Sodalia sodalis (Butler, 1877)

Gaviria-Ortiz, Fabian Guillermo, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Carneiro, Eduardo, Warren, Andrew D., Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2020, A review of the Neotropical skipper genus Sodalia Evans, 1955 (Lepidoptera Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) with the description of a new species, Zootaxa 4877 (1), pp. 102-124 : 104-106

Sodalia sodalis (Butler, 1877)

Figs 1–4 , 19 , 24 , 29 , 34 , 39 , 43

Pamphila sodalis Butler, 1877 . Trans. ent. Soc. London, p. 150; 18-II-1874, Obidos, Amazonas, [Pará, Brazil], Trail leg.

Metiscus huaynai Lindsey, 1925 . Denis. Univ. Bull., Jour. Sc. Lab. 21: 101, pl. 28, fig. 10 (male gen.); holotype male, 19-VI- 1920, El Campamiento, Col. Perené, Peru, Forbes leg.; CU.—Lindsey, 1928. Denis. Univ. Bull., Jour. Sc. Lab. 23: 235.

Euroto saramacca Williams & Bell, 1931 . Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 57: 276, fig. 28 (male gen.), pl. 1 [recte 25], fig. 8 (d, v); [holo] type male, 7-VI-1927, Kwakoegron, Surinam, Forbes & Babiy leg.; ANSP.—Bell, 1932. Amer. Mus. Novit. 555: 6.—Pallister, 1956. Amer. Mus. Novit. 1763: 12, 59.

Sodalia sodalis ; Evans, 1955. Cat. Amer. Hesp. 4, p. 105, pl. 59 (male gen.); syn.: saramaca , huaynai .—Pallister, 1956. Amer. Mus. Novit. 1763: 69; syn.: saramaca .—K. Brown & Mielke, 1967. Jour. Lep. Soc. 21: 165.—Mielke, 1973. Acta biol. paranaense 2: 33.—Steinhauser, 1975. Bull. Allyn Mus. 29: 34.—Lamas, 1983. Rev. Soc. Mex. Lep. 8: 23.—de Jong, 1983. Tijd. Ent. 126: 244; syn.: saramacca .—Bridges, 1983. Lep. Hesp. 1, p. 54, 105, 111; 2, p. 34; syn.: huaynai , sara-maca.—DeVries, 1983, in Janzen. Costa Rica Nat. Hist., p. 677.—Bridges, 1988. Cat. Hesp. 1, p. 86, 167, 175; 2, p. 55; syn.: huaynai , saramacca , saramaca .—Th. Emmel & Austin, 1990. Trop. Lep. 1: 7.—K. Brown, 1992, in Morellato. Hist. nat. Japi, p. 180.—Lamas, 1994, in Foster et al. RAP Working Papers 6: 175.—Lamas; Robbins & Harvey, 1996. Rev. peruana Ent. 39: 69.—Maes et al., 1999, in Maes. Cat. Ins. Art. Nicaragua 3, p. 1274; syn.: huaynai , saramaca .—Murray, 2000. Jour. Res. Lep. 35: 53.—Mielke, 2004. Hesperioidea, p. 80, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea- Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A; syn.: huaynai , saramacca , saramaca , sodalia .

Sodalia saramaca [sic]; Evans, 1955. Cat. Amer. Hesp. 4, p. 105; as synonym of Sodalia sodalis .

Sodalia sodalia [sic]; Mielke, 1973. Acta biol. Paranaense 2: 33.

(no genus) sodalis ; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct., p. 261.

(no genus) huaynai ; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct., p. 163.

(no genus) saramacca ; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct., p. 253.

Diagnosis. Sodalia sodalis has a uniformly dark brown DFW and DHW, with just a small area of the DFW apex with yellow scales, while both wing surfaces are completely or partially speckled with yellow scales in S. petiti sp. nov. and S. spangla comb. nov., respectively. Sodalia sodalis is distinguished from S. argyrospila by the absence of solid white discal and postdiscal spots on VHW, and from S. coler by the absence of iridescent scales on the frons.

Redescription. Frons covered with short, opaque, dark brown scales; both pairs of chaetosema brown. Nudum with 12–14 segments.

Wings: Forewing length 13–16 mm (n=28). DFW uniformly dark brown, speckled with yellow scales on apical area; brand over CuA 2 triangular, with broad base followed by narrow distal portion touching CuA 1; brand under CuA 2 rectangular, narrow, as long as base of brand over CuA 2. VFW dark brown, reddish along costal margin, apical and subapical areas, extending to outer margin from apex to CuA 1, pale brown along submarginal area and below CuA 2 to anal margin; outer margin speckled with yellow scales. DHW dark brown, without yellow scales. VHW mostly reddish-brown except from inferior half of CuA 2 –2A to anal margin which is brown; seven faint pale yellow spots, one discal in the inferior half of discal cell, close to end of cell, six postdiscal arranged as an arch, from Rs to 2A, spot in CuA 2 –2A positioned more proximally than others.

Male genitalia: Tegumen three times wider than long, with a triangular median posterior projection almost reaching uncus. Fenestra large, semicircular. Posterior projection of saccus about 33% length of anterior projection. Base of uncus not extending above dorsal margin of tegumen, with a smooth indentation at middle of distal margin; arms of uncus thicker laterally than dorsally, curved at midpoint, with rounded tips and two laterally pointed spines, upper spine proximal; base of uncus and gnathos with broad lateral membranous area. Valva with ampulla wider than half valva’s width, broadly disjointed from harpe, spoon-shaped, tip curved inward; harpe shorter than ampulla, bifid at midpoint, producing a wider ventral portion with irregular margin and a narrower dorsal projection, this divided into two branches arranged in a L-shaped aspect, the lateral shorter, the dorsal projected dorso-distally, almost reaching dorsal margin of valva. Aedeagus distal opening extending to manica insertion; distal tip of aedeagus with two small lateral spines; cornuti comprised of several small, thin spines and a broader horn-shaped spine.

Female genitalia: Lamella antevaginalis semicircular, with a short fold along extension of distal margin; half the length of lamella postvaginalis, more than two times wider than long. Lamella postvaginalis with a deep distal indentation about 1/3 length of lamella, with two narrow rounded latero-distal projections; central area of lamella with broad semicircular hyaline area. Bursa copulatrix about nine times longer than sterigma. Ductus bursae slightly longer than 1/2 length of bursa copulatrix, with a small irregular plate in final third and short sclerotized ring extended dorsally to ostium bursae. Corpus bursae slightly shorter than ductus bursae. Papilla analis twice as long as wide; posterior apophysis straight, longer than papilla.

Type material. Pamphila sodalis Butler, 1877 was described from an unstated number of specimens from Óbidos, Pará, Brazil, collected on February 18th, 1874, by James W. H. Trail. A single male found in the collection of the NHMUK agrees with this data and has the following labels: / Type / Type / Obydos 18/2/74. / Obydos 18.II.74 Trail coll. 77. 65 / sodalis But / P. sodalis Butler type / 77-65 Trail / [genitalia glued on a small card]/. This specimen was mentioned by Evans (1955) as the type of P. sodalis (but is best considered a syntype) and is here designated lectotype in order to ensure its identity and avoid future misinterpretations with other similar species. The following labels will be added to this specimen: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus of Pamphila sodalis Butler, 1877 Gaviria-Ortiz, Dolibaina, A. Warren, O. Mielke & Casagrande det. 2019 /.

A second name for this species, Metiscus huaynai Lindsey, 1925 , was proposed based on a male holotype deposited at the CUIC with the following labels: / HOLOTYPE Cornell U. No. 716 / Cornell Univ. Expedition Lot 607 Sub 103 / El Campamiento Col. Perene PERU 19 June ‘20 / Slide 48 A. W. L. / Metiscus ? huaynai Holotype Lindsey ♂. /.

Finally, Euroto saramacca R. Williams & Bell, 1931 was described based on a male holotype, a female allotype and a male paratype from Surinam, all deposited at the AMNH. The holotype has the following labels: / Type Euroto saramacca R. C. Williams, Jr, & Bell 7677 / Kwakkoegron Saramacoa R [iver] SURINAM June / 7 ’27 / Genitalia Slide No. 1907 / A. N. S. Lot 66 / 94 / 1052 / ♂ /.

Distribution. Sodalia sodalis has the widest geographical range of any species in the genus and occurs throughout lowland tropical forests in Central and South America, from Costa Rica, Guianas and south to Bolivia and Brazil ( Fig. 43 ). Specimens of S. sodalis from above 3000 m in Ecuador, mentioned below, are probably mislabeled.

Comments. This is the most widespread species in the genus, occurring in most of tropical South America, and extending at least as far north as Costa Rica in Central America. Sodalia sodalis is externally very similar to S. coler , with which it is sympatric in a narrow zone of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Sodalia sodalis is readily distinguished from S. coler by the absence of iridescent scales on the frons, the shorter brand over CuA 2, the ampulla as wide as half the valva’s width, the harpe shorter than ampulla, the distal portion of the aedeagus with lateral spines, and the wider lamella antevaginalis and papilla analis. Most of the characters differentiating S. sodalis from S. coler are shared between S. sodalis and S. argyrospila , suggesting a close relationship between them (see comments under S. argyrospila ).

Examined material. COSTA RICA: Alajuela — Socorro de la Virgen, 13.II.1988, D. L. Lindsley leg 1 ♂ * ( MGCL) . Cartago— Rio Chitaria ( Ruta 10), 11.III. 1986, G. & A. Austin leg. 1 ♀ * ( MGCL) . Heredia — Finca El Bejuco (nr. Finca Selva Verde ), 26.IX.1986, G. & A. Austin leg. 1 ♂ * ( MGCL) . Limon — Germania , 12.IX.1986, G. & A. Austin leg. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ * ( MGCL) . VENEZUELA: Amazonas — Yavita , 120 m, 26.VIII.1947, 1 ♂ ( OM 39.809 ) , 7.IX.1947, 1 ♂ ( OM 39.611 ) , Lichy leg. Aragua — Choroni ( La Estela ), 200 m, III.1974, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.527 ), V.1974, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.640 ) , Romero leg. SURINAME: Sipaliwini — Kabalebo River , IV.2005, [no collector] 1 ♂ ( MGCL) . FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne — Kaw (Kaw Mountains), 300 m, 7.III.1998, D. & J. Lindsley leg. 1 ♂ * ( MGCL), ( Marsh at southern end of Kaw Mountains Rd. ) , 100 m, 10.III.1998, D. & J. Lindsley leg. 3 ♂ [1 ♂ *], 1 ♀ ( MGCL) . Regina (Saut Athanase) , D. Thomas leg. 1 ♀ * ( MGCL), (Saut Athanase, Appruage River ) 120 m 12.III.1998, D. & J. Lindsley leg. 4 ♂ [1 ♂ *], 1 ♀ ( MGCL) . Roura (31 km E, Utrecht Trail ), 16.XII.1997, W. H. Russell leg. 2 ♂ ( MGCL) . Saint Laurent du Maroni— Maroni River , VI.1903, LeMoult leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL) . CO-LOMBIA: Tolima — Chaparral , 800 m, 9.XI.1974, S. & L. Steinhauser leg. 1 ♀ * ( MGCL) . Playa Rica ( Rio Cucuana ), 1200 m, 10.III.1974, S. & L. Steinhauser leg. 4 ♂ ( MGCL) ; Rovira ( Rio Chili ) 700–800 m, 8.II.1976, S. & L. Steinhauser leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL) . ECUADOR: Chimborazo— Pallatanga , 3200 m, VIII.1979, Lafebre leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.285 ) . El oro — Los Monos , 1550 m, II.1973, R. de Lafebre leg. 2 ♂ ( MGCL) . Napo — Puerto Misahualli ( Rio Napo), 11.IX.1996, D. & J. Lindsley leg. 1 ♂ * ( MGCL) , 12.IX.1996, D. & J. Lindsley leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL) . Via Venezia , 550 m, II.1971, R. de Lafebre leg. 1 ♂ * ( MGCL) . Yasuni Research Station (vic. jct. Rios Tivacuno & Tiputini), 250 m, 18.X.1998, D. & J. Lindsley leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL) , 350 m, 9.IX.1999, 1 ♀, 10.IX.1999, 3 ♂, 1 ♀, A. D. Warren leg. ( ADW) . Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas — Santo Domingo de los Colorados, XII.1968, R. de Lafebre leg. 1 ♂ *, 1 ♀ * ( MGCL), (12 km E, Hotel Tinalandia ) , 750–850 m, 9. V.1988, 2 ♂, 14. V.1988, 2 ♂ [1 ♂ *], G. & A. Austin ( MGCL) , 667–688 m, 18. V.1997, A. D. Warren leg. 1 ♂ ( ADW) . Sucumbios — La Seva Biological Station (75 km ESE Coca), 14.XII.1997, H. F. Greeney leg. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ( ADW) . Pichincha — Alluriguin ( La Palma ), 1000 m, 20.VII.1981, Mielke & Casagrande leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.851 *) . Nanegal , 1250 m VIII.1970, R. de Lafebre leg. 1 ♂ * ( MGCL) . San Juan , 3200 m, V.1980, Lafebre leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.295 ) . PERU: Amazonas — Jorge Chavez , 1700 m, 25.III.2003, 1 ♀ ( OM 63.816 ) . Huánuco: Parque Nacional Cuevas de Lechuzas , 600 m, 24.VIII.1981, L. D. Miller leg. 2 ♂ [1 ♂ *] ( MGCL) . Tingo Maria ( Rondos ), 650 m, 23.VII.1981, Mielke & Casagrande leg., 2 ♂ ( DZ 31.575 *, DZ 35.545 ) 2 ♀ ( DZ 31.675 *, DZ 35.555 ) . Loreto — Rio Ampiacu , 13.XI.1971, M. Simon leg. 1 ♂ * ( MGCL) . Madre de Díos — Puerto Maldonado (0–2 km W), 250 m, 6.VIII.1981, L. D. Miller leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL) . Ucayali— Pucallpa , X.1981, Schunke leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.535 ) . BOLIVIA: La Paz— Caranavi , 1000 m, 9.X.1988, C. Tello leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 20.050 ) , 5. VI.1989, C. Tello leg., 1 ♀ ( OM 24.710 ) . BRAZIL: Acre — Bujari (50 Km NW), 200 m, 18–20.IX.2003, Mielke & Casagrande leg., 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.660 , DZ 35.437 ) . Cruzeiro do Sul ( Alto Juruá ), 200 m, 18–31.III.1979, H. Ebert leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.730 ) , 3.VII.1985, H. Ebert leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.570 ) . Tarauacá , 250 m, 29–30. VI.1975, H. Ebert leg., 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.670 , DZ 35.620 ) . Alagoas — Maceió , 14.VII.1973, O. Mielke leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.679 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.710 ) . Amapá — Serra do Navio , 23–25.VII.2007, 1 ♂ ( DZ 40.281 ) , 28.VII.2007, 3 ♂ ( DZ 40.201 , DZ 40.221 , DZ 40.231 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 40.211 ) , 29.VII.2007, 1 ♂ ( DZ 40.241 ) , 31.VII.2007, 3 ♂ ( DZ 40.251 , DZ 40.261 , DZ 40.271 ) , O. Mielke & Casagrande leg. Amazonas— no locality, 1 ♂ ( OM 11.174 ) . Fonte Boa , 80 m, 11–23.VIII.2011, E. Emery leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 40.081 ) . Manacapuru (10 Km NW), 26.VIII.2010, Dias & Bonfantti leg., 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.729 , DZ 35.749 ) . Humaitá (40 Km from Humaitá ), 3.VII.2001, O. Mielke leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 53.401 ) . Canutama (road Porto Velho to Humaitá ), 2.VII.2001, O. Mielke leg., 1♀ ( OM 53.549 ) . Manaus , 14.I.1961, D. L. Lindsley leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL) . Manicoré , 17.VIII.1976, C. Callaghan leg. 1 ♂ * ( MGCL) . Bahia — Itabuna ( Ceplac ), 19–20.X.1998, Mielke & Casagrande leg., 3 ♂ ( OM 49.286 , OM 49.454 , OM 49.488 ) . Itanagra ( Lontra ), 29.IV.2012, Paluch & Linhares leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 25.016 *) . Distrito Federal— Brasília ( Cabeça do Veado ), 1000 m, 13.IV.1993, Mielke & Becker leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 34.777 ), ( Fazenda Água Limpa) , 12.III.1977, Gifford leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.397 ), ( Jardim Zoológico ) , 1000 m, 21.II.1966, O. Mielke leg., 1 ♀ ( OM 9.029 ) , 19. VI.1972, Mielke & Brown leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.427 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.407 ) , 9.II.1977, Gifford leg., 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.387 , DZ 8.838*), 1.IX.1980, Ferreira leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 66.035 ) , 7.III.2003, E. Emery leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 40.111 ) , 28. V.2011, E. Emery leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 40.101 ), ( Parque do Gama ) , 1000 m, 17. VI.1972, Mielke & Brown leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.417 ), ( Acampamento Telebrasilia ) , 2.IV.2003, E. Emery leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 40.091 ), (Vila Telebrasilia, Floresta de Galeria ) , 15.XII.2003, E. Emery leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 40.151 ) , 27.II.2004, E. Emery leg., 4 ♂ ( DZ 40.161 , DZ 40.171, DZ 40.181, DZ 40.191 ), 27.III.2004, E. Emery leg., 2 ♂ ( DZ 40.131 , DZ 40.520 ) , 5. V.2004, E. Emery leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 40.141 ) , 18.IV.2006, E. Emery leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 40.121 ) . Espírito Santo — Baixo Guandu , 16.IX.1966, C. Elias leg., 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.677 , DZ 35.850 ) , 17.X.1971, C. & C. T. Elias leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.567 ) . Conceição da Barra , 12.IV.1969, C. & C. T. Elias leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.689 ) . Linhares , 22– 30.IV.1974, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.709 ) , 4.III.1972, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.507 ) , 11.III.1972, 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.707 , DZ 35.740 ) , 4.VIII.1972, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.767 ) , 14.IX.1972, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.610 ) , 15.IV.1973, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.797 ) , 11–16. VI.1973, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.739 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.727 ) , 5.III.1974, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.760 ) , 10–15. VI.1974, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.577 ) , 17–22. VI.1974, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.637 ) , II.1978, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.587 ) , VIII.1980, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.759 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.477 ) , IX.1980, 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.789 , DZ 35.699 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 31.355 *) , I.1981, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.617 ), V.1981, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.669 ) , VII.1981, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.830 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.847 ) , XI.1982, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.820 ) , C. Elias leg., 21. V.1972, C. Callaghan leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL) . Santa Leopoldina , 25.VII.1966, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.590 ) , 26.VII.1966, Mielke, Brown & Elias leg., 3 ♂ ( DZ 35.697 , DZ 35.580 , DZ 35.600 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.630 ) . Santa Teresa , 14.III.1967, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.769 ) , 19.VIII.1972, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.837 ) , C. & C. T. Elias leg., ( São João de Petrópolis ), 27.VII.1966, Mielke & Brown leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.717 ) , 19–22.VIII.1996, C. Elias leg., 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.667 , DZ 35.840 ) . Goiás — Vianópolis ( Ponte Funda ), 22.I.1981, Tangerini leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.779 ) . Maranhão — Imperatriz , 2.VII.1974, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.607 ) , 12.VII.1974, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.810 ) , 15.VII.1974, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.827 ) , 9.VIII.1974, 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.597 , DZ 35.627 ) , 27.VIII.1974, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.817 ) , Exc. Depto. Zool. leg. Mato Grosso — Diamantino (Alto rio Arinos , Fazenda São João,), 6.IX.1978, Mielke & Furtado leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.467 ) . Chapada dos Guimarães , 8.I.1987, C. Elias leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.800 ) 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.680 ) . Minas Gerais — Corinto , 2–14.IV.1979, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.807 ) , 16–31.VIII.1979, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.719 ) , C. Elias leg. Curvelo, IX.1979, C. Elias leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.687 ) . Itueta , 5. VI.1970, C. Elias leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.757 ) . Paraopeba , 19.II.1966, 1 ♂ ( OM 9.028 *) , 27.II.1966, 1 ♀ ( OM 9.027 ) , O. Mielke leg. Pará — Belém , 11.I.1961, D. L. Lindsley leg. 1m *, 1 ♀ ( MGCL) , 20 m, 10–15.XI.1984, V. O. Becker leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 50.961 ) . Benevides ( Neópolis ), 1–4.VIII.1992, Mielke & Casagrande leg., 1 ♀ ( OM 32.514 ) , 18–19.IV.1993, O. Mielke leg., 3 ♂ ( OM 34.385 , OM 34.379 , OM 34.482 ) , 2.II.2010, Carneiro, Dolibaina, Dias & Moreira leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.517 ) . Parauapebas , 18.VIII.1968, H. Ebert leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.750 ) . Santo Antônio do Tauá , 22.II.2005, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.547 ) , 3.III.2005, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.317 ) , 5.IV.2005, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.799 ) , 23. VI.2007, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.357 ), (Reserva Sonho Azul) , 14.XII.2004, 2 ♂ ( DZ 35.277 , DZ 35.457 ) , 16.XII.2004, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.337 ) , 22.XII.2004, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.327 ) , 30.XII.2004, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.367 ) , 16.II.2005, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.447 ) , 5.III.2005, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.377 ) , 7.III.2005, 1 ♂ ( DZ 31.331 ) , 15.III.2005, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.497 ) , 1.IV.2005, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.537 ) , 25. VI.2005, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.557 ) , 30. VI.2005, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.297 ) , 6.VII.2005, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.347 ) , 14.VII.2005, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.307 ) , 28.X.2005, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.487 ) , 20.XII.2005, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.287 ) , P. Jauffret leg. Paraíba — João Pessoa , 3.X.1965, Kesselring leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 7.733 ) . Paraná — Paranaguá ( Alexandra ), 10 m, 4.X.1968, O. Mielke leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.787 ) . Pernambuco — Camaragibe , 13.VII.1958, H. Ebert leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.780 ) , 16. V.1959, 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.700 ) , 7.IX.1959, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.790 ) , 21.IV.1968, 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.747 ) , H. Ebert leg. Rondônia — Ariquemes , 180 m, 13–16.IV.1989, V. O. Becker leg., 1 ♀ ( OM 50.848 ) . Cacaulândia (60 Km S of Ariquemes), 17–20.III.1989, 3 ♂ ( OM 20.451 , OM 21.488 , OM 20.579 ) 4 ♀ ( OM 22.141 , OM 20.801 , OM 21.480 , OM 21.494 ) , 8–19.XI.1994, O. Mielke leg., 1 ♂ ( OM 38.570 ) 2 ♀ ( OM 36.478 , OM 38.500 ), ( Fazenda Rancho Grande ) , 17.XI.1991, 2 ♂ ( OM 28.327 , OM 28.106 ) 1 ♀ ( OM 28.333 ) , 21.XI.1991, 1 ♂ ( OM 27.852 ) 1 ♀ ( OM 27.834 ) , all O. Mielke leg., 13.VIII.1993, 1 ♂, 18.VIII.1993, 2 ♂, all A. D. Warren leg. ( ADW), ( Fazenda Rancho Grande , linea C-20, 7 km E B-65, 62 km S Ariquemes) , 22.X.1989, 1 ♂ *, 1 ♀, 29.X.1990, 2 ♂, all J. Brock leg. ( MGCL) , 7.XI.1990, G. T. Austin leg. 1 ♂ * ( MGCL) , 10.XI.1990, J Brock leg. 1 ♂ * ( MGCL) , 18.III.1991, 1 ♂, 20.IV.1991, 1 ♀, 12.XI.1991, 2 ♂ *, all G. T. Austin leg. ( MGCL) , 18.XI.1991, J. & F. Preston leg. 3 ♂ ( MGCL) , 28.XI.1991, 1 ♂, 29.XI.1991, 1 ♂ *, 14.IV.1992, 1 ♂ *, 21.IV.1992, 1 ♂, G. T. Austin leg. ( MGCL) , 27. VI.1992, 1 ♂, 30.VIII.1992, 1 ♂, all G. Bongiolo leg. ( MGCL) , 17.IX.1992, R. Albright leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL) , 13.XI.1992, D. L. Eiler leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL) , 10. VI.1993, 1 ♂, 12.VIII.1993, 1 ♂, 6.X.1993, 1 ♂ *, 11.X.1993, 1 ♂, 23.VII.1994, 1 ♂, 15.IV.1995, 1 ♂, 19.VII.1996, 1 ♂, all G. T. Austin leg. ( MGCL), (5 km S, Linea C-10, at Rio Pardo , off B-65) , 27.X.1990, 1 ♂, 20.III.1991, 1 ♂ *, all G. T. Austin leg. ( MGCL) , 20. VI.1993, 1 ♂, 9.X.1993, 1 ♂, 8.I.1994, 1 ♂, 16.I.1994, 1 ♂, 29.I.1994, 1 ♂, 22.II.1994, 1 ♂, 5.III.1994, 1 ♂, 19.III.1994, 1 ♂, 9.IV.1994, 1 ♂, 16.IV.1994, 1 ♀, 28. V.1994, 1 ♀, 16.VII.1994, 1 ♂, 31.XII.1994, 1 ♀, 7. I.1995, 1 ♀, 14.I.1995, 1 ♂, 22.III.1995, 4 ♂, 14.IV.1995, 1 ♂, 15.IV.1995, 1 ♀, 19.IV.1995, 1 ♀, 20.IV.1995, 3 ♂, 28.IV.1995, 1 ♂, 3. V.1995, 1 ♂, 13. V.1995, 1 ♂, 27. V.1995, 2 ♂, 3. VI.1995, 2 ♂, 10. VI.1995, 1 ♂, 1.VII.1995, 1 ♂, 8.VII.1995, 1 ♂, 15.VII.1995, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 30.VII.1995, 1 ♀, 5.VIII.1995, 1 ♂, 25.II.1996, 1 ♀, 13.IV.1996, 1 ♂ *, 20.IV.1996, 1 ♂, 17.VII.1996, 1 ♂, 17.XI.1996, 1 ♂, 20.XI.1996, 1 ♂, 29.XI.1996, 1 ♂ *, 30.XI.1996, 1 ♂, 7. XII.1996, 1 ♂ *, 2.III.1997, 1 ♀, 29.III.1997, 1 ♂, all O. Gomes leg. ( MGCL), (ca. 70 km S Ariquemes , B-80, be-tween lineas C-10 & C-15) , 19.XI.1991, G. T. Austin leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL) , 19.IV.1992, T. Schmitz leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL) , 22.IV.1992, G. T. Austin leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL) , 23.IV.1992, L. Harris leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL) , 20.XI.1992, T. Schmitz leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL), (vic. Fazenda Rancho Grande , off B-65, 62 km S Ariquemes) , 17.III.1989, 1m*, 2 ♀, 18.III.1989, 2 ♀, 21.III.1989,leg. 1 ♂ *, 23.III.1989, 1 ♀, 24.III.1989, 1 ♀, 21.X.1989, 1 ♀, 22.X.1989, 1 ♀, 23.X.1989, 6 ♂ [3 ♂ *], 4 ♀, 29.X.1989, 1 ♂ *, 26.X.1990, 1 ♂, 30.X.1989, 1 ♂, all G. T. Austin leg. ( MGCL) , 11.XI.1990, 1 ♀, 13.XI.1990, 1 ♂ *, 14.XI.1990, 1 ♂ *, all D. & J. Lindsley leg. ( MGCL) , 12.XI.1991, G. T. Austin leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL) , 15.XI.1991, J. & F. Preston leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL) , 29.XI.1991, R. Albright leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL) , 10. VI.1993, G. T. Austin leg. 1 ♀ * ( MGCL), (Fernandes Trail leg. linea C-14, off B-65, 1 km N Cacaulandia ) , 19.III.1989, T. C. Emmel leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL) , 5.XI.1990, G. T. Austin leg. 1 ♂ ( MGCL), (“ Big Rock ” trail, 3 km E Fazenda Rancho Grande on linea C-20) , 29.X.1990, G. T. Austin leg. 2 ♂ ( MGCL), (linea C-2.5, off B1965, 12.5 mi S Cacaulandia ) , 2.XI.1990, 1 ♂, 9.XII.19901 ♀, all G. T. Austin leg. ( MGCL), (B-65, 3 km N C-20, 8 km N Cacaulandia ) , 1.XI.1990, G. T. Austin leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL), (“ Dry Trail ”, leg. linea C-12, off B-65, 2 km N Cacaulandia ) , 22.II.1991, G. T. Austin leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL), (C-0 off B-65, 15 km S Cacaulandia ) , 22.IV.1991, G. T. Austin leg. 1 ♀ ( MGCL) . Candeias do Jamari ( Fazenda Urupá ), 10–14.VII.1996, 2 ♂ ( OM 42.138 , OM 42.050 ) , 1–5.VII.1996, 3 ♂ ( OM 42.315 , OM 42.115 , OM 42.471 ) 1 ♀ ( OM 42.059 ) , Mielke & Miers leg., 7.VII.2001, O. Mielke leg., 2 ♂ ( OM 53.597 , OM 53.688 ) 1 ♀ ( OM 53.821 ) . Pimenta Bueno , 200 m, 8.VII.1972, Mielke & Brown leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.659 ) . Porto Velho , 16. VI.1978, Gifford leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.777 ) . Vilhena , 10.VII.1972, O. Mielke leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.770 ) , 20. VI.1978, Gifford leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.737 ) , 19.XI.1986, C. Elias leg., 1 ♀ ( DZ 35.720 ) . Roraima — Pacaraima , 800 m, 1–2.II.1988, Mielke & Casagrande leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.650 ) , Amajari ( Tepui Tepequém ), 900 m, 17.VII.2009, Mielke & Casagrande leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.275 ) . Santa Catarina — Joinville , 200 m, 23.I.1984, Mielke & Miers leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35.647 ) . São Paulo — Pereira Barreto ( Alto rio Paraná), 300 m, 1. V.1973, H. Ebert leg., 1 ♂ ( DZ 35690 ) .

Figures

FIGURE 43. Geographic distribution of Sodalia sodalis and Sodalia coler.

FIGURES 1–18. Habitus of species of Sodalia, males (left) and females (right). 1–4. S. sodalis, 1–2. Male from Santo Antônio do Tauá, Pará, Brazil (DZ 35.537), 3–4. Female from Cacaulândia, Rôndonia, Brazil (OM 21.494). 5–8. S. argyrospila, 5–6. Male from Antonina, Paraná, Brazil (OM 14.223), 7–8. Female from Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil (OM 25.358). 9–12. S. coler, 9–10. Male from Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil (DZ 35.842), 11–12. Female from Seara, Santa Catarina, Brazil (DZ 35.696). 13–16. S. petiti sp. nov., 13–14. Male holotype from Alluriquin, Ecuador (OM 52.619). 15–16. Female allotype from Alluriguin, Ecuador (DZ 31.487). 17–18. S. spangla comb. nov., male from Oso Perdido, Amazonas, Peru (OM 83.945). Scale bar: 1 cm.

FIGURES 19–23. Head of species of Sodalia in antero-dorsal view. 19. S. sodalis, male from Santo Antônio do Tauá, Pará, Brazil (DZ 31.331). 20. S. argyrospila, male from Antonina, Paraná, Brazil (OM 14.223). 21. S. coler, male from Agrolândia, Santa Catarina, Brazil (DZ 35.352). 22. S. petiti sp. nov., male holotype. 23. S. spangla comb. nov., male from Oso Perdido, Amazonas, Peru (OM 83.945). Arrows indicate areas of frons with iridescent bluish-green. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 24–28. Head and thorax of species of Sodalia in dorsal view. 24. S. sodalis, male from Yavita, Amazonas, Venezuela (OM 39.809). 25. S. argyrospila, male from Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil (DZ 35.654). 26. S. coler, male from Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil (DZ 35.842). 27. S. petiti sp. nov., male holotype. 28. S. spangla comb. nov., male from Oso Perdido, Amazonas, Peru (OM 83.945). Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 29–33. Forewing brands of male Sodalia. 29. S. sodalis, from Yavita, Amazonas, Venezuela (OM 39.809). 30. S. argyrospila, from Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil (DZ 35.654). 31. S. coler, from Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil (DZ 35.842). 32. S. petiti sp. nov., paratype from Tinalândia, Alluriquin, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador (OM 52.619). 33. S. spangla comb. nov., from Oso Perdido, Amazonas, Peru (OM 83.945). Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 34–35. Male genitalia of Sodalia. 34. S. sodalis, from Santo Antônio do Tauá, Pará, Brazil (DZ 35.547). 35. S. argyrospila, from Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil (DZ 31.480). Left to right: lateral view of tegumen, ventral tegumen arm, dorsal projection of saccus and saccus; uncus and gnathos; dorsal view of tegumen, uncus and gnathos (partial); dorsal view of the distal half of the left valva; aedeagus in dorsal and left lateral views and cornuti; left lateral view of the right valva; right lateral view of the right valva; fultura inferior in lateral and ventral views. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURES 39–42. Female genitalia of Sodalia. 39. S. sodalis, from Tingo Maria, Huánuco, Peru (DZ 31.675). 40. S. argyrospila, from Paranaguá, Paraná, Brazil (OM 15.992). 41. S. coler, from Seara, Santa Catarina, Brazil (DZ 35.306). 42. S. petiti sp. nov., paratype from La Palma, Alluriquin, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador (DZ 35.375). Top to bottom: lateral view of tergum VIII, posterior apophysis, stergima, papilla analis and part of the ductus bursae; ventral view of the sterigma and bursa copulatrix. Scale bar: 1 mm.