Liogma mikado (Alexander, 1919)

Kolcsar, Levente-Peter, Paramonov, Nikolai, Imada, Yume, Kato, Daichi, Gamboa, Maribet, Shinoka, Dai, Kato, Makoto & Watanabe, Kozo, 2022, Notes on the taxonomic status and distribution of some Cylindrotomidae (Diptera, Tipuloidea), with emphasis on Japanese species, ZooKeys 1083, pp. 13-88 : 13

Liogma mikado (Alexander, 1919)

Figs 4D , 5D , 22B , 23 , 24 , 25

Phalacrocera mikado in Alexander 1919: 346: original description; Alexander 1928: 10: distribution, illustration; Alexander 1953a: 57: faunistic record; Ishida 1955: 77: distribution.

Liogma mikado in Takahashi 1960: 85-90: new combination, distribution, faunistic records, larva and pupa description, illustrations; Sidorenko 1999: 68-70: identification key, illustration, distribution; Nakamura 2001: 23-29: identification key, illustration, distribution, faunistic records; Paramonov 2004b: 69: faunistic record; Paramonov 2006: 888-889: identification key, distribution; Nakamura 2014: 54: distribution; Kato and Suzuki 2017: 16: distribution; Paramonov 2019: 120: faunistic data; Imada 2020: biology and ecology of larvae; Kim and Bae 2020: distribution.

Type material examined.

Phalacrocera mikado Alexander: ALLOTYPE ♂: • Japan, Tokyo, Tokyo metropolis, 1919.04.?, leg. R. Takahashi (USNM).

Non-type material examined.

Japan • 2 ♀; Aichi, Toyota, Kawashimo, triburary of Yahagi River; 35.20376°N, 137.3012°E; alt. 140 m; 4 May. 2014; D. Kato leg.; BLKU. • 1 ♀; Aichi, Seto, Iwaya-cho, near Iwayada Park; 35.23957°N, 137.15084°E; alt. 300 m; 4 May. 2016; D. Kato leg.; BLKU. • 1 ♀; Aichi, Seto, Minamiazuma; 35.223213°N, 137.1131°E; alt. 150 m; 5 May. 2014; D. Kato leg.; BLKU. • 3 ♀; Aomori, Hirosaki, Koguriyama, Inekari River; 40.53658°N, 140.48701°E; alt. 170 m; 28 May 2013; • 1 ♂; same locality; 31 May. 2013; D. Kato leg.; BLKU. • 1 ♂; Aomori, Fukaura, Mt. Takanio; 40.68993°N, 140.10285°E; alt. 140 m; 11 May. 2014; D. Kato leg.; BLKU. • 1 ♂; Aomori, Hirosaki, Soma Path; 40.49479°N, 140.40231°E; alt. 392 m; 31 May. 2013; D. Kato leg.; BLKU. • Ehime, Kumakogen, River Myogadani springs, 1275 m, 33.55808°N, 132.93805°E, 2019.05.19, 2 ♂ 1 ♀, L.-P. Kolcsár leg.; CKLP. • 5 ♂, 11 ♀; Ehime, Wakayama, Mount Ishizuchi; 33.76491°N, 133.12948°E; alt. 1600 m; 5 Jul. 2019; L.-P. Kolcsár leg.; CKLP. • 1 ♂; Ehime, Wakayama, small waterfall and stream; 33.74519°N, 133.13714°E; alt. 1305 m; 18 May. 2019; L.-P. Kolcsár leg.; CKLP. • 2 ♀; Ehime, Wakayama, small waterfall; 33.71591°N, 133.10839°E; alt. 930 m; 18 May. 2019; L.-P. Kolcsár leg.; CKLP. • 2 ♂; Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Sawara-ku, Itaya, Mt. Sefuri; 33.43811°N, 130.36673°E; alt. 970 m; 2 May. 2015; • 1 ♂; same locality; 13 May. 2015; D. Kato leg.; BLKU. • 1 ♂; Fukuoka, Miyako, Saigawa-Hobashira, Notoge Pass; 33.49565°N, 130.96156°E; alt. 740 m; 22 Apr. 2016; D. Kato leg.; BLKU. • 1 ♀; Fukuoka, Soeda, rocky streem and moss covered cliff; 33.48309°N, 130.93289°E; alt. 900 m; 21 May. 2019; L.-P. Kolcsár leg.; CKLP. • 2 ♂; Ishikawa, Hakusan, near to Hakusan National Park; 36.25869°N, 136.72558°E; alt. 678 m; 27 May. 2015; M. Kato leg.; CYI. • 1 ♀; Iwate, Nishiwaga, Mahirudake; 39.46511°N, 140.69365°E; alt. 900 m; 19 Jun. 2015; Y. Imada leg.; CYI. • 1 ♂; Niigata, Echigo, Sugatani, Kitakanbara; 37.84°N, 139°E; 8 May. 1955; H. Koike leg.; USNM. • 1 ♀; Saitama, Ogano, Mt. Futago; 36.06994°N, 138.86753°E; alt. 942 m; larva collected: 28 Nov. 2014, emerged 15 Dec. 2014; M. Kato leg.; CYI. • 1 ♀; Shizuoka, Aoi-ku, Umegashima, Akamizu; 35.27455°N, 138.32731°E; alt. 680 m; larva collected: 8 Jan. 2007, emerged: 22 Feb. 2007; leg. Y. Sato EUMJ. • 9 ♂; Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Hatanagi; 35.2976°N, 138.21557°E; alt. 828 m; 12 May. 2013; M. Kato leg.; CYI. • 1 ♂; Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Abenoootaki; 35.30031°N, 138.35084°E; alt. 930 m; larva collected: 15 Jan. 2014, emerged: 19 Apr. 2014; M. Kato leg.; CYI. • 8 ♂, 1 ♀; Shizuoka, Ikawa-touge; 35.24094°N, 138.28156°E; alt. 1471 m; 10 May. 2015; M. Kato / Y. Imada leg.; CYI. • 1 ♂; Tokushima, Awa, Mt. Tsurugi; 33.87°N, 134.11°E; 30 May. 1950; Issiki-Ito leg.; USNM. • 1 ♂; Tokushima, Mima, Koyadaira; 33.87543°N, 134.09571°E; alt. 1340 m; 30 Apr. 2016; D. Kato leg.; BLKU. • 1 ♂; Tokushima, Miyoshi, Higashiiya-Sugeoi, near Nagoro Dam; 33.85182°N, 134.0234°E; 29 Apr. 2016; D. Kato leg.; BLKU. • 2 ♂; Tokyo, Mt. Mitake; 35.78°N, 139.14°E; 10 May. 1931; B. Oda leg.; USNM. • 1 sex unknown; Tokyo, Mt. Takao; 35.62°N, 139.24°E; alt. 300-600 m; 7 May. 1922; Esaki leg.; USNM. • 1 ♀; Tokyo, Tokyo, Akiruno, rocky river and stream; 35.74766°N, 139.18466°E; alt. 288 m; 11 May. 2019; L.-P. Kolcsár leg.; CKLP. • 1 ♂; Tottori, Mt. Daisen; 35.38°N, 133.54°E; 7 Jun. 1930; Hibi leg.; USNM. • 1 ♂; Yamagata, Iide, Mt. Iide; 37.85122°N, 139.78064°E, alt. 600 m; 23 May. 2015; Y. Imada leg.; CYI. • 2 ♂, 1 ♀; Yamagata, Oguni, Nukumidaira; 37.92293°N, 139.67546°E; alt. 433 m; larvae collected: 9 Nov. 2014, emerged: 22 Apr. 2014; Y. Imada leg.; CYI. Russia • Primorsky Krai, Khasansky District, Primorsky Settlement, Zolotistyy [Golden] Stream; 43.10075°N, 131.54862°E; alt. 62 m; 10 Jun. 2007 - 11 Jun. 2007; N.M. Paramonov leg.; CKLP. • 2 ♂; Sakhalin Oblast, Yuzhno-Kurilsk Urban Settlement, Kuril/Kunashir Island, near Lagunnoe Lake; 44.0623°N, 145.759°E; alt. 20 m; 11 Jul. 1954 - 12 Jul. 1954; leg. N.A. Violovich ZIN. • 1 ♂; Sakhalin Oblast, Kunashir Island, Mendeleevo Settlement; 43.971°N, 145.694°E; alt. 220 m; 28 Jun. 1973; I.M. Kerzhner leg.; ZIN. • 1 ♀; Sakhalin Oblast, Kunashir Island, Alekhino Settlement [uninhabited]; 43.91°N, 145.52°E; alt. 5 m, 29 Jun. 1962; G.O. Krivoluckaja leg.; ZIN. • 2 ♂; Sakhalin Oblast, Kunashir Island, the mouth of the Tjatina River; 44.2711°N, 146.1583°E; alt. 15 m; 21 Jul. 2014; Y.N. Sundukov leg.; ZIN.

Redescription.

Head. Dark brown to black, with greyish pubescence (Fig. 23B-D ). Rostrum short without nasus. Mouth parts pale brown to brown. Palpus brown to dark brown, five segmented; last segment 1.2-1.4 × longer than penultimate (Fig. 23B, D ). Scape cylindrical, 1.6-1.8 × longer than pedicel; pedicel ovate; pedicel brown, scape yellow to brown (Figs 4D , 23B, D ); flagellum 14-segmented, pale brown to brown, monochrome or gradually darkening from base to tip. Flagellar segments simple, cylindrical in both sexes, not expanded ventrally; all male flagellomeres and 2-8 female flagellomeres covered with sparse whitish setae/sensilla; sensilla slightly denser in ventral side; verticels less prominent, 4-6 verticels not showing clear arrangement (Figs 4D , 23B, D ).

Thorax. General colour shiny dark brown to black, with yellowish area in lateral side. Pronotum dark brown to black. Anterior part of mesonotum brown with black stripes or patches, usually forming three longitudinal, black markings on presutural area of scutum, and two drop-shaped black markings on postsutural area of scutum (Fig. 23C ) or one large marking; black parts bare and shiny; paler parts with pubescence and with several long yellow hairs, forming longitudinal lines (Fig. 23C ). Dorsal pleural area, base of wing, anepimeron, and base of halter yellowish. Coxa black, ventrally paler (Fig. 23B ); trochanter yellow; femur gradually darkening distally, basal part yellowish, apical part dark brown to black; tibia and tarsus dark brown. Wing hyaline; veins brown; pterostigma pale; three branches of M reaching wing margin, M1 at same level as M1+2, cell a2 narrow,> 8 × longer than wide (Fig. 5D ); membrane with interference patterns, visible with dark background (Fig. 23A ). Halter stem pale brown, knob brown.

Abdomen. Black, without any distinct patterns (Fig. 23A ).

Male terminalia: Relatively small, uniformly black, directed caudally (Fig. 23A ). Tergite 9 fused with gonocoxite and sternite 9 (Fig. 24C ); tergite 9 with median lobe, with notch at middle (Fig. 24A ); lateral lobes of tergite 9 not prominent. Sternite 9 reduced to narrow band (Fig. 24B, C ). Gonocoxite relatively large, 1.2-1.4 × longer than tergite 9, in lateral view (Fig. 24C ); without any distinct lobes (Fig. 24B, C ); inner side of gonocoxite membranous; small round sclerotised patch on membranous area between gonocoxites present (Fig. 24B ), triangular in lateral view (Fig. 24C, F ); holding base of aedeagal complex if it moved dorsally. Gonostylus with a strongly sclerotised, claw-like outgrowth; tip of gonostylus finger-like (Fig. 24A, C ). Aedeagus complex as long as gonocoxite and sternite 9 together; sperm pump and ejaculatory apodeme, partly covered by parameres (Fig. 24F ); interbase simple L-shaped, both in lateral and dorsal/ventral views (Fig. 24D-F ); posterior part blade-like, with a small notch on dorsal side, in lateral view (Fig. 24F ); aedeagus widened and curved dorsally at right angle in midlength, covered with prominent spines on ventral and lateral sides; membranous area on ventral side behind ventral spines, make flexible the aedeagus and able to straighten, probably during copulation (Fig. 24D, F ); aedeagus with apical branches short, directed caudally; median branch slightly longer and wider than lateral ones (Fig. 24D, F ).

Female terminalia: Black, tips of cercus and hypopygial valve yellowish (Fig. 23E ). Tergite 8, 2 × larger than tergite 9 in lateral view (Fig. 25B ); not divided at middle (Fig. 25A ). Caudal margin of tergite 9 straight in lateral view (Fig. 25B ). Lateral lobe of tergite 10 finger-like, 3 × longer than wide, well separated from tergite 10 (Fig. 25A ); triangular sclerite large, separated from tergite 10 (Fig. 25A ). Cercus and hypogynial valve blade-like, relative narrow compared to other cylindrotomines (Fig. 25B ); rough surface on dorsal tip of cercus hardly recognisable, only a few small pyramid teeth present. Genital fork large, heavily sclerotised plate; common sperm duct after genital opening relatively short, hardly recognisable; sperm ducts carrot-shaped; wall of sperm wrinkled (Fig. 25C ); three round spermathecae present, diameter ~ 1/3-1/2 × width of genital fork (Fig. 25D ).

Distribution.

South Korea, Japan (Honshu I and Shikoku I), and Russia (Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Sakhalin Oblast (Kuril Is: Kunashir I) ( Oosterbroek 2021). First records from Japan: Kyushu I (Fig. 22B ).

Comments.

As with other Cylindrotominae species that have simple antennae and three M vein branches, this species was also originally described as Phalacrocera ( Alexander 1919). Later Takahashi (1960) moved this species to the Liogma genus based on the morphological similarity of the immature stages with Liogma nodicornis (Osten Sacken, 1865). However, L. mikado is a morphologically and genetically quite distinct species from the other Liogma species, and the exact phylogenetic position remains unclear.

Figures

Figure 4. Antennae A Cylindrotoma distinctissima (Meigen, 1818) B Diogma caudata Takahashi, 1960 C Diogma glabrata (Meigen, 1818) D Liogma mikado (Alexander, 1919) E Liogma brevipecten Alexander, 1932 F Liogma serraticornis Alexander, 1919 G Triogma kuwanai (Alexander, 1913). Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 5. Wing A Cylindrotoma distinctissima (Meigen, 1818) B Diogma caudata Takahashi, 1960 C Diogma glabrata (Meigen, 1818) D Liogma mikado (Alexander, 1919) E Liogma brevipecten Alexander, 1932 F Liogma serraticornis Alexander, 1919 G Triogma kuwanai (Alexander, 1913) of " Triogma kuwanai " form H Triogma kuwanai (Alexander, 1913) of " Triogma limbinervis " form.

Figure 22. Occurrence data in Japan and surrounding areas of A Liogma brevipecten Alexander, 1932 B Liogma mikado (Alexander, 1919). Red dots indicate locations of investigated specimens, white dots indicate approximate locations of literature data.

Figure 23. Liogma mikado (Alexander, 1919) A habitus of male, lateral view (colouration of wings is artefact) B head and thorax of female, lateral view C head and thorax, dorsal view D head of male, dorsal view E female terminalia lateral view.

Figure 24. Male genital structures of Liogma mikado (Alexander, 1919) A terminalia, dorsal view B terminalia, ventral view C terminalia, lateral view D aedeagus complex, dorsal view E aedeagus complex, ventral view F aedeagus complex, lateral view.

Figure 25. Female genital structures of Liogma mikado (Alexander, 1919) A terminalia, dorsal view B terminalia, lateral view C sternite 8, hypogynial valve, genital fork, and sperm ducts, inner dorsal view D spermathecae.