholyda . While P. japonicus was placed in the P. sylvaticus group ( Shinohara 1985a), it is a rather isolated species with an unusual host association with Cornus (Cornaceae) ( Shinohara et al. 2019). Pamphilius ocreatus is a little-known Nearctic species and was recovered as the sister of the P. basilaris group with low UFBoot support of 75%, not close to the other species of the P. sylvaticus group. The systematic position of P. japonicus and P. ocreatus should be further investigated with more material. In the NaK analysis ( Figs 16 , 159 ), for which specimens of P. ocreatus were not available, the P. sylvaticus group, including P. japonicus , was retrieved as monophyletic with 100% UFBoot support.

The known host plants of the species of the P. sylvaticus group are Rosaceae ( Cerasus , Sorbus , Fragaria , etc.), Betulaceae ( Alnus , Carpinus and Corylus ) and Cornaceae (Cornus) .

Figures

FIGURE 53. Pamphilius alnicola, male, Japan – (a) dorsally, (b) lateroventrally, (c) head & thorax dorsally, (d) head & thorax ventrolaterally, (e) face, (f) antenna, (g) genitalia dorsally, (h) genitalia ventrally, (i) claw.

FIGURE 65. Pamphilius benesi, male, Korea – (a) dorsally, (b) lateroventrally, (c) head & thorax dorsally, (d) head & thorax ventrolaterally, (e) face, (f) antenna, (g) genitalia dorsally, (h) genitalia ventrally, (i) claw.

FIGURE 76. Pamphilius graciloides, male, Korea (holotype) – (a) dorsally, (b) lateroventrally, (c) head & thorax dorsally, (d) head & thorax ventrolaterally, (e) face, (f) antenna, (g) genitalia dorsally, (h) genitalia ventrally, (i) claw.

FIGURE 145. Condensed ML tree based on CO1 gene sequences, with details of Pamphilius sylvaticus group, part 1.

FIGURE 146. Condensed ML tree based on CO1 gene sequences, with details of Pamphilius sylvaticus group, part 2.

FIGURE 147. Condensed ML tree based on CO1 gene sequences, with details of Pamphilius sylvaticus group, part 3.

FIGURE 159. Condensed ML tree based on NaK gene sequences, with details of Pamphilius sylvaticus group.

FIGURES 14–16: 14. Hypothesized relationships based on adult morphology in Pamphiliinae for several genera and species groups of Pamphilius (modified from Shinohara 2002b, only genera and species groups with molecular data are included). 15. Condensed ML tree based on CO1 gene sequences. 16. Condensed ML tree based on NaK gene sequences.