Iridomyrmex chasei Forel

Heterick, Brian E. & Shattuck, Steve, 2011, Revision of the ant genus Iridomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) 2845, Zootaxa 2845 (1), pp. 1-174 : 60-61

Iridomyrmex chasei Forel

( Fig. 23 )

Iridomyrmex chasei Forel, 1902: 467 .

Iridomyrmex chasei concolor Forel, 1902: 467 (subspecies of chasei by Forel, 1907a: 289). New synonym.

Iridomyrmex chasei yalgooensis Forel, 1907a: 288 . New synonym.

Types. Iridomyrmex chasei Forel : Lectotype worker (here designated) from Perth, Western Australia, Chase (MHNG, ANIC32-000054 ). Paralectotypes from Day Dawn, Western Australia ( MCZC, 2 workers, examined) and Perth, Western Australia ( MHNG, 35 workers, examined; NHMB, 6 workers). Iridomyrmex chasei concolor Forel : Syntypes from Kalgoorlie , Western Australia ( ANIC, ANIC32-000034 , 1 worker, examined; MHNG, 4 workers). Iridomyrmex chasei yalgooensis Forel : Syntypes from Day Dawn and Coolgardie, Western Australia (not located during this study); Geraldton, Western Australia ( WAMP, 1 worker) and Yalgoo , Western Australia ( ANIC, ANIC32-000032 , 1 worker; MHNG, 2 workers; MVMA, 1 worker) .

Worker Description. Head. Posterior margin of head strongly concave; erect setae on posterior margin in fullface view set in a row; sides of head noticeably convex; erect genal setae present on sides of head in full-face view, or absent from sides of head in full-face view (one to a few small setae may be present near mandibular insertion). Ocelli absent; in full-face view, eyes set above midpoint of head capsule; in profile, eye set anteriad of head capsule; eye asymmetrical, curvature of inner eye margin more pronounced than that of its outer margin. Frontal carinae straight; antennal scape surpassing posterior margin of head by 1-2 x its diameter. Erect setae on scape present and abundant, or absent, except at tip; prominence on anteromedial clypeal margin present as an indistinct swelling or undulation; mandible regularly triangular with oblique basal margin; long, curved setae on venter of head capsule absent. Mesosoma. Pronotum strongly inclined anteriorly. Erect pronotal setae moderate in number to numerous (6 or more) and longest setae elongate, flexuous and/or curved. Mesonotum sinuous, or straight. Erect mesonotal setae moderate in number (6-12), short and bristly, or sparse (6 or fewer) and bristly. Mesothoracic spiracles always inconspicuous; propodeal dorsum protuberant; placement of propodeal spiracle posteriad and near propodeal declivity, or mesad, more than its diameter away from propodeal declivity; propodeal angle present as a bluntly defined right angle, the dorsal and declivitous propodeal faces never separated by a carina. Erect propodeal setae moderate in number (6-12), short and bristly. Petiole. Dorsum of node acuminate, or convex; node thin, scalelike, orientation more-or-less vertical. Gaster. Non-marginal erect setae of gaster present on first gastral tergite; marginal erect setae of gaster present on first tergite. General characters. Allometric differences between workers of same nest absent. Colour foreparts variable in colour with shades of orange, red, brown or blackish-brown most frequent, alone or in combination, but with some mottling or infuscation usually evident, legs brown to blackish, gaster brown to black but without true iridescence (may have coppery reflections in some lights). Colour of erect setae pale brown.

Measurements. Worker (n = 19)—CI 84–94; EI 24–32; EL 0.19–0.23; EW 0.13–0.19; HFL 0.79–1.27; HL 0.71–1.03; HW 0.64–0.94; ML 0.85–1.34; MTL 0.57–1.14; PpH 0.10–0.23; PpL 0.37–0.60; SI 93–105; SL 0.65– 0.90.

Comments. Iridomyrmex chasei , widely known for its large, populous nests, its pugnacity and its characteristic ‘crushed ant’ smell, is a familiar sight to many Australians living in temperate areas. The ant is particularly common in and around Perth, where it is occasionally reported to the Department of Agriculture as a garden nuisance. There, it has been popularly known in the past as the ‘native odorous garden ant’ (P. Davies, pers. comm.). Although the ant never nests indoors, wet weather or spilt food will infrequently bring foragers inside dwellings. This taxon is quite variable in appearance, and, to this point of time, it has been taken as an article of faith by myrmecologists that ‘ I. chasei ’ and its subspecies ‘ concolor ’ and ‘ yalgooensis ’ represent a complex of several if not many species. In fact, many hours of close examination has failed to result in the detection of discernible morphological differences across all populations. Moreover, preliminary molecular data using the mitochondrial gene CO1 has also failed to detect strong divergence in populations, the large, orange red form ‘ I. chasei ’ falling in between two samples of smaller, brownish ‘ I. concolor ’ at the end of shallow twigs on a molecular phylogram (unpublished data). The position taken here is that I. chasei is a single ‘good’ species by all the indicators that can be marshalled at present. Iridomyrmex chasei is very similar to several close relatives; however, most specimens may be distinguished from I. rufoniger (usually a distinctly larger ant) and I. fulgens by the lack of erect setae on the hind tibiae, from I. victorianus by the more steeply vertical anterior pronotum and the lack of generalised bluegreen iridescence on the gaster (coppery reflections may be present on the first gastral tergite), and from I. gibbus by the pronotal features described above, the more strongly concave posterior margin of the head and also the greater number of erect setae usually present on the pronotum in I. chasei . A few, very hirsute populations of I. chasei (mainly occurring in Western Australia) that possess erect setae on the scape and hind tibiae can be distinguished from the species I. rufoniger and I. fulgens by the lack of uniform greenish-yellow or greenish-blue iridescence on the gaster and, in the case of the very similar I. victorianus , also by the more steeply angled anterior pronotum. Also similar but smaller close relatives, such as I. difficilis , have a planar posterior margin of the head, seen in full-face view, compared with the distinctly concave posterior margin of the head in most I. chasei populations. Iridomyrmex gumnos , a very rare species, lacks pronotal setae entirely.

Iridomyrmex chasei is widespread throughout all mainland Australian states, although it is absent from Tasmania. While present in most ecosystems, it is generally replaced by other Iridomyrmex or by Anonychomyrma species in very cool, wet regions and in tropical rainforest. In drier areas, however, it is among the most conspicuous and abundant of all ant species. Single pitfall traps may contain more than 1000 workers. Even in the heart of large capital cities I. chasei shares the pavements and street verges with tramp species such as the Argentine ( Linepithema humile (Mayr)) and Big-headed ( Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius)) ants, while most rural paddocks also support large numbers of colonies. In the Perth region, ant activity for this species is most pronounced in spring and early summer, when enormous piles of soil from ephemeral nests connected by smaller nodes indicate the high point of the colony’s annual cycle. In south-western Australia, nuptial flights appear to occur sporadically throughout the year in suitably humid and usually warm conditions, and involve vast streams of workers and numbers of winged queens and males moving purposefully from their nests up high man-made structures (fence-posts, pillars, walls, etc.) and tree-trunks, from whence the reproductives launch themselves into the air. This species is very common in sandy soils, and smooth pavers can be undermined or made hazardous to walk on because of the sand displaced by thousands of workers. Long tunnels in grassy lawns, up to half a centimetre deep below the soil surface, bear witness to the streams of myriads of foragers heading back to nest nodes, their crops filled with honeydew or nectar. Iridomyrmex chasei workers regularly work trees and shrubs near their nests, where they tend sapsucking Hemiptera as well as gather nectar. This is a particularly aggressive species that will not hesitate to swarm over and bite people who are gardening, hanging out washing or engaging in other activities in yards or on front lawns.

Figures

FIGURE 23. Iridomyrmex chasei, typical form (Oraparinna, SA, ANIC32-039051): A. Front of head; B. Side of body; C. Top of body. Iridomyrmex chasei, “concolor” form (Cravens Peak Station, Qld, ANIC32-036255): D. Front of head; E. Side of body; F. Top of body; G. Distribution of material examined.