Sodalia Evans, 1955

Gaviria-Ortiz, Fabian Guillermo, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Carneiro, Eduardo, Warren, Andrew D., Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2020, A review of the Neotropical skipper genus Sodalia Evans, 1955 (Lepidoptera Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) with the description of a new species, Zootaxa 4877 (1), pp. 102-124 : 103-104

Sodalia Evans, 1955

Sodalia Evans, 1955 . Cat. Amer. Hesp. 4, p. 85, 104; type species: Pamphila sodalis Butler, 1877 .—Hemming, 1967. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent., Suppl. 9: 414.—Hayward, 1973. Op. Lill. 23: 69.—Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct., p. 56.— Bridges, 1983. Lep. Hesp. 2, p. 34.—Bridges, 1988. Cat. Hesp. 2, p. 55; App. 2, p. 1.—Bridges, 1988. Cat. Fam.— Group & Gen.—Group Nam. 4, p. 121; 5, p. 1.—Mielke, 2004. Hesperioidea, p. 10, 80, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A.—Mielke, 2005. Cat. Amer. Hesperioidea 5, p. 1283.

Type species. Pamphila sodalis Butler, 1877 , by original designation.

Diagnosis. Sodalia is distinguished from all other genera of Moncina by the combination of the following characters: 1) antennae with nudum 12–14 segments, encompassing all segments of the apiculus and part of the club; 2) labial palpus with the third segment cylindrical and slender, about 55% the length of the second segment, with its proximal 2/3 covered by scales from the second segment; 3) forewing without hyaline spots; 4) ground color of both wings dark brown; 5) male DFW with two brands over and under CuA 2, the former wider and longer than the latter; 6) male genitalia with the tegumen at least twice wider than long; 7) tegumen with a short median distal projection; 8) fenestra wide; 9) uncus broadly bifid after the short undivided base, with narrow and long arms, markedly projected downward; 10) end of arms of uncus with a short and ventrally projected lateral spine; 11) gnathos bifid and narrow; 12) valva with narrow costa; 13) valva with sacculus triangular, narrowed distally; 14) ampulla and harpe broadly separated distally; 15) ampulla distally curved inward; 16) harpe with a dorso-distal process, bifid or not; 17) fultura inferior broadly bifid, with two short antero-ventral projections; 18) aedeagus slender and longer than valva; 19) aedeagus with the portion anterior to the insertion of the manica longer than half its length; 20) cornuti, when present, as several small and narrow spines, sometimes accompanied by a single long and robust spine; 21) female genitalia with lamella postvaginalis medially membranous, distal margin broadly bifid; 22) lamella antevaginalis as a simple or bifid plate ventrally covering the opening of the ostium bursae; 23) bursa copulatrix at least four times longer than sterigma; 24) ductus bursae with a sclerotized portion on its final half, variable in length; 25) corpus bursae short, about 1/3 the length of bursa copulatrix; 26) bursa copulatrix without signum; 27) tergum VIII short, with an incomplete spiracular opening on its antero-inferior margin, constricting the tergum and producing a narrow anterior projection.

Redescription. Head: Eyes brown. Labial palpus with first segment short; second segment quadrate and long, 2.5 times longer than first segment; third segment narrow and pointed, half the length of the second segment. Antenna longer than 60% length of forewing costal margin, nudum dark brown, with 12–14 segments, in whole apiculus and part of the club.

Thorax: Mesotibia and metatibia spined, with one and two pairs of spurs, respectively, inner spur shorter than outer. DFW without hyaline spots; male DFW with two brands above and under CuA 2, the former wider and longer than the latter.

Male Genitalia: Tegumen width twice its length, with a short median distal projection. Fenestra wide. Ventral arm of tegumen slightly curved posteriorly. Dorsal arm of saccus long, with a short lateral fold extending from tegumen to base of saccus. Anterior projection of saccus shorter than uncus, triangular. Posterior projection of saccus short. Uncus broadly bifid after the short undivided base, with long, narrow arms, strongly inclined below dorsal margin of tegument and with a short, ventrally projected lateral spine at end. Gnathos bifid and narrow, almost reaching distal margin of uncus. Valva more than two times longer than wide, broadly divided distally; costa small and triangular; sacculus triangular, narrowed distally; ampulla broadly separated from harpe, distally curved inward; harpe with a dorso-distal process, frequently bifid. Fultura inferior bifid, with two short antero-ventral projections. Aedeagus slender and longer than valva; portion anterior to the insertion of manica longer than half aedeagus length; cornuti present as several small spines or as a single small plate.

Female genitalia: Sterigma broad. Lamella antevaginalis as a simple or distally bifid plate, ventrally covering the opening of ostium bursae; narrower and shorter than lamella postvaginalis. Lamella postvaginalis broad, distal margin bifid, producing two short lateral projections; central area just above the membranous ostium bursae. Ostium bursae at base of sterigma. Bursa copulatrix at least seven times longer than sterigma. Ductus bursae from 1/2 to 2/3 length of bursa copulatrix, with a sclerotized zone on final half, variable in size, which constitutes a complete ring around the ductus bursae in some species ( S. sodalia and S. argyrospila ). Corpus bursae from 1/2 to 1/3 length of bursa copulatrix, ovoid; signum absent. Papilla analis rectangular, wider than long; posterior apophysis narrow, shorter than sterigma. Tergum VIII short, with an incomplete spiracular opening on its antero-inferior margin, producing a narrow anterior projection.